MODULE – 3

MATHEMATICAL LOGIC

QUESTION BANK
CO-1 QUESTIONS

1. Answer the following

i. Determine whether or not the following sentences are propositions. What are the truth
values of those that are propositions?
a. 5 + 7 = 10
b. Mysore is the capital of Karnataka
ii. Find the truth value of 𝑝: 2 is greater than 3. Determine its negation.
iii. Express the sentence “It is below freezing and not snowing” using logical connectives.

2. Find the converse, contrapositive and inverse of the statement

“𝐼𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑦”.

3. Express the following statement using logical connectives.

a. “𝐼𝑓 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔”
b. “𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔”
c. “𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔”
4. Find the converse, contrapositive and inverse of the statement “If Raju studies well, then he can
score above 95”

5. Find the converse, contrapositive and inverse of the statement “If it is not raining, then we can plan
for a trip”

6. Answer the following

i. Express the statement “Raju can speak in either Hindi or in English” using logical
connectives.
ii. Given 𝑝: 3 + 2 = 5, 𝑞: 32 = 9. Express “𝑝 - 𝑞” in words and determine the truth
value of “𝑝 - 𝑞”
iii. Determine whether or not the given argument is valid.
¬𝑞
𝑝→𝑞
¬𝑝

7. Let 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟, 𝑠 be propositions with truth values 0, 0, 1, 1 respectively

i. ((𝑝∧ 𝑞) v (𝑞 ∧ 𝑠)) → (𝑟 → 𝑠)
ii. ¬(𝑝∧ 𝑞) ⇔ (¬𝑝) v (¬𝑞)
iii. ¬(𝑝 → 𝑞) → 𝑠
iv. [(𝑝∧ ¬𝑞) → (𝑟∧ ¬𝑟)] ⇔ 𝑝 → 𝑞

8. Answer the following

i. Let (𝑥) denote the statement “𝑥 > 3”. What are the truth values of (4) and 𝑃(2)?
ii. Given 𝑝: Student attends discrete mathematics classes.
𝑞: Student performs well in the test. Express 𝑝 → 𝑞 in words.
iii. Given 𝐷 = {1,2,3,4,5} and 6𝑥 𝑃(𝑥), where 𝑃(𝑥) is the statement “𝑥2 < 10” Determine
the quantifier used. Also determine the truth value of the compound statement 6𝑥 (𝑥), in the
given domain 𝐷.
9. In each of the following compound propositions, determine truth values of 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 such that the
following hold.
i. 𝑝 → (𝑞 ∧ 𝑟) is false
ii. 𝑝 → (𝑞 v 𝑟) is true
iii. (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) → 𝑟 is false
10. Answer the following.
Given 𝑝: 𝐴 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑠 4 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠, 𝑞: 5 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟,
𝑟: 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟. Express 𝑝 A ¬𝑞, ¬𝑝 v 𝑞, 𝑝 v ¬𝑞, 𝑞 → ¬𝑝 in words
11. Determine the validity of the argument
(i) 𝑎∧ ¬𝑏
¬𝑏
(ii)
𝑝v 𝑞
(𝑝v 𝑞) v 𝑟
12. Let (𝑥) denote the statement ‘𝑥 > 3’. Determine the truth value of each of the following
statements.
i. ∃𝑥 𝑃(𝑥), in the domain of set of all integers.
ii. ∀𝑥 𝑃(𝑥), in the domain of set of integers.
13. Let ℤ be the domain. Consider the statement (𝑥): 2𝑥 + 1 = 5 and 𝑄(𝑥): 𝑥2 = 9 and the
quantified statement E 𝑥 ∈ ℤ, [𝑃(𝑥) A 𝑄(𝑥)].
i. Find the truth value of ∃ 𝑥 ∈ ℤ, [(𝑥) ∧ 𝑄(𝑥)].
ii. Find the truth value of ∃ 𝑥 ∈ ℤ, [(𝑥) → 𝑄(𝑥)].

CO-2 QUESTIONS

1. Construct the truth table for ((𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞) → 𝑟) → (𝑝 → (𝑞 v 𝑟))

2. Construct truth table to verify [(𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑟)] → (𝑝 → 𝑟) is a tautology
3. Construct the truth table to verify 𝑝 ∧ (𝑞 ∨ 𝑟)) ≡ (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∨ (𝑝 ∧ 𝑟).
4. (𝑝⋁𝑞) ≡ (¬𝑝 ⟹ 𝑞)
5. Determine whether the compound proposition [𝑝 → (𝑞 → 𝑟)] → [(𝑝 → 𝑞) → (𝑝 → 𝑟)]
is a tautology.
6. Determine whether the compound proposition [(𝑝 → 𝑟) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑟)] → [(𝑝v 𝑞) → 𝑟] is a
tautology.
7. Determine whether the compound proposition [𝑝 ∨ 𝑞] ⇒ (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) is a contingency.
8. Determine whether the compound proposition [(𝑝 → (𝑞 ∧ 𝑟)] - [(𝑝v 𝑞) → 𝑟] is a contradiction.
9. Apply the laws of logic to verify the following
i. 𝑝v [𝑝∧ (𝑝v 𝑞)] ≡ 𝑝
ii. [𝑝v 𝑞 v (¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞 A 𝑟)] ≡ (𝑝 v 𝑞 v 𝑟)
10. Apply the laws of logic to state whether (𝑝v 𝑞) ∧ [¬{(¬𝑝) ∧ 𝑞}] ≡ 𝑝 .
11. Apply the laws of logic to state whether 𝑝 → (𝑞 → 𝑟) ≡ (¬𝑝 v 𝑞) → 𝑟.
12. Apply the laws of logic to state whether ¬[(𝑝 v 𝑞) ∧ 𝑟 → ¬𝑞] ≡ (𝑞 ∧ 𝑟)
13. Using laws of logic, verify whether [(¬𝑝 v ¬𝑞) → (𝑝∧ 𝑞 ∧ 𝑟)] ≡ 𝑝∧ 𝑞

14. Negate and simplify each of the following

i. ∃ 𝑥, (𝑃(𝑥) ∧ 𝑄(𝑥))
ii. ∀ 𝑥, [𝑃(𝑥) → 𝑄(𝑥)]
14. Negate and simplify
i) ∀𝑥, (𝑃(𝑥) → 𝑄(𝑥))
j) ∀ 𝑥, [(𝑃(𝑥) v 𝑄(𝑥)) → 𝑅(𝑥)]
15. Let ℤ be the domain. Consider the statement (𝑥): 2𝑥 + 1 = 5 and 𝑄(𝑥): 𝑥2 = 9. Obtain the
negation of the quantified statement ∃ 𝑥 ∈ ℤ, [(𝑥) ∧ 𝑄(𝑥).

16. Write down the negation of each of the following statements

i. For all integers 𝑛, if 𝑛 is not divisible by 2, then 𝑛 is odd
ii. For any integers 𝑘, 𝑚, 𝑛, if 𝑘 — 𝑚 and 𝑚— 𝑛 are odd, then 𝑘— 𝑛 is even.

17. Write down the following proposition in symbolic form and find its negation,
“𝐼𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑑, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟”
18. Apply appropriate rules to state whether the following argument is valid
𝑝→𝑞
𝑟→ 𝑠
𝑝v𝑟
𝑞v 𝑠
19. Apply appropriate rules to state whether the following argument is valid
𝑝→𝑟
¬𝑝 → 𝑞
𝑞→𝑠
¬𝑟 → 𝑠
20. Apply appropriate rules to state whether the following argument is valid
∀ 𝑥, [𝑃(𝑥)] → {𝑄(𝑥) ∧ 𝑅(𝑥)}]
∀ 𝑥, [𝑃(𝑥) ∧ 𝑆(𝑥)]
—————————————————
∀ 𝑥, [𝑅(𝑥) ∧ 𝑆(𝑥)]

21. Apply appropriate rules to state whether the following argument is valid
∀𝑥, [(𝑥) v 𝑄(𝑥)]
∀𝑥, [{¬(𝑥) A 𝑄(𝑥)} → 𝑅(𝑥)]
—————————————————
∀ 𝑥, [¬𝑅(𝑥) → 𝑃(𝑥)]

22. Apply appropriate rules to state whether the following argument is valid
∀𝑥, [(𝑥) v 𝑄(𝑥)]
∃𝑥, ¬𝑃(𝑥)
∀ 𝑥, [¬(𝑥) v 𝑅(𝑥)]
∀ 𝑥, [𝑆(𝑥) → ¬𝑅(𝑥)]

∃ 𝑥, ¬𝑆(𝑥)
CO-4 QUESTIONS
1. Apply appropriate rules of inference to state “It is not sunny this afternoon and it is colder than
yesterday”, “We will go swimming only if it is sunny”, “If we do not go swimming, then we
will take a trip”, “If we take a trip, then we will be home by sunset” lead to the conclusion “We
will be home by sunset”

2. In the following apply appropriate rules of inference to state

a. “If Sachin hits a century, then he gets a free car”, “Sachin hits a century” lead to the
conclusion “Sachin gets a free car”
b. “If Sachin hits a century, then he gets a free car”, “Sachin gets a free car” lead to
 the conclusion “Sachin has not hit a century”
c. “If Sachin hits a century, he gets a free car”, “Sachin gets a free car” lead to the conclusion
“Sachin has hit a century”

3. Test whether the argument is valid or not

i. “If I drive to work, then I will arrive tired”, “I am not tired” lead to the conclusion “I do
not drive to work”
ii. “I will become famous or I will become a musician”, “I will become a musician”
lead to the conclusion “I will become famous”

4. Test whether the argument is valid or not

i. “If I study, then I do not fail in the examination”, “If I do not fail in the
examination, I will get a two-wheeler” lead to the conclusion “If I study then I
will get a two-wheeler”
ii. “If Ravi goes out with friends, he will not study”, “If Ravi does not study his
father becomes angry”, “leads to the conclusion “His father is not angry” lead to
the conclusion “Ravi has not gone out”.

5. Apply appropriate rules of inference to state “If I study, I will not fail in the examination”, “If I
do not watch TV in the evenings, then I will study”, “I failed in the examination” lead to the
conclusion “I must have watched TV in the evenings”

6. Apply appropriate rules of inference to state

i. “If a person is poor, then he is unhappy”, “If a person is unhappy, he dies young” lead to
the conclusion “Poor persons die young”
ii. “If there is a strike by students, the examination will be postponed”, “There was no strike
by students” lead to the conclusion “The examination was postponed”
iii. “If there is a strike by students, the examination will be postponed”, “The examination was
not postponed” lead to the conclusion “There was no strike by students”

7. Apply appropriate rules of inference to state

i. “If I drive to work, then I will arrive tired”, “I do not drive to work” lead to the conclusion
“I will not arrive tired”
ii. “No Engineering student is bad in studies”, “Anil is not bad in studies” lead to the
conclusion “Anil is an Engineering student” in the universe of set of all students.

8. Write down the following proposition in symbolic form and find its negation
1. “All integers are rational numbers and some rational numbers are not integers”
2. “If all triangles are right angled, then no triangle is equiangular”

9. Find whether the following is a valid argument

“No Engineering student who is in 1st semester or 2nd semester studies logic”, “Anil is an
Engineering student who studies logic” lead to the conclusion “Anil is not in second semester”

10. Check whether the following argument is valid or not

I. “All squares have 4 sides”, “The quadrilateral ABCD has 4 sides” lead to the
conclusion “ABCD is a square”
II. “If a triangle has 2 equal sides, then it is isosceles”, “If a triangle is isosceles, then it
has 2 equal angles”, “The triangle ABC does not have 2 equal sides” lead to the
conclusion “ABC does not have 2 equal sides”