ACTIVITY LEARNING MODULE 3: READING ON RELATED STUDIES |

LESSON 1: SELECTION OF RELATED LITERATURE

What Is It?
Review of Related Literature, as stated in the Overview, is one of the major components of a research
paper. It gives an overview of all the writings relative to a specific topic (Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C. & Carey, T.G.
(2017). Practical research 1 for senior high school: Qualitative. Quezon City, Metro Manila: LORIMAR Publishing,
Inc.)
Therefore, selecting the right sources for the literature review is very important in producing a quality
research paper.
After you have chosen your research topic and crafted your 1st Chapter (Introduction), the next step for
the completion of your research paper is the writing of the Review of Related Literature. When writing your
RRL, you must first consider the sources that you are going to use as bases for the contents of this chapter.

RRL sources are commonly classified into two major types; namely:
1. Primary source - publications or writings wherein a researcher reports the results of his studies. Example:
Monthly, quarterly or annual journals.

2. Secondary source - publications or writings wherein a certain author describes the work of another author.
Example: Textbooks, encyclopedias, yearbooks as much as possible, use the primary sources to avoid
tampering and miscommunications on the data.

In identifying a possible source of your RRL, you can refer to the following characteristics below:
✓ The sources that you should use must be updated and reliable.
✓ It must be as fair and objective as possible.
✓ It must be relevant to your topic.
✓ It must provide accurately and enough information on your topic.

What I Can Do?

Directions: Determine if the source would be a Primary Source or Secondary Source. Write your answer on the
space provided before the number.
_________________ 1. A biography about Jose Rizal.
_________________ 2. The declaration of independence.
_________________ 3. A TV show explaining what happened in Japan.
_________________ 4. A website describing what World War II was.
_________________ 5. A Filipino veteran talking about Martial Law.
_________________ 6. Abraham Lincoln's diary describing what he thought about the civil war.
_________________ 7. A letter from a soldier describing World War 2.
_________________ 8. An actor sharing his experience on a movie shooting.
_________________ 9. A history book describing Philippine Island.
_________________ 10. A journal is written by Riza about her unforgettable experience

What I Have Learned?

Direction: Continue the introductory phrase by giving your thoughts on the knowledge gained on the module.
(5 points)
Based on the lesson I have learned that …
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ACTIVITY LEARNING MODULE 3: READING ON RELATED STUDIES |
LESSON 2: CITATION AND RELATED LITERATURE
What Is It?
After identifying your research title, crafting your Introduction, and finding your possible sources of
information, the next thing that must be truly considered by a researcher is the means of citing sources used.
Proper citation of a source is important for you to avoid complications and problems with the authenticity of your
data once your paper is already published.
Citation, in research, is defined as a means of informing your readers that certain information came from a
specific source and you just borrowed it to widen the explanation of a certain situation or data of your research.
When citing sources, you must see to it that the information borrowed from other authors are properly cited.

Citing of sources comes in two (2) manners, namely: a) in-text citation and b) referencing list.
1. The In-text citation refers to all of the citations that can be found in all of the chapters in your research paper.
The commonly used information in this manner of citation is the following:
✓ Author’s name
✓ Date of the publication of the source
✓ The page number where you found the information
2. Referencing list refers to the bibliography and/or references of your research paper. This holds the summary
of the information of all of your sources. Information needed in making the referencing list involves the
following:
✓ Author’s name
✓ Date of the publication of the source
✓ The page number where you found the information
✓ Publisher
✓ Place of Publishing
✓ Volume
✓ Edition
✓ Other relevant information

In the in-text- citation of related literature, three (3) guidelines should be considered, namely: a
a. By author or writer - this method of citation, all your data and information, facts, ideas or principles
from your sources are discussed or explained separately.
Example:
✓ Cruz (2002) states that research is …
✓ Dela Torre (2005) described the research as …
In this example, it is evident that by using by author or writer method, the information coming from a
specific author will be discussed separately from the others.

b. By topic - this method of citation is used when several authors or sources give the same information
about a certain topic. The citation of the information will be granted to all of the authors.
Example:
✓ Accordingly, research is … (Rio, 2000; Luna & Magsaysay, 2005)
In this example, the authors (Rio, Luna & Magsaysay) shared the same idea about research. When you are
going to use this information, make sure to cite ALL of the authors that published this said information.

c. Chronological - citing sources using the chronological method involves sequencing the information
based on the year it was published.
Example:
✓ Yu (2005) states that …
✓ And (2007) discussed about …
✓ Chu (2010) deliberated regarding …
In this example, the sources are arranged chronologically from the earliest to the latest.

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 In citing sources, you must see to it that citations of your sources are done correctly. Citation styles are
referred to as the format of the information needed during the citation.

There are three (3) most common citation styles that are used to cite sources, namely:
1. American Psychological Association (APA),
2. Modern Language Association (MLA) and,
3. Chicago Manual of Style (CMS). These three citation styles will be thoroughly discussed in the
proceeding discussions.

These three citation styles will be thoroughly discussed in the proceeding discussions.

1. American Psychological Association (APA)

This citation is commonly used when a researcher works in social science-related researches. APA follows
an author-date format, wherein, the needed information for its in-text citation is the author’s surname and the
year of publishing. APA follows different formats for varying authors and their number. Citing in APA format is
shown on the next page.

I. APA Citation for works with one (1) author

In working with APA citation style for one author source, you will need the author’s surname
and the year of its publication.
Example:
✓ By author: Lee (2005) states that the earth is …
✓ By topic: The composition of Earth is … (Lee, 2005)

II. APA Citation for works with two (2) authors

Citing sources with two authors using APA style still needs the authors’ surnames and the year
of publication. The format varies whether you want to use a by author or by the topic manner of
citation.
Examples:
✓ By author: Kim and Lee (2009) state that …
✓ By topic: Accordingly, (Kim & Lee, 2009)

In the by topic manner, the word “and” will be replaced by a symbol “&” which is known as the
ampersand. The authors’ surname and the year of publishing are separated by comma (,).

III. APA Citation for works with three (3) to five (5) authors
The information needed in this number of authors is still the authors’ surname and the year of
publication. The format varies on the manner of citation used and the frequency of its usage.
Examples:
✓ By author: Kim, Lee, Young, and Yu (2015) discussed …
✓ By topic: Today’s generation … (Kim, Lee, Young & Yu, 2015).

In the by topic manner, the replacement of the word “and” to “&” is still applicable. Still, the
author’s surname and the year of publication will be separated using a comma. If you wish to use
the same source for many times, another the format will be followed.
Examples:
✓ By author: Kim et al. (2015) discussed that …
✓ By topic: Today’s generation … (Kim et al., 2015).

In this format, the citation will be shortened by sustaining the first author and replacing the
others with the word “et al.” which means “and others”. In “et al.”, the period will be placed only
after the “al.”.

IV. APA Citation for works with six (6) to ten (10) authors
Citing literature with this number of authors follows the following format:
3 | Inquiry, Investigation and Immersion | S.Y. 2025 - 2026
 Examples:
✓ By author: Lee et al. (2015) discussed that …
✓ By topic: Today’s generation … (Lee et al., 2015).
This format will be used in all of the citations made.

V. APA Citation for works with associations, corporations, government agencies, etc., as the author
In this case, the associations, corporations, government agencies will serve as the author. The year
of publication is still needed.
Examples:
✓ By author: According to the Department of Education (2012) …
✓ By topic: The education is … (Department of Education, 2012)

However, if the associations, corporations, government agencies have a wellknown abbreviation, the
abbreviations can be added in the first citation and will be used in proceeding citations to follow. Abbreviations
shall be enclosed in a bracket [ ].
Examples:
✓ First Citation: Department of Education [DepEd] (2012)…
✓ Second Citation: DepEd (2012) discussed …

VI. APA Citation for works with indirect sources

Indirect sources refer to sources that were mentioned in another source. In this case, the
primary author is needed, the year it was published, and its page number.
Example:
✓ Brown discussed that … (as cited by Smith, 2002, p. 92).
The primary authors’ last name, year of publication, and page are separated by commas.

VII. APA Citation for electronic sources

Electronic sources refer to materials that are in an electronic form, i.e. pdf files. For this type of
source, the citation follows the author-date format, varying from its number of authors.
Examples:
✓ By author: Perry (2006) states that the … By topic: The … (Perry, 2006).

VIII. APA Citation for websites with author and year published
In the review of related literature from this source, the author-date format is still used.
Examples:
✓ By author: John (2010) states that the … By topic: The … (John, 2010).

IX. APA Citation for websites without author but with the year published
In this style of citation, the title will replace the author and will follow the author-date format.
The title will be enclosed in quotation marks (“).
Examples:
✓ By author: “The Solar System” (2012) ….
✓ By topic: It is said that … (“The Solar System”, 2012)

X. APA Citation for websites with an author but without year published
To cite these sources, dates will be abbreviated by “n.d.”, which means “no date”.
Examples:
✓ By author: Green (n.d.) stated that …
✓ By topic: Accordingly, … (Green, n.d.)

XI. APA Citation for websites without author and year published
To cite these sources, use the title of the enclosed with quotation marks (“) in lieu of the author,
and write “n.d.” to specify no date.

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 Examples:
✓ By author: “The Hydrosphere” (n.d.) …
✓ By topic: Accordingly … (“The Hydrosphere, n.d.)

2. Modern Language Association (MLA)

MLA is one commonly used citation style in research papers usually used in liberal arts and humanities.
Unlike APA, MLA follows an author- page format, wherein authors’ surname and the page number where it
could be found is needed. Formats for the MLA style are shown below.

I. Citing Print Sources

II. In the MLA format, the page number is always enclosed in parenthesis and can be found at
the ending of each statement. The authors’ surname and the page number are NOT
separated by a comma.
Examples:
✓ Grey stated that …. (50).
✓ Accordingly, (Grey 50).

3. Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

CMA is a citation style that presents two basic documentation systems:
a. notes and bibliography and
b. author-date. The use of the two documentation systems differs from the subject matter and the
sources cited.

3.1 Notes and Bibliography System

This documentation system is preferred in researches concerning the field of humanities such
as literature, arts, and history. In this system, bibliographic information such as notes and
bibliography is needed. Footnotes or endnotes are placed in the bottom part of the paper and
provide all information relative to the source.
i. CMS - Notes and Bibliography system citation for works with one author.
Example:
✓ In-text Citation:
Levi discussed that today’s tap water is not suitable for drinking anymore. 1
✓ Endnote:
John Levi, Our water of today, (New York, LMR Publishing, 2016), 305
In the example above, the information to be included in the in- text citation is the author
and the number in the endnote that is categorized by the superscript. The endnote follows the
format: Author’s first name, author’s last name, Title, (Place of Publication, Publisher, year
published) reference page.

ii. CMS - Notes and Bibliography system citation for works with two authors. The format for
this system is the same as those with one author. Example:
✓ In-text Citation:
Levi and Charles discussed that today’s tap water is not suitable for drinking anymore. 1
✓ Endnote:
John Levi and Thomas Charles, Our water of today, (New York, LMR Publishing, 2016), 305

iii. CMS - Notes and Bibliography system citation for works with four or more authors. This
system follows the same format like the preceding. This system follows the same format as that of
the preceding two. Only one name of the author will be presented, followed by et al. to represent
the remaining authors.
Example:
✓ In-text Citation:
Levi et al. discussed that today’s tap water is not suitable for drinking anymore.
✓ Endnote:

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 John Levi et al., Our water of today, (New York, LMR Publishing, 2016), 305

3.2 Author-Date System

The CMS author-date system is commonly used when a researcher will pursue studies in line
with physical, natural, and social sciences. Unlike the notes and bibliography system, this system
uses the author’s surname and date of publication. The complete information of the source will
be given in the bibliography section.

a. CMS- Author-Date system citation for works with one author

Example:
✓ In-text: It is stated that … (Cruz 2003, 378).
This is the format for this system: (Author’s last name year, page.

b. CMS- Author-Date system citation for works with two authors.

Example:
✓ In-text: It is stated that … (Cruz and Torres 2003, 378).
The format is the same as with the works with one author

c. CMS- Author-Date system citation for works with four authors

Example:
✓ In-text: It is stated that … (Cruz et al. 2003, 378).
In this case, reflect only the first author and replace the remaining with et al.

A referencing list is the other means of citing sources. Commonly, this list is noted in the
references/bibliography section of the paper. Each citation style follows a different format in making a referencing
list. The format of the citation styles as discussed by Torneo and Clamor-Torneo (2017) are as follows:

1. APA Citation Style

When using the APA Citation style, referencing list is found at the end of the paper. It commonly contains all
information of the literature that are cited in the paper. When following the APA format, all references are listed
alphabetically according to their surnames. Some reminders when using the APA format is given below:
✓ You should use a hanging indention. All lines, except the first one, must be indented by 0.5 from
the left.
✓ When writing the author’s name, the last name must come first before the given name. The
given name must be represented by initials. When there are two or more authors, ellipses must
be used to separate them.
✓ The first word of the title must be capitalized. Other necessary publication information and
proper noun should follow the same format.

Here are the guidelines for making a referencing list using the APA format from different sources.
1. Books
✓ Format: Author’s last name, given name, and middle name initials, (Year of publication). Title of work:
Subti tle. Location: Publisher.
Example:
James, B.N. (2009). The history of the universe: Knowing the truth out of our existence. Los
Angeles, California: LMS Publishing.

2. Journal Articles
✓ Format: Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author C.C. (Year). Title of the article. Title of Periodical, volume
number (issue number), pages.
Example:
Gonzales, P. (2010). Chemistry and life: A study on the functions and importance of chemistry in
daily life. Chemistry Trivia. Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 887-893.

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 3. Online News Articles
✓ Format: Author, A.A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper.
Retrieved from [Link]
Example:
Cruz, K.L. (2019, January 23). The election mania. KBS News.
Retrieved from [Link] ONLINE LECTURE NOTES AND
PRESENTATION SLIDES
✓ Format: Author, A.A. (Year). Title of article [file format].
Retrieved from [Link]
Example:
Dela Cruz, A.N. (2019). The big bang theory [ppt].
Retrieved from [Link]

2. MLA Citation Style

The MLA citation style commonly needs a Works Cited page on a different page at the end of the research.
All cited sources in the body of the research must be cited in the Works Cited. The list of the authors must be
arranged alphabetically by their surnames. Here are some considerations that you must look into when using the
MLA Citation Style.
a. Hanging indention format must also be followed. Subsequent lines of each entry must be
indented by 0.5 from the left.
b. In using the MLA format, the author’s last name will be followed by the author’s complete
given name. If the middle name is given, it should also be written after the given name. if
the author has name suffixes, it should be written on the last part.
c. All words in the title must be capitalized. Prepositions or conjunctions are excluded by this
rule, except if it is the first word of the title.

To understand more of the MLA Citation, here are formats to be used:

BOOKS
Format: Last name, First name. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of
Publication.
Example: James, Brian. The history of the Universe: Knowing the Truth out of Our Existence. Los Angeles,
California: LMS Publishing, 2009. Print.

ONLINE JOURNAL ARTICLES

Format: Last name, First name. “Title of Article”. Title of Publication, volume number, and issue number, (year of
publication). Date of access.
[Note: (1) If the journal is exclusively available online, write “[Link].” to denote that there is no pagination of the
publication. (2) If there is a print copy, provide a copy of the page number and the medium of publication used.]
Example: Gonzales, Pedro. Chemistry and Life: A Study on the Functions and Importance of Chemistry in Daily Life.
Chemistry Trivia. Vol. 3, No. 2, (2010): [Link]. 3 March 2011.

ONLINE NEWS ARTICLES

Format: Last name, First name. “Title of the article”. Title of News Article. Date of Publication. Medium of
publication. Date of access
Example: Cruz, Kyrie. “The Election Mania”. KBS News. (13 Dec. 2018). Web. 23 January 2019

ONLINE LECTURE NOTES AND PRESENTATION SLIDES

Format: Last name, First name. “Title of Presentation”. Date file was created. Medium
Example: Dela Cruz, Angelo. “The Big Bang Theory”. 1 February 1998. Power Point Presentation

3. CMS Citation Style

In using the CMS Citation Style in making references, the sources will be arranged alphabetically,
through the author’s last name. Referencing lists in CMS is termed as “Bibliography”. A bibliography
must include all the cited related literature in the research body.

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Here are some guidelines for making a bibliography.
a. BOOKS
Format: Last name, First name. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Example: James, Brian. The history of the universe: Knowing the truth out of our existence. Los Angeles,
California: LMS Publishing, 2009.

ONLINE JOURNAL ARTICLES

Format: Last name, First name. “Title of the article”. Title of Publication, volume number, and issue number, (year
of publication). Pages. Date when accessed. URL.
Example: Gonzales, Pedro. “Chemistry and Life: A Study on the Functions and Importance of Chemistry in Daily
Life”. Chemistry Trivia. Vol. 3, No. 2, (2010): 887-893. March 3, 2011.
[Link]

b. ONLINE NEWS ARTICLES

Format: Last name, First name. “Title of the article”. Title of News Article,
Date of [Link]. Date of access (if necessary)
Example: Cruz, Kyrie. “The Election Mania”. KBS News. (Dec. 13, 2018).
[Link] January 23, 2019

c. ONLINE LECTURE NOTES AND PRESENTATION SLIDES

Format: Last name. First name. “Title of Presentation”. Date of access or if available, date last modified. URL:
Example: Dela Cruz, Angelo. “The Big Bang Theory”. February 15, 1998.
[Link]

What I Can Do?

Directions: Write your citations which will be used in your study following the different formats on how to write
citations based on the sources you used.
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What I Have Learned?
Direction: Continue the introductory phrase by giving your thoughts on the knowledge gained on the module. (5
points)
Based on the lesson I have learned that …
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ACTIVITY LEARNING MODULE 2: IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM AND ASKING THE QUESTIONS |
LESSON 3: RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
What Is It?
Research Hypothesis is vital to all research endeavors, whether qualitative or quantitative, exploratory or
explanatory.
In developing a testable research hypothesis, it takes skill, however, along with careful attention to how
the proposed research method treats the development and testing of hypotheses.
The hypothesis in your study, you are predicting the relationship between two variables.

Following are some hints for the formulation of your hypothesis.

✓ Be certain to read on the subject matter to explain with it before making a final decision
✓ As noted, a research hypothesis is more than just a topic. It has two elements (variables) that are in
relation to each other. Your hypothesis is what you propose to “prove” by your research. As an
outcome of your research, you will arrive at a conclusion, a theory, or understanding that will be useful
or applicable beyond the research itself.
✓ Avoid judgmental and critical words in your hypothesis.
✓ Your hypothesis must involve an issue or question that cannot be answered exclusively by the
discipline of law.
✓ Be certain that each term if your hypothesis is clearly understood and defined, do not deal in
generalities or assume that the reader knows the meaning of the technical term.
✓ Specify, if appropriate, whether you will be dealing with state or federal law or both on a comparative
basis if appropriate.
✓ Know that your hypothesis may change over time as your research progresses.

You must obtain the teacher’s approval of your hypothesis, as well as any modifications to your
hypothesis, before proceeding with any work on the topic. You will be expressing your hypothesis in 3 ways:
1. As a one-sentence hypothesis.
2. As a research question.
3. As a title for your paper.
Your hypothesis will be part of your research proposal.

Sample on Research Hypothesis:

Question: Does taking aspirin everyday reduce the chance of having a heart attack?
Null Hypothesis: Taking aspirin daily does not affect heart attack risk.

What I Can Do?

Directions: Go back on the sample given. Based on the topic that you have chosen, write a statement on the
Research Hypothesis on your chosen topic. (5 points each)

Question:
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Research Hypothesis:
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What I Have Learned?

Direction: Continue the introductory phrase by giving your thoughts on the knowledge gained on the module. (5
points)
Based on the lesson I have learned that …

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 _______________________________________________________________________________________
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ACTIVITY LEARNING MODULE 2: IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM AND ASKING THE QUESTIONS |
LESSON 4: STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
What Is It?
Writing a Statement of the Problem
After identifying a research problem, the next step is to write a problem statement. It has to be concise
and concrete. Writing a problem statement can help the researcher put the topic in context and have a deeper
understanding of its significance. A problem statement may be written in several paragraphs or in several
sentences incorporated in the introduction.
Problem statement should address the relevance of the research: why is it important to resolve the
problem. The problem statement need not lay world changing impact. What is important is that the problem
statement should lay how you intend to address the problem. Your goal should not be to find a conclusive
solution, but to seek out the reasons behind the problem and propose more effective approaches to
understanding it. You may start with the following phrases:
1. The aim of this study is to determine…
2. This project aims to explore…
3. I aim to investigate…
Research studies generally include the succeeding interconnected portions.

Purpose of the Statement of the Problem:

✓ To describe the substantive focus of the research study
✓ To frame it as
✓ A larger theoretical policy
✓ A practical problem and thereby, develop its significance
✓ To pose initial research questions
✓ To forecast the literature to be discussed in the second section and
✓ To discuss the limitations of the study.

Specific Title of the Study:

Narcissism in Teenagers: Root Causes, Manifestations and Interventions

The different parts of the problem statement will be written as follows:

✓ Introduction
Taking selfies or a video of oneself has become a social phenomenon that has been brought about by the use
of modern gadgets, particularly the mobile phone adolescents take pictures or videos of themselves, their
possessions, their latest happenings or gigs, their friends, their food-anything, anyone they take a fancy on,
anywhere, anytime. A good number of people say that this social phenomenon has evolved into narcissism. There
is, to date, a dearth of research on this topic.
✓ Statement of the Problem
Major Problem: This study aims to investigate the root causes of narcissism, as well as its manifestations and
possible forms of intervention.

Specific Problems: Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the underlying causes of narcissism?
2. How has technology contributed to narcissistic behavior?
3. What are the manifestations of narcissistic behavior in adolescents?
4. What forms of intervention can be done to address this behavior of adolescents?
5. How can the following help in developing healthy self-esteem, positive outlooks and
attitudes in adolescents?
➢ Parents
➢ Curriculum Planners
➢ Administrators
➢ Teachers
➢ Guidance Counsellors

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What I Can Do?
Directions: Go back on the sample given. On the topic that you have chosen, write a specific statement or inquiry
showing the following: (5 points each)

Introduction:
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Statement of the Problem:

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Major Problem:
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Specific Problems:
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What I Have Learned?

Direction: Continue the introductory phrase by giving your thoughts on the knowledge gained on the module.
(5 points)
Based on the lesson I have learned that …
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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14 | Inquiry, Investigation and Immersion | S.Y. 2025 - 2026

ACTIVITY LEARNING MODULE 2: IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM AND ASKING THE QUESTIONS |
LESSON 5: IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
What Is It?
In an actual fact, the section on the significance of the study provides information to the reader on how
the study will contribute. It must be exactly stated, however, what the study will contribute and who will
benefit from it.
SAMPLE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:
Significance of the Study
The researcher believed that the result of this study will help the following assess the 4Ps program and
its effect to the performance of the pupils.
The Department of Social Welfare and Development. The researcher believes that the result of this
study will be of great importance to the department since they are the ones monitoring the 4Ps program. May
this study serve as the basis in the modification of the conditions in giving cash grants
The Administrators. The result of the study would be the basis of constructing and implementing new
and innovative teaching aids to help teachers fully supervise and assess the pupils to achieve their full
potentials, since children are financially supported in their studies by the government.
The Teachers. The result of this study may help the teacher in constructing and developing new teaching
strategies to help the students in their performance and be mindful that even if students are provided and
supported by the government, they still need equal guidance to perform well in school. The factors affecting
the performance of the students may also help the teacher as their basis in making daily lessons.
The Parents. The result of this study will inform the parents that their guidance is a big impact on the
performance of the students in school.
The Students. May the result of this research help the student in understanding that coming to school
daily may be a guarantee that they will also have good academic performance. And may the result give them
the overview of how the government is supporting their studies and that they must do their part by studying
well.

What I Can Do?

Directions: Writing a statement on the Significance or the Importance of the Study. On the topic you have
chosen, write a specific statement regarding the Significance or the Importance of the study. (10 points)

Significance of the Study:

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15 | Inquiry, Investigation and Immersion | S.Y. 2025 - 2026
What I Have Learned?
Direction: Continue the introductory phrase by giving your thoughts on the knowledge gained on the module. (5
points)
Based on the lesson I have learned that …
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16 | Inquiry, Investigation and Immersion | S.Y. 2025 - 2026

ACTIVITY LEARNING MODULE 2: IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM AND ASKING THE QUESTIONS |
LESSON 6: SCOPE AND LIMITATION
What Is It?
The scope and delimitation of the study set borders and limitations of the problem inquiry and narrow
down the scope of the inquiry.
The purpose of the delimitation of the study is to delimit by geographic location, age, sex, population
traits, population size, or other similar aspects. Delimitation makes study more manageable and feasible. Part of
it sets the constraints or weaknesses of a study which are beyond the control of the researcher.

Examples of Delimitation of Research

1. This study covers only those families in Barangay San Jose, Pasig City, benefited by the government’s
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program.
2. This study includes only those English freshman classes that use both Blended Learning and standard
ways of Language teaching.

What I Can Do?

Directions: Writing Exercise: On the Scope and Limitation of the Study. Go back in the sample given. On the
topic that you have chosen, write a specific statement showing the Scope and Limitation of your study. (10
points)

Scope and Limitation:

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17 | Inquiry, Investigation and Immersion | S.Y. 2025 - 2026
What I Have Learned?
Direction: Continue the introductory phrase by giving your thoughts on the knowledge gained on the module. (5
points)
Based on the lesson I have learned that …
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Congratulations for accomplishing this Learning Module No. 2!

You are now ready for Learning Module No. 3.
Best of Luck! 😊

Signature over printed name of parent/guardian

18 | Inquiry, Investigation and Immersion | S.Y. 2025 - 2026