CHAPTER I

Content Knowledge
and Pedagogy
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LESSON 1 Pedagogical Content Knowledge and Its Application

across the Curriculum

Observation
A. Write down the information asked and answer the succeeding questions
based on your class observation.
Name of Teacher: Debbie Grace B. Teric

Date and Time of Observation: September 2-11 2025

Educational Background: BSED Major in Social Studies

Assigned Grade and Section: Grade 11- Dominican Amber

Assigned Subject/s: Earth and Life Science

Relevant Trainings Attended: 1. District Roll-out of Higher-Order Thinking

Skills- Professional Learning Packages
(HOTS-PLP) for English, Mathematics and
Science Teachers
2. District Level Training Workshop on the
Manipulation of Science Laboratory
Apparatus and Equipment and Safety
Measures

1. Are the teacher's background and qualifications aligned with the subject's

he or she is assigned to teach?

Yes. Her major is in Social Studies, but she attended relevant trainings

that qualify her to teach Science.

2. Does he or she use the K to 12 curriculum guides in preparing a lesson

plan?
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Yes. She uses K to 12 curriculum guides as basis in preparing lesson

plans.

3. Does he or she consider the learner's prior knowledge in designing a

lesson plan?

YES. In fact, before the new lesson introduced, she always asked about

the student’s knowledge about the topic.

4. Does he or she use varied teaching strategies to deliver the subject

matter?

YES. She used the advancement of technologies in his teaching and used

varied teaching strategies that’s why students can learn and gain knowledge

the way she teaches.

5. Does he or she conduct research in planning for his or her lessons?

YES. She always makes sure she did research before teaching.

B. Check ( ) the box that corresponds to your class observation. Write your
remarks in the rightmost column.

Not
Observ
Indicators Observe Remarks
ed
d

1. Explains the  Explained clearly, accurately,

subject matter and comprehensively, making
a. Clearly
the lesson easy to understand.
b. Accurately
c. Comprehensively

2. Relates the subject  Successfully connected the

matter with topic with previous and future
previous lessons
that have been lessons for better continuity.
taught or future
lessons to be
taught
 4

3. Presents facts,  Provided accurate facts and

theories, and relevant concepts to support the
concepts to support
discussion effectively.
the validity of
content

4. Manifests  Shows awareness of learner’s

understanding of needs and connects the lesson
the learners'
to their experiences.
background in
relation to the
subject matter

5. Utilizes appropriate  Applied effective teaching

pedagogical methods that enhanced
strategies in the
understanding.
delivery of the
subject matter

6. Integrates  Used relevant technology to

appropriate support lesson delivery and
technology tools
engagement.
specific to the
subject matter to be
taught

7. Promotes inquiry-  Encouraged critical thinking and

based learning to active participation through
develop higher
questioning.
order thinking skills
and/or 21st century
skills

8. Uses appropriate  Explained lessons using clear

languages to make and simple language suited to
subject matter
learner’s level.
delivery more
comprehensible

9. Shows skills in the  Demonstrated competence in

use of information using ICT to aid teaching and
and
make lessons more interactive.
communications
technologies (ICT)
to facilitate teaching
and learning

10. Uses effective  Demonstrated clear

verbal and non- communication with both verbal
verbal forms of and non-verbal cues that
communication enhanced student
strategies to
promote meaningful
 5

learning

Other Comments:

The teacher possessed an excellent way of teaching by using many ways

of things in order for the students to learn and enjoy at the same time. Students

were able to participate and express their ideas in the lessons tackled.

Processing

A. Based on what you have observed in class, explain the importance of the

different kinds of knowledge.

1. Content knowledge

As a teacher, it is a must to enter the students’ room well prepared. You

have to familiarize not just memorized your lessons so that you will be able

relay the lessons clear and concise.

2. Pedagogical knowledge

As a teacher, you have to discover on what are the ways for your students

to easily understand and try to explore different ways in teaching lessons.

3. Curricular knowledge

If you can’t memorize, then at least you’ll get to be familiar with the

lessons, not just the present but also the previous and the next lessons so

that you can give the hint to the students what will be the next lesson you

want them to know. It must be well tailored.

B. What do you think were the strategies used by the teacher to enrich his or her

mastery of the subject matter?

The teacher can master her lessons by reading and exploring new ideas

through sources like internet and different books.

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C. What do you think were the strategies used by the teacher to enrich his or her

pedagogical knowledge?

Since we are in the 21st century, the teacher uses the student-centered

strategy where in the students also has a voice in expressing their knowledge.

The student never gets tired in repeating the things that aren’t cleared. She

keeps on teaching that lesson until the students finally learned something.

D. What do you think were the strategies used by the teacher to augment his or

her curricular knowledge?

The teacher always follows the guide and see to it that everything is properly

executed by looking the curriculum guide.

Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that ways and strategies in teaching evolves overtime. As I

observed, the student’s behavior in class and the teacher’s way of

teaching has changed. So much has been changed that left me comparing

during my time and now.

2. I believe that by learning the pedagogical knowledge every student’s will

be more productive if they themselves will apply what they have learned.

3. I feel that it will be quite difficult to understand and to learn if the students

aren’t that willing and interested on it.

4. When I become a teacher, I will dedicate myself in trying my best to

become an effective teacher and find many ways in dealing different

behavior of the students. I know it will not be easy. It needs time and effort

but it is a job that needs to be fulfilled.

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Lesson 2 Research-based Instruction and Principles of Teaching and

Learning

Observation

A. Answer the following questions based on your class observation.

1. Does the school promote research culture among the teachers? How?

Yes. They promote inclusivity and adjust things among others. They always

conduct an inquiry if there is someone new and transferee in school.

2. Do the teachers undertake research activities to enhance their pedagogical

content knowledge? What are these activities?

Yes. The teacher always asks the students what part of the discussion find

them difficult. She conducts reviews and assessment afterwards.

3. Are the teachers aware of the standards, principles, and pedagogical

approaches behind the K-12 curriculum?

Yes, it is because they are specifically implementing the new curriculum

that the DepEd has created. The teacher seems to be more knowledgeable

about the standards, principles and pedagogical approaches behind the K-12

curriculum. It is a way important for the teachers to know the standards,

principle and pedagogical approaches in order for them to apply the theories,

practices and techniques in order also to have an effective subject teaching.

4. Do the teachers integrate research findings, empirical evidence, and

theories to support validity of content to be taught? How?

Yes, teachers integrate research findings, empirical evidence, and theories

to support the validity of the content they taught. It should be done through
 8

asking some students a question and observe their responses because

questions allow students to connect new material prior to the learnings.

5. Do the teachers use varied teaching approaches based on K-12 curriculum

principles? How?

Yes, the teacher used varied teaching approaches based on K-12 curriculum

principles. As a learner-centered way of teaching teacher should consider

diversity of students such as needs, interests, and abilities.

B. Check ( ) the box that corresponds to your class observation. You may

write your comments in the Remarks column.

Indicators Observed Not Remarks

Observed
1. Administers
 The teacher conducted a short
diagnostic exam to
assess the students' quiz with regards to the last
prior knowledge topic.

2. Prepares a lesson  The teacher prepares activities

based on the
and task that would somehow
students' needs
help the student to cope up the

lesson.

3. Relates the topic to  The teacher always relates his

students' interest to
example to the nature around
motivate learners
and everyday life.

4. Contextualizes the  The teacher always gave the

content of the
students an example based on
lesson according to
the surrounding and the
students’
background personal background of the
 9

student.

5. Articulates a clear  The teacher always posts the

set of learning
objectives on the board and he
objectives
follows the format in making it.

6. Provides varied  The teacher performs a task

activities to support
and activities that is relevant to
learning objectives
the topic.

7. Draws on relevant  The teacher gives enough time

bodies of knowledge
to teach those part of the
to make the lesson
lesson that really is important
more relevant
or the heart of the topic.

8. Reflects on teaching  The teacher has her own way

methodology and
of teaching lessons depending
strategies used for
on how the students want to
effectiveness
learn.

9. Examines the  The teacher always makes a

students' previous
recap about the last lessons
performance to
and asked them what they
modify learning
objectives and have learned and if not, she is
content of the
able to review the topic she
lesson, including the
has been discussed.
teaching strategy
used

10. Aligns assessment  The teacher aligned his task on

tasks and
the objectives. She prepares
instructional
 10

activities with the activities that pictured the aim

learning objectives
of the objectives.

C. What are the research-based instructional strategies applied by the

cooperating teacher? Write your answers in the space below.

The teacher uses the following:

 Cooperative Learning
 Scaffolding
 Collaborative Learning
 ICT Integration
 Problem based Learning
 Differentiated Instruction

Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions based on what you

have observed in class.

1. How do research-based instructional strategies enrich the pedagogical

content knowledge of teachers?

It helps the pedagogical content knowledge of teachers by giving

homework, note taking, summarizing and setting objectives. It helps the

teachers to know as to which part of the lesson that the students find it hard.

After that, the teacher try find ways to apply new ideas and techniques.

2. How do research-based instructional strategies affect the students'

learning?

It really helps the students to excel and eventually learned new things. It

widens their knowledge and the teacher help them to cope up with things they

find difficult.

3. What do teachers need to do to improve their research skills?

 11

Well, teachers should do their job seriously because at the end of the day,

the success of the students is their success also. They must learn more,

explore and discover new things and be open minded with new ways of

effective learning.

Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that as a future educator, you have to be experimental and

curious about anything especially inside the classroom. We must learn to

try new ideas and never settle for less.

2. I believe that teaching excellently is a process. It needs so much of your

effort and time to enrich your teaching ability and it is a never-ending study

even after you graduate college.

3. I feel that in order for you to be relevant and effective teacher at all times,

you have to ready yourself that every day is a battle day and you have to

win no matter what especially inside the classroom.

When I become a teacher, I won’t settle for less. I will always make myself

relevant and effective not for my own satisfaction but for my future

students as well. I will dedicate myself in learning new things and be

observant at all times with everything that is happening.

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Lesson 3 Positive Use of Information and Communications

Technology

Observation

A. Familiarize yourself with ICT facilities and tools for teaching and learning.

Check if the following items are available. Provide a description for each in

the rightmost column.

ICT Facilities and Tools Availabl Not Description

e Available
Computer Lab/Computer  The designated room are in

Room comfortable and good

condition. The learners are

allowed to enter in the said

room.

Audio-Visual Room  They used this room for

conferences and other

matters with regard of the

school activities.

Laptop/desktop  Available, functional, and

ready for instructional and

administrative use.

Printer  In good working condition

and reliable for printing

needs.

Scanner  Accessible, operational, and

 13

suitable for document

processing.

LCD projector  Fully functional and ready for

classroom presentations.

Audio equipment  Clear sound quality and in

excellent condition for use.

LCD/LED TV  Available, functional, and

effective for multimedia

viewing.

Internet access  Stable, accessible, and

sufficient for academic

purposes.

Computer hard drives and  Available, functional, and

storage devices (e.g., reliable for data storage and

compact disc, flash transfer.

drive/USB, portable drive)

Tablets, mobile phones, or  Accessible, operational, and

other mobile devices useful for communication

and instructional support.

Others:

B. Interview the cooperating teacher. Ask the following questions.

1. Does the school have specific ICT policies and standards?
Yes, but due to insufficient funds/resources of the school, the
implementation of the set standards was not complied.
2. Are the teachers aware of the school's ICT policies and standards?
 14

Yes, but the implementation of the policies and standards were not
followed due to lack of resources.
3. Does the school provide ICT training for teachers?
Yes, but not that consistent because of the lack of funds.

4. Does the school provide the necessary ICT tools and digital technologies
to aid teaching and learning activities?
Yes, but not all the ICT Tools and digital technologies were provided
because of limited resources in terms of acquiring it.
5. Are the students provided with equal opportunity to use the computers and
other digital technologies?
Yes. All students have equal opportunity to access all computers and
other digital technologies available in school.
6. Are the teachers knowledgeable on how to operate a laptop/computer and
other digital technologies for teaching and learning?
Yes. They all are since technology becomes part of education as an
effective tool in teaching.
Other comments and observations:
So far, the teachers gave the best they could in riding on the trend like the
advancement of technologies.

C. Check ( ) the box that corresponds to what you have observed in class.

Write your remarks in the last column.

Competencies Observed Not Remarks

Observed

Domain I: Understanding ICT in Education

Demonstrates awareness of  She shows a clear

policies affecting ICT in understanding of ICT-

education related policies and their

implications in the

educational context

Complies with ICT policies  Consistently adheres to

as they affect teaching- ICT policies, ensuring

 15

learning ethical and responsible

use of technology in the

classroom

Contextualizes ICT policies  Effectively applies ICT

to the learning environment policies in ways that are

relevant and appropriate

to the specific learning

context.

Domain 2: Curriculum and Assessment

Demonstrates an  Exhibits a strong grasp

understanding of concepts, of ICT systems and

principles, and theories of integrates them

ICT systems as they apply meaningfully into

to teaching-learning curriculum planning and

assessment.

Evaluates digital and non-  The teacher never

digital learning resources in depends on the digital

response to students' way of teaching but she

diverse needs also used the board in

teaching.

Develops digital learning  The teacher is

resources to enhance knowledgeable about

teaching-learning technology and how to

use it.

Uses ICT as a tool to  The teacher always

develop 21st century skills: flashes new things on

Information, Media and television screens and

 16

Technology Skills, Learning make it as the new way

and Innovation Skills, Life of conveying new ideas.

and Career Skills, and

Effective Communications

Skills.

Domain 3: Pedagogy

Applies relevant technology  One time, the teacher

tools for classroom uses projector and play

activities movies related to the

topic.

Uses ICT knowledge to  The teachers use their

solve complex problems ICT knowledge to solve

and support student the complexity and also,

collaborative activities she encouraged the

learners to have and

engage in activities that

can boost

collaborations.

Model’s collaborative  Face to face classes

knowledge construction in already.

face-to-face and virtual

environments

Domain 4: Technology

Tools

Demonstrates competence  They know what they’re

in the technical operations doing like installation

of technology tools and

 17

systems as they apply to

teaching and learning

Uses technology tools to  The students play big

create new learning role in making also the

opportunities to support technology easier for

communities of learners the teachers.

Demonstrates proficiency in  Teachers are skillful

the use of technology tools enough to use

to support teaching and technology in classes.

learning

Domain 5: Organization and Administration

Manages technology-  All students are involved

assisted instruction in an in class especially the

inclusive classroom usage of technology.

environment

Exhibits leadership in  Not observed.

shared decision-making

using technology tools

Domain 6: Teacher Professional Learning

Explores existing and  Not observed.

emerging technologies to

acquire additional content

and pedagogical knowledge

Utilizes technology tools in  Not observed.

creating communities of

practice
 18

Collaborates with peers,  Not observed.

colleagues, and

stakeholders to access

information in support of

professional learning.

Domain 7: Teacher

Disposition

Demonstrates social,  The teacher takes

ethical, and legal responsibilities in in the

responsibilities in the use of use of tools and

technology tools and resources.

resources

Shows positive attitude  The teacher always

towards the use of shares the knowledge to

technology tools the students by leading

them how to use the

technology properly.

Source: Commission on Higher Education. 2017. CHED Memorandum Order No.

75, series of 2017: Policies, Standards, and Guidelines for Bachelor of
Secondary Education Program, pp. 71-73.

Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions based on what you

have observed in class.

1. What are the problems or challenges in integrating ICT in teaching and

learning?

The challenges the I see in integrating ICT in teaching and learning is they

will rely fully and never got the urge to study on their own. Also, what if there
 19

is no current or power shortage that’s why, teachers should always be ready

in dealing situations like this.

2. What are the challenges encountered by students in using ICT tools and

other forms for digital technologies?

Small fonts of the slides especially when the television set is also small.

Also, there were times when the supply of the power comes short.

3. In what domain/s of ICT competency standards for teachers do teachers

need improvement? Why?

Maybe in having backup in case something happened. They should

always have the second plan so that times will not be wasted.

4. How will you promote the positive use of ICT to your students?

I guess even if I don’t promote now the ICT to the students, they already

know its importance and usage. The only thing that I would like to teach is

that there’s always time for everything and that you should always be ready.

Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that we are already at the era of technology that’s why, we need

to upgrade ourselves also every now and then. Life is always changing

that’s why we have to be versatile all the time.

2. I believe that we can’t be that effective teacher once we don’t know how to

use ICT technologies. It will make our life as a teacher easier and light.

3. I feel that your knowledge as a teacher will not beat the knowledge of the

students especially when it comes to the technology around. In fact, they

already know how to use it.

4. When I become a teacher, I will try my very best to be knowledgeable

about technology and see to it that whatever it is that will help my

teaching, I will have. I am not techy now but I will do my best to upgrade

and be updated.
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Lesson 4 Strategies for Promoting Literacy and Numeracy

Observation

A. For each given domain, write down the literacy strategies used by the

cooperating teacher during your class observation.

Observation Strategies

1. Oral Language Hearing student’s further elaboration of

their opinions and answers.

2. Phonological Awareness Not observed, because my CT doesn’t

apply this in her discussion.

3. Book and Print Knowledge Not observed, because my CT doesn’t

apply this in her discussion.

4. Alphabet Knowledge Not observed, because my CT doesn’t

apply this in her discussion.

5. Phonics and Word Recognition Not observed, because my CT doesn’t

apply this in her discussion.

6. Fluency Answer an on-the-spot question about

 21

everyday life.

7. Spelling Spelling Bee.

8. Writing and Composition In examining this domain, the teacher let

the students make reflection paper and

essays.

9. Grammar Awareness and Answer a question in an easy form.

Structure

10. Vocabulary Development Not observed, because my CT doesn’t

apply this in her discussion.

11. Reading Comprehension The teacher let the students read the

presentation she presented.

12. Listening Comprehension The teacher gives students an

opportunity to read while she keeps

listening.

Source: Department of Education. 2016. K-12 Curriculum Guide for English.

A. Write down the numeracy strategies used by the cooperating teacher

during your class observation in the following subjects.

Subjects Strategies

1. Language (English/Filipino/mother The teacher uses different examples

tongue)
in teaching her subject.

2. Mathematics Not observed, my CT doesn’t handle

mathematics subject.

3. Science The teacher uses experiments, visual

aids, and real-life examples to explain

concepts.
 22

4. History/Araling Panlipunan/Social The teacher relates past events to

Studies
present situations and uses

storytelling for better understanding.

5. Values Education/Conduct Education The teacher uses role-playing, real-

life situations, and reflection activities

to instill values.

6. Computer/ICT The teacher demonstrates step-by-

step procedures and allows hands-on

practice to enhance learning.

7. Music, Arts, Physical Education, and Not observed, my CT doesn’t handle

Health (MAPEH)
MAPEH subject.

8. Technology and Livelihood Education Not observed.

9. Others:

Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions based on what you

have observed in class.

1. How can literacy affect one's life?

It affects the whole being of one person. When you are literate, it will

help one person’s confidence and be aware of everything that is

happening around. It helps your future brighter and better.

2. How important is numeracy in our daily life?

Numeracy plays a big role in everyday living. In everything that we do,

it involves numbers all the way from waking up in the morning by looking

at the clock up until night.

3. How can literacy and numeracy improve the learner's academic

performance?
 23

First of all, it improves learner’s confidence. Once you’re

knowledgeable about literacy and numeracy, you’ll be able to easily

understand and gain advantage in doing quizzes and other activities.

4. In the absence of digital technologies and printed materials, what do

you think are the strategies you can use to promote literacy and

numeracy?

One thing to do is the manual way of teaching which is writing. Also,

making cards through recyclable materials.

Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that in today’s way of teaching, having a knowledge about

technology, its usage and advantage, a teacher can have an easier life in

dealing with everyday tasks as a teacher.

2. I believe that once you’re capable of using technology and its advantage,

you can do your task and duty as a teacher in short span of time. You

have to be open in trying new things which can help in your teaching.

3. I feel that it is everyone’s edge when you’re trying to get in the trend and

be open in applying those strategy in teaching. When I become a teacher,

I will Indulge myself in learning technologies that will somehow elevate my

way of teaching. I will try my very best to interconnect the old and new

way of teaching and hopefully I’ll be more effective in dealing with

everyday life as a teacher. It will not be easy for sure but you’ll find the

best out of it.

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LESSON 5 Strategies for Developing Critical and Creative Thinking

as well as Higher-Order Thinking Skills

Observation

A. Ask the cooperating teacher to show his or her lesson plan to you.

Review the objectives of each lesson in the lesson plans. Provide

examples of educational objectives based on the following HOTS:

Construct a debate script where different characters

represent various theories of the origin of life, showcasing

1. Creating
their arguments and counterarguments

Evaluate whether each theory is scientific or not.

2. Evaluating

Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of

each theory.
3. Analyzing
 25

B. Indicate whether the following HOTS strategies are applied during your

class observation by checking the appropriate box. Write your remarks in

the last column.

HOTS Strategies Observed Not Remarks

Observed
1. Teaches the concepts of  The teacher

HOTS demonstrates and use

the HOTS strategy in

conducting their classes.

2. Promotes the use of HOTS  The teacher always

when communicating asked the students

which ended with the

word “Why.”

3. Encourages question and  In conducting classes, as

answer during discussion student-centered

teachers are able to ask

question wherein the

learners will answer the

question so that the

learners will be able to

adopt new knowledge

and ideas.
 26

4. Uses visuals and graphic  Yes, the teacher always

organizers to connect display picture related to

concepts the topic.

5. Uses problem-solving to  The teacher helps the

foster critical thinking students to improve their

problem-solving skills

which they may apply in

real-life situation.

6. Promotes collaborative  The teacher encourages

learning to generate new and boost student’s

ideas collaboration in order for

them to be more

productive because of

gaining ideas from each

of them.

7. Encourages students to  The teacher enough time

elaborate their answers to somehow explain and

stand to their ideas.

8. Promotes inquiry-based  The teacher always asks

learning to validate ideas the basis of their answer.

9. Uses educational Yes. The teacher follows

objectives that foster HOTS this.

10. Uses assessment that  The teacher uses

promotes HOTS question and answer

portion.
 27

Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions based on what you

have observed in class.

1. In what part of the instructional plan can teachers apply HOTS?

Instructional Plan is a method that a teacher needs to apply. It can be in

the classroom and of course setting our goals and purpose because we are

doing such thing.

2. How can HOTS improve the students' learning?

It improves their skills in solving problem and analyzing what would be the

best thing to do. Also, the students become aware and widen their knowledge

about everything around them and eventually they become an independent

man in the future.

3. How important is creative and critical thinking in the 21st century

workplace?

It is important to the 21st century for we are now in this age where

everything changes and it is our responsibility to ask for any answers and

discover new things. It helps us also to become relevant, outspoken and be

independent at all times.

4. What are the things that teachers need to improve on to enrich the

students' HOTS?

Well, I guess the teachers can make a student make new questions about

everything and then try to find the solution in the best way possible. Also, the

teacher can use movies and other visual presentation that would somehow

relate the students and have more questions on their mind and eventually find

an answer.

Reflection

Complete the following:

 28

1. I realized that Using HOTS in education is valid and important. It will make

your student well rounded and be aware about everything that is

happening around. Though it’s difficult to teach them, it focuses more on

how we think at a certain thing.

2. I believe that as a skillful teacher, you have to use this and apply for when

you succeed of doing so, students will clearly understand and somehow it

will be useful for their future endeavors. These skills make a student an

effective problem solver and will build them into a creative one.

3. I feel that teacher nowadays has a wide range of choosing ways in

imparting lessons to the students. Unlike before those ways and means

are limited and teachers has the hard time in making things work, now it is

a collaborative effort that in order to learn, the students should participate

and do their part to make a learnings fun and informative. At the end of the

day, students will get back their confidence and can face the world on their

own.

4. When I become a teacher, I will let them discover new things with my

guidance. I will let them discover their weakness and strength so that

they’ll know what are the things that needs improvement and things that

must be addressed and gone. Life is full of problems and it’s up to us

whether we face it or find a possible way to solve and make it right and

beneficial for us.

 29

LESSON 6 Mother Tongue, Filipino, and English in Teaching and

Learning

Observation

A. Conduct a survey of languages used by students and teachers at home

and school.

Language/s used at home Language/s used at school

Mother Tongue Mother Tongue

Mansaka Tagalog
Students

English

Cebuano Cebuano

Tagalog
Teachers

English

B. Answer the following questions:

1. Do the teachers of kindergarten and elementary students have a copy of

the teacher's guide and learning materials for mother tongue, Filipino, and

English?
 30

Yes, they have the copy of the teacher’s guide and learning materials for

Mother tongue, Filipino and English.

2. Are the teacher's guide and learning materials translated in mother

tongue?

No, since this is already a secondary school. Ideally, they used the

appropriate medium for communication which is English.

3. Are there sufficient references for the teaching of mother tongue, Filipino,

and English?

Yes. They based on the textbook provided.

4. Are teachers well-informed on and trained in the teaching of mother

tongue, Filipino, and English?

Yes. This is already mandated that a teacher should be versatile on using

these languages depending on the learning ability of the students.

5. Do the teachers speak or understand the identified regional language of

instruction?

Sometimes. It usually happened that using your own dialect makes the

students easy to understand.

6. Do the learners speak or understand the language of instruction used by

teachers in the implementation of MTB-MLE?

Yes. They easily catch up when a lot of language is being used by the

teacher.

7. Do the learners have access to learning resources and materials?

Yes. The teacher gave the students a site or ppt’s where they can review

and check out.

C. Conduct an observation of teachers in mother tongue, Filipino and English

classes. Identify the strategies used to motivate or arouse the interest of

learners in the following language literacy domains. Write your

observations in the Remarks column.

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Domains Strategies Remarks

1. Oral Language Oral Recitation Discover the ability

of the students to

answer.

2. Phonological Awareness Sharing of Ideas Test the clarity of the

words and how they

performed.

3. Book and Print Provide textbook Let them study and

Knowledge check the exercises

given in the textbook.

4. Alphabet Knowledge Memorization How well prepared

they are in reciting

letters with given

examples.

5. Phonics and Word Pronunciation Word pronunciation

Recognition and clarity.

6. Fluency Articulation Are they clear in

expressing their

ideas?

7. Spelling Spelling Bee Conducting quizzes

related to spelling.

8. Writing and Composition Essays Giving questions and

answer in essay

form.
 32

9. Grammar Awareness Essays Share your stories in

and Structure an essay form.

10. Vocabulary Identification Give some questions

Development that entails the

answer through

identification.

11. Reading Comprehension Life’s Stories Study a story and

make a reaction

paper.

12. Listening Storytelling Listen to a movie

Comprehension and express your

realization through

oral recitation.

Processing

A. Based on what you have observed in class, identify the benefits of using

mother tongue, Filipino, and English as MOIs.

1. Mother tongue

The benefits of using this is the student get to express his thoughts, views

and opinions in their most comfortable way. They get to convey messages in

an easy way and freely communicate to each other.

2. Filipino

Out of this three, Filipino is the hardest to speak on but using this

especially in Filipino subject would enrich the vocabulary of the student and

little by little, they’ll get to know more and get used to it.

3. English
 33

Since this is considered as the universal language, students should be at

least can speak and understand while the teacher is using this as a mode of

communication. This will help in future endeavors of the students after

graduation and finding jobs.

B. Based on what you have observed in class, identify the strategies to

improve the teacher's ability to help students understand mother tongue,

Filipino, and English.

For me to improve the students in understanding mother tongue, Filipino,

and English, teacher should implement them to speak English or Filipino

inside the classroom especially during the subject of Filipino and English.

C. Explain how mother tongue can enrich cultural awareness of both

teachers and students.

A lot of people now when they transfer from one place to another, the very

first thing that they forgot is the language or dialect. In my case, I’ve heard a

lot of Mansaka people who literally denied their culture by not speaking their

mother tongue. This is alarming since this is the safest and easiest way to

enrich our culture and maintain its values throughout the nation. So, speaking

the mother tongue will really help the richness of the culture both the students

and the teacher.

Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that using only one language will make a student hard to

understand and grasp everything that a teacher will give. The student

cannot fully express his thoughts and ideas because of language barrier.

2. I believe that in order for the students to be outspoken and free to express

their minds, the classroom should a safest place that they can express
 34

what’s on their mind without rejections and judgment. Using many

languages is a nicest step to have an inclusive learning experience.

3. I feel that compared before; students now have the opportunity to choose

how they want to learn. It is a conscious effort of the teacher now to

expand and be open for new techniques in teaching lessons. Teachers

should also be open that they can also learn and be inspired from the

student’s perspective.

4. When I become a teacher, I will observe my students about their ways on

how they want to learn. I will improve more and more my teaching ability

so I will be relevant and effective throughout that test of time. I will use all

the advantage and perks of the technology in searching new techniques in

teaching and classroom management.

Other comments and observations:

Also, my cooperating teacher possessed a wide range of patience,

hard work, and commitment. She makes sure that her students will go

home with new learnings and see to it that the ambiance of the room is

light and enjoyable. I learned a lot from her. She really loves her students

that she’s willing to adjust in any way.

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LESSON 7 Classroom Communication Strategies

Observation

A. Identify the verbal and nonverbal forms of communication used by

teachers and students in the classroom.

Verbal Nonverbal Remarks

Speaking Body Language The teacher is doing the

best she could just to

Hand Gestures
Teachers
make a student learned

Walking around something. She walks

around to make sure

everybody is listening.

Speaking Raising Hands As for the students,

majority of them perform

Listening well
Students
and actively participate any

activities.

B. Check ( ) the box that corresponds to what you have observed in class.

Write your remarks in the last column.

Communication Strategies Observed Not Remarks

for Teachers Observed
 36

Communicates with a friendly  The teacher expresses

tone
his thought with

friendly and calm

voice.

Thinks before speaking to  The teacher really

avoid utterance of irrelevant
thinks first before he
words
speaks for the welfare

of the students.

Speaks clearly and articulately  The teacher clearly

delivers the message he or
delivers his message
she is trying to convey
to the students.

Speaks with confidence  The teacher is

speaking with no

doubts.

Demonstrates ability to  The teacher

produce intelligent and fluent
sometimes doesn’t
discourse
need to look his book

because she already

knows what to do.

Demonstrates skills in written  Well, the teacher has a

communication
good penmanship and

can do a lot of tasks in

one time.

Demonstrates proficiency in  The teacher is a good

oral communication
public speaker where

in every time she

speaks, she used lapel

 37

for the students to

listen.

Manifests positive attitude  The teacher

towards students
possesses good

behavior towards her

student and has an

ability to convince her

students well.

Other comments and observations:

Also, my cooperating teacher possessed a wide range of patience, hard

work, and commitment. She makes sure that her students will go home with new

learnings and see to it that the ambiance of the room is light and enjoyable. I

learned a lot from her. She really loves her students that she’s willing to adjust in

any way.

Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions based on what you

have observed in class.

1. How important are the verbal and non-verbal forms of communication to

the teachers?
Verbal and non-verbal communication for me works hand in hand. These
two come together to have an effective and exciting environment in the room.
It is important that the teacher has this two so that students will get to listen
and at the same they’re enjoying the moment while they are in the four
corners of the room.
2. How do verbal and non-verbal forms of communication affect the students'
learning?
 38

I observed that the students easily understood and freely expressed their

opinion without hesitations. Also, the teacher will eventually address the

needs of the students based on their action and behavior.

3. What forms of communication do the teachers and the students need to

improve on?
So far, I don’t see anything less. The teacher shows concern to his

students and in return, the students do their part as a learner.

Reflection

Complete the following:

1. I realized that when you become a teacher, a lot of things should be

considered. One of which is you really have to study the behavior of the

student so that you can find many ways for them to eventually grasp the

learnings.

2. I believe that you must let the students gain more confidence, let them

express their ideas in any how they want. Teacher also should somehow

learn from the students. Everyone should be work hand in hand. It is a

matter of give and take.

3. I feel that teaching back then compared to now has a big difference.

Before, small gestures of a teacher like just the movement of the eyes, the

students will automatically listen and behave unlike now that learners for

me have a right to do anything and express his sentiments whenever they

want.

4. When I become a teacher, I will make sure that everyone is lending their

ears and listen attentively. I will use nonverbal and verbal communication

to invite students to learn and listen. I will put extra effort to know them

and study their behavior so that I can find ways in making them learn new

things during my class.