Evaluation of the Interference Effects of HVDC fault on

a buried pipeline
T Dechambenoit, A Xemard, J Morales, J Mahseredjian, A Zama, P Daza

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T Dechambenoit, A Xemard, J Morales, J Mahseredjian, A Zama, et al.. Evaluation of the Interference
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Evaluation of the Interference Effects of HVDC fault
on a buried pipeline
T. Dechambenoit, [Link], J. Morales, J. Mahseredjian, [Link], [Link]

Abstract—HVDC transmission systems have potential effects the duration of interaction. For AC lines, coupling occurs
on buried pipelines in their vicinity. Thereby, significant permanently in steady-state conditions, leading to long-term
interferences can arise when a fault occurs on an HVDC corrosion issues. In contrast, for HVDC lines, the coupling
overhead line, depending on factors such as the distance between
the line and the pipeline, the exposure length, the soil resistivity,
duration is typically less than a second, occurring only during
and the line configuration. This paper investigates the effects of fault conditions. While this short duration may not
these parameters on the pipeline’s induced transient overvoltage. significantly increase the corrosion rate of the pipeline, it
Under normal operating conditions, only small current variations raises concerns about the potential impact on cathodic
occur in the poles, and their electromagnetic field effects are protection systems, which are not designed to handle high
negligible. However, when a pole-to-ground fault occurs, a voltage levels. Another concern is human safety during fault
transient stage lasting a few milliseconds leads to a significant
increase in the electromagnetic field. This paper presents a
conditions.
variety of simulation studies obtained using an electromagnetic Both AC and DC power lines have capacitive, conductive,
transients software (EMTP). Simulations were conducted for and inductive coupling with pipelines [3,4]. An overhead line
different HVDC configurations, specifically symmetric can have strong capacitive coupling if the pipeline is above
monopolar and bipolar setups. The results show that the induced ground [5]. However, this is not the case for buried pipelines,
voltage is significantly higher in bipolar configuration, but in where the electric field is shielded by the surrounding soil.
both cases, the effects are not negligible. Precautions must be
taken to mitigate adverse effects on the pipeline, particularly
Since soil acts as a good electrical conductor, free charges
regarding its cathodic protection, and to prevent electrocution within the soil compensate for the electric field produced by
through contact with the pipeline. The effects on the human body the line. Conductive coupling is related to the ground potential
during transient events were analyzed based on various models, rise in the vicinity of a faulted tower due to the discharge of
considering both the magnitude of the current passing through current through the grounding electrodes. An insulated
the body and the duration of the exposure. The findings indicate pipeline in the vicinity of the tower’s potential gradient will
that with appropriate protection measures in place, there is no
risk to human safety and no risk of damage to the pipeline
experience a voltage across its insulating coating due to the
system. voltage difference between the pipeline and the adjacent soil
[4]. However, this effect is disregarded in this paper because
Keywords: HVDC, pipeline, inductive coupling, overhead line, the distance between the faulty tower and the pipeline is
human safety, electromagnetic transient calculation sufficiently long to neglect it. Therefore, inductive coupling is
the most significant in the context studied
I. INTRODUCTION HVDC systems can operate in various configurations, each
of them having a specific influence on the coupling. In bipolar
T O reduce costs and minimize environmental impact, long
stretches of pipelines are often buried next to overhead
lines, sharing a common path. While the coupling effects
mode, a fault creates a closed loop through the poles and the
metallic return, minimizing conductive coupling. However, in
between AC lines and pipelines have been extensively studied symmetric monopolar configurations, current is drained
[1-3], the interactions with HVDC lines—being more recent— through the ground, and the effects of this must be considered,
are less well understood. HVDC lines offer unique advantages particularly in relation to the separation distance between the
for long-distance power transmission, such as avoiding overhead line and the pipeline.
capacitive effects, and ensuring high operational stability. As a Given the complexity of HVDC interference mechanisms
result, the use of HVDC lines is expanding, with some of these and in order to simulate realistic scenarios, we based the study
lines running alongside buried pipelines. It is crucial for both on numerical simulation. This approach allows us to account
transmission system operators and gas transportation for the numerous factors involved and to explore different line
stakeholders to be aware of the interactions between these two configurations. The EMTP [6] software program was used for
infrastructures. this purpose, as it provides comprehensive models of
One of the main differences between an HVDC line and an converters and overhead lines, making it well-suited for our
AC line regarding electromagnetic coupling with pipelines is research.
A. Basics regarding pipelines and cathodic protection
Pipelines are typically constructed from steel pipes,
which are coated to protect against corrosion. Today, plastic
coatings like polyethylene are the most commonly used.
Insulating devices known as insulating flanges are installed
along the pipeline to electrically isolate different sections, (longitudinal) impedance matrix Z ' due to the ground
preventing the flow of electric current between them. Thus, circulating currents. Traditionally, the ground impedance was
the distance between two flanges defines a segment of the calculated via the Carson equation for overhead lines [8] or
pipeline which could be considered separately regarding via the Pollaczek equation for underground cables [9]. More
potential interference effects. recently, the MoM-SO technique has been proposed as an
Since the primary material of the pipeline is steel, the alternative to overcome some limitations on the above
main issue affecting its durability is corrosion, which is equations [13][24]. The MoM-SO technique consists of a
inevitable in an underground environment. In the oxidation discretization of the surface of the conductors with a Fourier
reaction responsible for pipeline degradation, the steel series formulation. Earth return currents are modeled through
structure of the pipeline serves as the anode. The soil acts as a discretization of the surrounding medium via the Green
an electrolyte due to its water content, and the composition of function [10]. A unique advantage of this method is the
the soil is an important parameter to consider in our study. accurate representation of skin and proximity effects while
Cathodic protection is a technique used to prevent accounting for both aerial and underground conductors.
corrosion by applying a voltage to the metallic pipeline, The solution of equations (2) and (3) in numerical
converting it into a cathode, and thereby reducing oxidation. simulations is typically achieved by discretization of the
Several methods of cathodic protection exist, but we will following equation [25]
focus on Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) as I k  Yc V k  H  Yc V m  I m  (4)
shown in Fig.1. In ICCP systems, a rectifier is used to convert
where Y c denotes the characteristic admittance and H
AC power into direct current, allowing for precise control of
the injected current. This DC current is directed to inert denotes the propagation function, the subscripts k and m refer
anodes, which are buried near the pipeline section to be to the line terminals.
protected. The current then flows from these anodes to the
pipeline through the soil, which acts as the electrolyte. II. INDUCTION OF AN OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE ON A
PIPELINE

A. Description of the configurations

The pipeline considered in this study is covered by a
polyethylene layer, whose characteristics are outlined in Table
I below. The metallic part of the pipeline is detailed in Table
II. The pipeline is buried 1 meter underground, with the
Fig. 1. Layout of an impressed current cathodic protection system surrounding soil having a resistivity of 100 Ω.m. The pipeline
is grounded on one side with an earth electrode whose
Additionally, a reference electrode is placed, as shown in resistance is 1 Ω in series with a capacitor is 100 mF. This
Fig.1, to monitor and regulate the current flow. This electrode, capacitor is used to prevent the current impressed by the
along with the DC power supply, is vulnerable to damage if cathodic protection to circulate in the ground.
exposed to excessively high voltages. Proper protection TABLE I
measures are, therefore, crucial to ensure system integrity. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PIPELINE’S COATING
Transverse resistivity 1017 Ω.m
B. The principle of the numerical coupling model Transverse resistance 1013 Ω/m2
Relative permittivity 2.3
The transmission line behavior is dictated by the well-
Thickness 4 mm
known Telegrapher’s equations
V TABLE II
   R ' j  L '  I   Z ' I (2)
z CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PIPELINE’S METALLIC PART
Inner radius of the metallic part 19.69 cm
I Outer radius of the metallic part 20.32 cm
   G ' j  C '  V   Y ' V (3)
z Resistivity 17 e-7 Ω.m
permeability 300
where R ' , L ' , G ' and C ' are the per-unit-length (pul)
resistance, inductance, conductance, and capacitance matrices,
The pipeline configuration remains consistent across all
respectively; z denotes the axis along the line and  the
simulations, while the characteristics of the transmission lines
angular frequency. These pul parameters are frequency-
differ as we examine the impacts of various line
dependent. In the context of the paper, it is crucial that those
configurations. As discussed in the introduction, symmetric
pul parameters capture the electromagnetic coupling between
monopolar and bipolar configurations have different effects on
aerial HVDC lines and underground pipelines.
the pipeline. In a bipolar configuration, the overhead line
As mentioned above, when the pipeline is located at
consists of five conductors: two shield wires, one Direct
some distance from the grounding electrodes of the towers, the
Metallic Return (DMR) conductor, and two poles (+320 kV
conductive and capacitive effects are negligible between an
and -320 kV). The DMR is grounded at one end and the other
aerial line and an underground pipeline due to the soil medium
one is equipped with an arrester to limit overvoltages. The line
between them. Then, the main coupling appears in the series
is considered homogeneous, maintaining the same
characteristics along its entire length. The bipolar line modelling based on the configurations described above and
configuration, as described in Table III, is primarily based on accounting for the electromagnetic coupling with the pipeline.
[11]. Under this approach, the line model obtained consists of six
We also analyzed the impact of 320 kV and 500 kV conductors (five in the monopolar case), including the
systems in a monopolar configuration, using four conductors pipeline. This module applies a two-step process to obtain a
(without DMR), as taken from [12]. However, increasing the suitable model for transient simulations.
voltage requires greater spacing between conductors to ensure In the first step, per-unit-length (pul) electrical
proper insulation, as detailed in Table III. For voltages around parameters (resistance, inductance, conductance, and
500 kV, it is typical to use three-bundle conductor capacitance) are computed for a frequency range. These pul
configurations, as outlined in [7]. parameters are obtained applying the MoM-SO technique
combined with state-of-the-art formulas [15]. The inner part of
TABLE III the pipeline is considered as air but it does no have any real
PARAMETERS OF THE OVERHEAD LINES [11,12]
Voltage parameters Horizontal Height of Conductor Lineic
influence because the pipe’s wall has a high permeability and
distance from the the radius resistance experience a strong skin effect.
axis of the tower conductors (mm) (Ohm/km)
(m) at towers In the second step, the pul parameters are processed to
(m)
Sky wire 1 6.45 38.29 25.2 0.162
obtain a suitable model for time-domain simulations using the
Bipola Sky wire 2 -6.45 38.29 25.2 0.162 Wideband modelling approach. The Wideband technique
r
config
320kV Pole + 6.55 31.5 44 0.0292 relies on rational approximation of the propagation function
Pole - -6.55 31.5 44 0.0292
uration
DMR 0 33.5 44 0.0292 and characteristic admittance functions by means of curve
Sky wire 1 3.66 41.71 25.2 0.162
fitting [25].
For the towers, the tower/phase insulator strings are
Mono 320kV Sky wire 2 -3.66 41.71 25.2 0.162
polar
modeled as flashover switches, with a withstand voltage of
Pole + 4.46 37.18 44 0.0292
config 900 kV, except for the shield wires, which are directly
uratio
n
Pole - -4.46 37.18 44 0.0292 connected to the tower body. The tower itself is modeled with
Sky wire 1 5.55 58.56 25.2 0.162 an inductance of 16 µH and is grounded through a 10 Ω
500kV Sky wire 2 -5.55 58.56 25.2 0.162
resistance.
The pipeline is modeled as a cable covered with an
Pole + 8.14 39.70 44 0.0292
insulating layer, resembling a single-core cable. The pipeline
Pole - -8.14 39.70 44 0.0292
model used in the simulations is illustrated in Fig. 3, where the
insulated parts are represented in grey.
The spans are 400 meters long, and the grounding
resistance of each tower is 10 Ω. In our study, we assessed the
influence of various parameters such as the exposure length
(length of the zone where the influence is significant [7]) for
potential interference effects, separation distance between the
pipeline and the HVDC line, and soil resistivity. In each
scenario, we maintained a 150 km section of overhead line and
Fig. 3. Model of the pipeline on the EMT program
a 30 km section of pipeline, both uncoupled, near the
converters. These sections aim to eliminate reflection issues
The converter, which is half-bridge, plays a critical role
[12]. A simplified diagram of the configuration is provided in
in evaluating the coupling effect, especially in terms of
Fig.2. According to this figure, the impact of the exposure
converter protection systems. These protections help prevent
length will be assessed by adjusting the number of 400-meter
equipment damage by limiting current spikes along the line.
spans to achieve the target length.
Circuit breakers on the AC side can be opened to stop
overvoltage and overcurrent conditions. The detection
threshold is set at 4 p.u. of the DC current at the output of
MMC, meaning the protection will be triggered when the
current reaches 6 kA, given that the nominal current in the
poles is 1500 A. By reducing the fault current spike, the
duration of the induction phenomenon in the pipeline is
limited. It is important to note that the current remains the
Fig. 2. Layout of the configuration studied for the coupling
same across different configurations and voltage levels by
adjusting the rated power.
B. Modeling in EMTP
C. Results and analysis
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction states that
In this paper, the Line/Cable Data module [13] from
the induced voltage is proportional to the magnetic flux
EMTP [6][13] is used for the HVDC transmission line
passing through the circuit. The larger the exposure length
between the pipeline and the overhead line, the greater the section closest to the fault. The results are presented in Fig. 5.
magnetic flux impacting the pipeline. This means a larger Fig. 5. depicts the induced voltage waveform for a
section of the pipeline is exposed to the magnetic field 20km coupled pipeline in both configurations. The frequency
generated by the HVDC line, thereby increasing the induced of the induced voltage in the monopolar fault case is much
voltage. This behavior was confirmed through simulations in higher than in the bipolar configuration, corresponding to the
EMTP, where increasing the exposure parallel length can be behavior of the pole currents. In the bipolar configuration, a
compared to increasing the length between two insulating sudden surge in the current in the faulty pole causes a rapid
flanges. Fig. 4(a) illustrates the effect of exposure length, change in current (di/dt is high), as shown in Fig. 5(a).
demonstrating a significantly higher impact in the bipolar However, in the monopolar fault case, only a small
configuration. disturbance occurs, characterized by oscillations, as seen in
In a symmetric monopolar configuration, the influence Fig. 5(b). The oscillations are directly associated with the
of the fault current is much lower because no current loop is disturbance in the faulty pole, exhibiting the same 2,5kHz-
created between the converter and the line due to the absence frequency as observed in Fig. 5(b).
of a ground connection at the converter. The voltage between a) b)
poles remains, but with a different distribution. The
consequence of the fault is not a high steady-state fault
overcurrent like in the bipolar configuration but a large and
sustained overvoltage on the healthy pole [16]. In contrast, in
the bipolar configuration, the line impedance, which is directly
related to its length, plays a crucial role. The results presented
in this study assume a separation distance of 50 meters
Fig. 5. Overvoltage at several positions along the pipeline: a)Bipolar
between the overhead line and the pipeline. In the bipolar configuration; b) Monopolar configuration
case, the relationship between exposure length and peak
voltage is approximately linear, whereas in the monopolar D. Damage to the pipeline system
case, the peak voltage on the pipeline will reach a maximum The primary risk of damage is not to the pipeline itself,
value resulting in an induced voltage independent of the but rather to the cathodic protection equipment and the
exposure length after attaining this limit. insulating joints. As stipulated in [17], the interference voltage
The influence of the separation distance between the between the metallic pipeline system and the earth, as well as
overhead line and the pipeline was thoroughly investigated, the voltage between any electric or electronic equipment
with distances ranging from a few meters to several dozens of connected to the pipeline and the earth, must not exceed
meters. This parameter plays a crucial role in the 2,000V (RMS value). Similarly, the voltage difference across
electromagnetic coupling between the two systems. As an insulating joint must remain below this 2,000 V limit. The
illustrated in Fig. 4(b), the impact is particularly pronounced faults analyzed in this study, with durations ranging from 0.1s
in the case of a bipolar configuration, where induced voltages to 0.04s, are significantly longer than transient phenomena
reach critical levels. For example, to maintain induced like lightning-induced surges, which last only a few hundred
voltages below the 2 kV threshold, a separation margin of microseconds. Due to this substantial difference in timescale,
approximately 1.6 km between the overhead line and the it is not possible to directly use the data or thresholds
pipeline is required for an exposure length of 25 km. established for another type of event (such as lightning-
a) b) induced surges) to fix the damage threshold in this case.
Contrary to the approach outlined in [17], which
considers the root mean square (RMS) value of the voltage,
our analysis focuses on the maximum voltage, as it better
reflects the transient nature of the phenomenon under study.
Focusing on the maximum voltage is also particularly relevant
in the safe side because it considers the worst-case scenarios,
exposure length (km)
ensuring that protective measures and system designs can
Fig. 4. Influence of : a) the exposure length on pipe disturbance for a 50m handle even the most extreme voltage spikes. As a result, a 2.8
separation. kV peak voltage threshold was established.
b) the separation distance for a 25km exposure length. To ensure compliance with this rule throughout the
entire pipeline system, we analyzed the voltage distribution
These simulations were performed to assess the highest along the pipeline in the presence of a bipolar HVDC line, as
voltage levels induced on the pipeline. The fault was it is the only configuration that poses a significant risk of
simulated 30 km downstream from the converter station, as damage with overvoltage above 2.8kV. In the studied
shown on Fig. 2. For the bipolar configuration, the voltage configuration (Fig. 2), the induced voltage exhibits a linear
was calculated at the "floating" end of the pipeline increase along the pipeline. To mitigate this voltage rise, we
corresponding to point A in Fig. 2., which is furthest from the explored the effect of adding extra grounding connections at
ground connection. In the monopolar configuration, the one end or at both ends for two cases of separation distances
highest voltage was measured at point B, at the pipeline
between the pipeline and the HVDC line 3 meters and 25
meters (see Fig. 6).. , where ρ is the soil resistivity. In our case, Ω. The
Two grounding scenarios were considered with the resistance of shoes varies with their type and condition: dry
same fault location as before at the end, next to the rectifier: shoes can have a resistance as high as 10 MΩ, while wet shoes
(1) placing ground connections at both ends of the pipeline, can occasionally have resistances below 5 kΩ [19, 20]. For
and (2) supplementing this setup with an additional ground this study, we used an intermediate shoe resistance value of
connection at the pipeline's midpoint. The locations of these 500 kΩ.
ground connections are represented in Fig. 2 depending on the
scenario considered. The necessity of each scenario depends
on the separation distance. For the two cases presented Fig. 5.,
adding a midpoint ground connection is unnecessary, as
grounding at both ends effectively limits the voltage rise,
keeping it within the 2,800 V threshold.
a) b)
Fig. 7. Simplified schematic diagram for a current path hand to foot

Since the induced current in the pipeline is impulsive,

calculating its RMS value is not straightforward. A method
described in [21, 22] calculates the energy transferred to the
body over time using the equation:
(2)
Fig. 6. Crest voltage distribution along the pipeline during the fault for Once the energy is computed, the time required to reach 95%
different distance of separation between the line and the pipeline: of the final energy, denoted ti , is recorded to calculate the
a) 50m; b) 3m1.4
RMS value of the current using the formula:
These calculations show that overvoltage along the
pipeline can be reduced appropriately with a limited number (3)
of grounding electrodes.
The fault current magnitude should always be
E. The effects of overvoltages on humans in contact considered in conjunction with the fault duration. Naturally,
with the pipeline the longer the fault lasts, the more severe its impact. To
An operator could come into contact with the pipeline rapidly assess the potential danger of a situation, the IEC
during a fault, which might occur during maintenance when 60479-1 standard provides a graph that accounts for both
the operator touches a valve or during the installation of the current and duration of the fault. Table IV presents the results
pipeline when it is not yet buried. The calculations in this for the model depicted in Fig. 7 for two voltage levels in a
section were conducted in accordance with the IEC 60479 monopolar configuration.
standard [18], which addresses the effects of electric current TABLE IV
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IMPULSE CURRENT THROUGH HUMAN BODY,
on humans and animals. MONOPOLAR CONFIGURATION
A key challenge in this analysis is modeling the human Poles voltage RMS Body current Energy (J) Fault duration(ms)
body as accurately as possible by considering variations in (mA)
impedance. The impedance of the human body changes with 320kV 0.4 0.0018 26
500kV 0.7 4E-4 3
frequency and voltage, especially the impedance of the skin,
which can be modeled as a parallel combination of a capacitor
According to table IV, the impact of a 500kV line is
and a resistance. Our study focuses primarily on voltage
lower than the impact of a 320kV line. The variation in line
values exceeding 800V. At these levels, skin impedance
inductance is defined by a relationship in which the conductor
becomes negligible, allowing the body to be modeled as a
radius appears in the denominator. In a bundled configuration,
simple resistance.
an equivalent radius can be defined, which increases the
In this case, we examine a scenario where current flows
overall radius and consequently reduces the line inductance
between a hand and a foot on the same side of the body, as
[23]. This reduction in inductance results in lower surrounding
illustrated in Fig. 7. The contact area is assumed to be large,
magnetic fields, thereby minimizing the induced voltages and
and the conditions are considered dry. The final body
currents in the pipeline.
impedance calculated for this scenario is 620 Ω, factoring in
We also evaluated the impact of a bipolar
that the total resistance of the body is about 20% lower for a
configuration depending on the separation distance which is a
hand-to-foot current path compared to a hand-to-hand path
key parameter to evaluate the induction. The exposure length
[18]. This value represents the median: 50% of the population
used to obtain the results presented in Table V is 30km.
has a higher impedance, and the other 50% has a lower one.
The impedance of shoes and contact with the ground
cannot be ignored. The contact impedance, , depends on
soil resistivity according to the relation
 TABLE V simulations, we assess the impact of two key parameters: the
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IMPULSE CURRENT THROUGH HUMAN BODY,
BIPOLAR CONFIGURATION
exposure length and the separation distance between the
Separation RMS Body current Energy (J) Fault duration overhead line and the pipeline. While overvoltage remains
distance (m) (mA) (ms) below 1 kV in a symmetric monopolar configuration,
10 10.2 5. 2 126 regardless of these parameters, significant overvoltages are
50 7.7 4.5 150 observed in the bipolar configuration. Results indicate that the
100 6.4 3.4 153
risk increases with longer exposure lengths and shorter
separation distances. Depending on the measurement point
Although elevated current levels are observed, the short fault
along the pipeline, voltages of up to 10 kV can occur during
duration ensures that there is no significant risk to individuals
transients lasting between 0.04 s and 0.1 s. It should be
in contact with the pipeline, as demonstrated in Fig. 8. For the
pointed out that they are impulse shape voltages.
points that represent the bipolar configuration, the separation
As these parameters are often dictated by
distance is specified above them.
environmental constraints, it is challenging to mitigate the
impact by simply altering the separation distance. However, it
has been demonstrated that the induction effect can be
significantly reduced by employing straightforward technical
solutions such as grounding electrodes. The placement of
ground connections must be optimized for each specific
configuration to ensure that the peak overvoltage remains
below 2.8 kV, thus protecting the cathodic protection
equipment. This approach also helps prevent the risk of
electrocution, even though calculations indicate a very low
risk to personnel in contact with the pipeline without personal
protective equipment (PPE).

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