Module 3 Study Guide page 1
Lesson 3.01 - Scatter Plots and Line Graphs
______________________ - data that has two variables; often represented using a two-way
table for categorical data or a scatter plot for numerical data
Explanatory Variables Response Variables
Used to ____________ or to ____________ Measures the ________________ ; it is in
changes in the values of another variable ______________ to the explanatory variable.
In algebra, this is called the ______________ In algebra, this is called the ______________
variable. variable.
Plotted along the ____ - axis Plotted along the ____ - axis
TRY IT!
1 - The amount of time spent studying for the test and the grade on the test.
________________________________
2 - The yield of a crop and the amount of yearly rainfall.
________________________________
3 - A student’s grade in French and their grade in mathematics.
________________________________
4 - Chance of being involved in an automobile accident and blood alcohol level.
________________________________
5 - A voter's gender and their political party preference.
________________________________
Scatter Plots: Made with Your Bare Hands…or a Calculator
Look through the steps of creating a scatter plot by hand and by calculator. Make sure to
practice! Which method do you prefer? ________________________________________
Scatter Plots: There's a Pattern Here
Module 3 Study Guide page 2
Scatter Plots: There's a Pattern Here
Direction Outliers
___________________ association (has a Points that ___ _____ follow the pattern or
positive slope)
appear to be ______ ___ _______.
___________________ association (has a
negativeslope)
Form Strength
If there is a ________ relationship, the data The _______________ an association, the
will appear as a cloud or swarm of points more closely the points are grouped together.
stretched out in a generally consistent,
straight form. If the relationship isn't straight,
(or NONLINEAR) but curves while still
increasing or decreasing steadily, you can
often find ways to make it more linear.
Describing Data the Proper Way: With Numbers
______________________ - a statistical measure that calculates the strength of the
relationship between the relative movements of two variables. Essentially, _________________
is a measurement of how closely two variables are related. It can be categorized as _________,
_________________, or ___________, depending on its value. The letter ___ represents the
correlation coefficient; it is used to determine the _______________ of the linear relationship.
● The value ranges between _____ and _____.
● The greater the ______________ __________, the ___________ the linear relationship.
● The strongest linear relationship (LR) is indicated by a value of ____ or ____.
● The weakest LR is indicated by a values close to or equal to _____.
● A moderate LR is indicated by an absolute value between ____ and _____.
● A positive correlation means that the variables are ____________ related and have a
___________ association. A negative correlation means that the variables are
____________ related and have a ___________ association.
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**Caution** Just because things are correlated does NOT mean that one caused
the other.
Follow the Trend Line
______________________ - a graph that displays numerical bivariate data using connected
line segments. This should be used when someone is interested in seeing how the data
changes over ________ to see the overall trend.
**Make sure to work through all of the examples in the lesson**
So You Think You Can Math?
r value : ________________
r value : ________________
r value : ________________ r value : ________________
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What terms best describe this scatterplot? __________________________________________
**Make sure to work through all of the examples in the lesson**
Lesson 3.02 - Least-Squares Regression Part One
_____________________ ________ - a line that describes how the response variable changes
as the explanatory variable changes; can be used to make predictions about a relationship
A Good Regression Line?
In statistics, _________________________ is used for the equation of a linear regression line,
where _____ represents the ___________ and _____ represents the __________. Note that
___ (y-____) is used instead of y. This indicates that the equation is a ____________________
equation.
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Example ) For a popular sports car, the equation of the regression line to find the predicted price
of the car is y-hat = 35,632 - 0.1832(miles driven). Identify the slope and y-intercept of the lines,
and interpret each in context.
● The slope is _____________, which represents the _____________________________
______________________________________________________________________.
● The y-intercept is _____________, which represents the _________________________
______________________________________________________________________.
**Make sure to work through all of the examples in the lesson**
**Caution** Be careful when interpreting slope! The size of the slope does not
indicate the strength of the relationship between variables. You must
interpret slope in context of the problem and look carefully at the units
that are being measured rather than assuming that small = weak and
large = strong. Carefully read the questions, noting what is being
measured and how it is measured, before making assumptions about
the relationship between explanatory and response variables.
When Eyeballing It Isn't Enough
_________________________ - the line that makes the sum of the squared residuals as small
as possible, known as __________
Finding the Equation.
Make sure STAT DIAGNOSTICS is turned on in your calculator! Follow the steps on page 3.
You will only ever do this ONCE! If you are using an app, you may not have to do this. Reach
out to your teacher if you’re not sure. Put a check mark here once you’ve done this : ________
Using your calculator to find the LSRL equation:
● Step 1 : Enter the data into _____ and _____ on your calculator. (STAT - Edit)
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● Step 2 : Press [STAT], then scroll right to CALC. Use the down arrow to go to option
___, LinReg(a+bx) and press [ENTER]
● Step 3 : Verify that the correct lists are noted for X and Y, then use the down arrow to
select _________ and press [ENTER].
● Step 4 : You should see a screen with ________________ at the top and the data for
your regression line shown.
● Using the data provided, the LSRL for this line would be _________________________,
where x is _______________________ and y-hat is the
_____________________________________________________________________.
● In this scenario, the y-intercept (109,481.85) represents the estimated yearly salary
when the basketball player scores _____ points for the season. The slope (36,906.95)
represents the ____________ ___________ in the yearly salary for each _________ the
basketball player scores during the season.
Computer Outputs
Another variation of data that you may encounter is a _________________ ______________.
Occasionally, you will be required to use the data from a statistical software program such as
Minitab, SAS, or R to identify and use key pieces of information.
Using the data given, you can derive the equation ____________________________________.
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Try It! 1
Use your calculator to find the equation for the LSRL and interpret the slope and y-intercept in
context of the scenario.
LSRL :
x is the _______________. Y-hat is the _______________________ ___________________.
The slope of ____________ is the _______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
The y-intercept, __________, represents the ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
Try It! 3
Using the computer output, the equation for the regression line is _______________________.
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**Make sure to work through all of the examples in the lesson**
Predictions: No Magic 8 Ball, No Problem
One of the benefits of a least-squares regression line is the ability to make __________.
Example 1 : For a popular sports car, the equation of the regression line for the value of the car
is _________________________________, where x represents the number of miles driven.
If a used sports car has been driven 80,000 miles, find the predicted value of the vehicle.
Work :
According to the regression equation, a used sports car with 80,000 miles on it is predicted to
be worth $______________.
__________________________ - the use of a regression line to predict values that are outside
the original interval of the explanatory variable; these predictions are often ____________ or
unrealistic. Check out Examples 2 and 3 to see what this may look like.
When Data Are Out of Line
__________________________ - the difference between the observed value of the response
variable and the value predicted by the regression line.
Residual = ____________________ y - ________________ y = y - y-hat
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The distance between each point and the regression line is shown as a vertical line. The length
of each of these lines is a residual.
Example : The regression equation for a data set is given as y-hat = 32.65 - 8.53x. A
data point exists for the value (9.8, −62.875). Calculate the residual.
Work:
In this case, the residual is _______ and the regression line __________________________
the value of this data point.
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If there is a regression line on a scatter plot, you can identify _________. An ____________ in
regression is a point that does not follow the general trend shown in the rest of the data and has
a large residual when the LSRL is calculated. The distance from a point to the regression line is
the length of the line segment that is _________________________ to the regression line and
extends from the point to the regression line.
A high leverage point in regression has a substantially smaller or larger ____-value than the
other observations have. An ______________ point in regression is any point that, if removed,
changes the relationship substantially. Outliers and high leverage points are often influential. As
shown in the image, there can be more than one influential point. If there is no large
__________________ gap between data points in a scatter plot, there are no influential points.
In many cases, a scatter plot will have no influential points.
So You Think You Can Math?
Work out the practice problems and add notes here.
Lesson 3.03 - Exploring Relationships Mid-Module Check
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No lesson here - this is just an assignment. After the assessment has been graded, make sure
to add any additional notes and/or corrections for future exam reference.
Lesson 3.04 - Least-Squares Regression Part Two
There are two big questions with regression:
● How good is the model? (Check ____ and the appearance of the scatter plot and LSRL.)
● Is this the best model? (Check _______ plot for a pattern.)
Because the LSRL is a special type of regression line, the formula for LSRL can be expressed
in a slightly different way. There is one equation for a Population LSRL and another for a
Sample LSRL.
where r is the correlation coefficient, ______ is the standard deviation of the y-values, and
_______ is the standard deviation of the x-values.
where _____ is the mean of the y values, ______ is the mean of the x-values, and ______ is
the calculated value found by using the previous formula.
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Example 1: The mean and standard deviation for temperature during the winter months in
New York City are ____________ and _____________.
The mean and standard deviation for temperature during the winter months in Florida are
_______ and _______. The correlation coefficient is r = 0.67.
Work :
The final LSRL equation is written as :
____________________ _________ - a graph that shows the residuals on the vertical axis and
the explanatory variable on the horizontal axis
Each time you do a regression, you should follow up that work with a __________ _______. If a
___________ curve appears, then your regression model is probably ________ the best model.
Why Are They Used?
You may be wondering why residual plots are used. It can seem like just one more step in an
already long process. A residual plot essentially turns the regression line _________________.
It is easier to see a pattern along a horizontal line than a diagonal one, so the residual plot gives
you a way to quickly examine whether the regression line model is _____________ for the data.
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**Make sure you work through the calculator steps for finding the Residual List and the
Residual Plot in your calculator.**
**Make sure to work through all of the examples in the lesson**
Coefficients: Open to Interpretation
(Review your 3.01 notes on the correlation coefficient, r)
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Examine a Regression: Assembly Required
During the first three centuries CE, the Roman Empire produced coins in the Eastern
provinces. Some historians argue that not all these coins were produced in local mints, and
further, that the mint of Rome struck some of them. Because the "style" of coins is difficult to
analyze, the historians would like to use metallurgical analysis as one tool to identify the
source mints of these coins. Investigators studied 11 coins known to have been produced by
local mints in an attempt to identify a trace element profile for these coins, and they identified
gold and lead as possible factors in identifying other coins as having been locally minted. The
gold and lead content, measured as a percent of weight of each coin, is given in the table,
and a scatter plot of these data is presented.
Determine a linear model and interpret how it represents the data.
Is this the best model?
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Variables: Sometimes Related, Sometimes Not
________________ does not imply ________________.
Based on the graph, you can say that there appears to be a ____________, _______________
association between ice cream sales and shark attacks. However, assuming causation would
be a mistake. Do ice cream sales cause shark attacks? Realistically, probably not. However,
the two variables are _______________ with one another due to increased temperatures
outdoors.
So You Think You Can Math?
Work out the practice problems and add notes here.
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Lesson 3.05 - Re-expressing Data
At this point, you should know how to :
● Determine the ________________ and _______________ variables
● Plot the data on a scatter plot
● Note the ______________, ______________, and ______________
● Note the mean and standard deviation of x and y
● Calculate and interpret the ______________ ______________, r
● Calculate and interpret the least-squares regression line in context
● Assess the appropriateness of the LSRL by constructing a ______________plot
Warning: Variables Under Transformation
______________ a variable involves using a mathematical operation to change its
measurement scale. In general, there are two types of transformations:
______________ ______________ : preserves linear relationships between variables. The
correlation between x and y would be unchanged after a linear transformation. Addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division are linear transformations.
______________ ______________ : changes (increases or decreases) linear relationships
between variables, and as a result the correlation coefficient changes. Roots, exponents, and
log operations are nonlinear transformations.
The goal of any type of transformation is to ______________ the linear relationship between the
explanatory and response variable.
Procedure for Transformation :
1. Look at the residuals plot to see if the scatter appears _______________.
2. Construct a residual plot.
a. If the plot pattern is ________________, do not transform data.
b. If the plot pattern is not ________________, continue.
3. Transform the independent variable, dependent variable, or both, using an
________________________ model.
4. Conduct a regression analysis, using the ________________ variables.
5. Look at the residuals plot to see if the scatter appears ________________.
The Power to Turn Curves into Lines
If a scatter plot shows a ______________ pattern, it may be better modeled by an
________________ growth or decay function in the form ___________. In this situation, you
can linearize the data set by using _________________.
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Exponential Growth Exponential Decay
If the multiplier is larger than ___, it's growth. If the multiplier is between ___ and ___, it's
That is why the line extends in a curvilinear decay, and the line extends in a curvilinear
shape ____________. shape _____.
The approach for working with exponential data is to change the data set so that it becomes
linear. This can be done by taking the ______________.
**Make sure to work through all of the examples in the lesson**
**There will be another way to do this using your calculator… Take a deep breath
and keep working through the lesson**
Try It! 1
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A linear model for a set of data is ŷ = −20.6 + 9.72x and produced the following residual plot:
Predict the value of y when x = 7.5.
Determine the residual if x = 5.
The Power of Technology: Use it Responsibly
Your calculator can be used to simplify some _______________________, but use this
technology with caution. Some problems will require you to show your work by hand, and on
short-response questions, it is not enough to simply list the calculator functions in your answer.
You need to be able to explain the _________ behind the type of transformation you've applied.
Assume that the following data set was collected for a chemical reaction where reactants A and
B are reacting to form products C and D. As the products are formed, the masses are
measured.
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What is the equation for the model of best fit? Illustrate your process carefully.
Using LinReg, put your results here:
Using ExpReg, put your results here:
This shows that the r value is greatly ______________ by changing from a linear to an
exponential regression model. Always verify the validity of a new model with a ___________
plot and ________________ plot!
The equation for the new model is _______________.
What does your model predict would have been the amount present at five minutes?
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According to the transformed model, at what time would 25.1 grams be produced?
Are the products formed at a constant rate over time? Explain.
**Make sure to work through all of the examples in the lesson**
So You Think You Can Math?
Work out the practice problems and add notes here.
Either complete the 03.05 Re-expressing Data Project (on page 7 of the lesson) or as
an alternative you can attend the live lesson (check the calendar on the homepage).
Lesson 3.06 - Segment One Practice Exam and DBA
Complete the practice problems on a separate sheet and add it here!
After you have completed the practice, check out this study guide. Then,
reach out to your instructor to complete your Discussion-Based
Assessment.
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Lesson 3.07 - Segment One Exam
Step 1: Be Prepared!
**Caution** While working in the segment exam, give it 100% of your attention and effort.
Beware of the following situations in which you could be locked out of the module test and lose
all your hard work:
● If you are not working consistently on the module test, your Internet service provider may
kick you offline. This means you will lose all your work and have to start over. Your
teacher will have to reset the module test for you if this happens.
● You cannot open the module test and then walk away from the computer.
● You cannot minimize your browser during the module test.
● You cannot move around in other parts of the course while the module test is open.
● You cannot work in more than one browser at a time while taking the module test.
● You cannot enter the module test, print it, and then cancel out. Canceling out still counts
as one submission and submits the module test without any answers.
Step 2: Ready to take the test? You can do it!
- Both parts are multiple choice, so you will know your final grade for the segment as soon
as you finish both parts!
- Part 1 covers Modules 1 and 2.
- Part 2 covers Modules 2 and 3.