158 CHAPTER 5 | Energy

5.1 Work 8. A block of mass m 5 S

F
1. A weight lifter lifts a 350-N set of weights from ground 2.50 kg is pushed a dis- u
level to a position over his head, a vertical distance tance d 5 2.20 m along a m
of 2.00 m. How much work does the weight lifter do, frictionless horizontal table
assuming he moves the weights at constant speed? by a constant applied force d
of magnitude F 5 16.0 N
2. In 1990 Walter Arfeuille of Belgium lifted a 281.5-kg Figure P5.8
directed at an angle u 5
object through a distance of 17.1 cm using only his
25.0° below the horizontal as
teeth. (a) How much work did Arfeuille do on the
shown in Figure P5.8. Determine the work done by (a) the
object? (b) What magnitude force did he exert on the
applied force, (b) the normal force exerted by the table,
object during the lift, assuming the force was constant?
(c) the force of gravity, and (d) the net force on the block.
3. The record number of boat lifts, including the boat
and its ten crew members, was achieved by Sami Hei- 5.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Energy Theorem
nonen and Juha Räsänen of Sweden in 2000. They 9. A mechanic pushes a 2.50 3 103 -kg car from rest to a
lifted a total mass of 653.2 kg approximately 4 in. speed of v, doing 5 000 J of work in the process. Dur-
off the ground a total of 24 times. Estimate the total ing this time, the car moves 25.0 m. Neglecting friction
mechanical work done by the two men in lifting the between car and road, find (a) v and (b) the horizontal
boat 24 times, assuming they applied the same force force exerted on the car.
to the boat during each lift. (Neglect any work they
10. A 7.00-kg bowling ball moves at 3.00 m/s. How fast
may have done allowing the boat to drop back to the
must a 2.45-g Ping-Pong ball move so that the two balls
ground.)
have the same kinetic energy?
4. A shopper in a supermarket pushes a cart with a
11. A 65.0-kg runner has a speed of 5.20 m/s at one instant
force of 35 N directed at an angle of 25° below the hor-
during a long-distance event. (a) What is the runner’s
izontal. The force is just sufficient to overcome various
kinetic energy at this instant? (b) If he doubles his
frictional forces, so the cart moves at constant speed.
speed to reach the finish line, by what factor does his
(a) Find the work done by the shopper as she moves
kinetic energy change?
down a 50.0-m length aisle. (b) What is the net work
done on the cart? Why? (c) The shopper goes down 12. A worker pushing a 35.0-kg wooden crate at
a constant speed for 12.0 m along a wood floor does
the next aisle, pushing horizontally and maintaining
the same speed as before. If the work done by frictional
Apago PDF Enhancer 350 J of work by applying a constant horizontal force
forces doesn’t change, would the shopper’s applied of magnitude F 0 on the crate. (a) Determine the value
force be larger, smaller, or the same? What about the of F 0. (b) If the worker now applies a force greater
work done on the cart by the shopper? than F 0, describe the subsequent motion of the crate.
(c) Describe what would happen to the crate if the
5. Starting from rest, a 5.00-kg block slides 2.50 m
applied force is less than F 0.
down a rough 30.0° incline. The coefficient of kinetic
friction between the block and the incline is mk 5 13. A 70-kg base runner begins his slide into second base
0.436. Determine (a) the work done by the force of when he is moving at a speed of 4.0 m/s. The coeffi-
gravity, (b) the work done by the friction force between cient of friction between his clothes and Earth is 0.70.
block and incline, and (c) the work done by the normal He slides so that his speed is zero just as he reaches the
force. (d) Qualitatively, how would the answers change base. (a) How much mechanical energy is lost due to
if a shorter ramp at a steeper angle were used to span friction acting on the runner? (b) How far does he slide?
the same vertical height? 14. A running 62-kg cheetah has a top speed of 32 m/s.
6. A horizontal force of 150 N is used to push a 40.0-kg (a) What is the cheetah’s maximum kinetic energy?
packing crate a distance of 6.00 m on a rough hori- (b) Find the cheetah’s speed when its kinetic energy is
zontal surface. If the crate moves at constant speed, one half of the value found in part (a).
find (a) the work done by the 150-N force and (b) the 15. A 7.80-g bullet moving at 575 m/s penetrates a tree
coefficient of kinetic friction between the crate and trunk to a depth of 5.50 cm. (a) Use work and energy
surface. considerations to find the average frictional force that
7. A sledge loaded with bricks has a total mass of 18.0 kg stops the bullet. (b) Assuming the frictional force is
and is pulled at constant speed by a rope inclined at constant, determine how much time elapses between
20.0° above the horizontal. The sledge moves a dis- the moment the bullet enters the tree and the moment
tance of 20.0 m on a horizontal surface. The coeffi- it stops moving.
cient of kinetic friction between the sledge and surface 16. A 0.60-kg particle has a speed of 2.0 m/s at point A
is 0.500. (a) What is the tension in the rope? (b) How and a kinetic energy of 7.5 J at point B. What is (a) its
much work is done by the rope on the sledge? (c) What kinetic energy at A? (b) Its speed at point B ? (c) The
is the mechanical energy lost due to friction? total work done on the particle as it moves from A to B ?

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 | Problems 159

17. A large cruise ship of mass 6.50 3 107 kg has a speed of goal of this problem is to find the maximum height
12.0 m/s at some instant. (a) What is the ship’s kinetic she attains and her speed at half maximum height.
energy at this time? (b) How much work is required to (a) What are the interacting objects and how do they
stop it? (c) What is the magnitude of the constant force interact? (b) Select the height at which the athlete’s
required to stop it as it undergoes a displacement of speed is 9.0 m/s as y 5 0. What is her kinetic energy at
2.50 km? this point? What is the gravitational potential energy
18. A man pushing a crate of mass m 5 92.0 kg at a speed associated with the athlete? (c) What is her kinetic
of v 5 0.850 m/s encounters a rough horizontal sur- energy at maximum height? What is the gravitational
face of length , 5 0.65 m as in Figure P5.18. If the coef- potential energy associated with the athlete? (d) Write
ficient of kinetic friction between the crate and rough a general equation for energy conservation in this case
surface is 0.358 and he exerts a constant horizontal and solve for the maximum height. Substitute and
force of 275 N on the crate, find (a) the magnitude and obtain a numerical answer. (e) Write the general equa-
direction of the net force on the crate while it is on tion for energy conservation and solve for the velocity
the rough surface, (b) the net work done on the crate at half the maximum height. Substitute and obtain a
while it is on the rough surface, and (c) the speed of numerical answer.
the crate when it reaches the end of the rough surface. 23. A 2 100-kg pile driver is used to drive a steel I-beam
into the ground. The pile driver falls 5.00 m before
S
v coming into contact with the top of the beam, and it
drives the beam 12.0 cm farther into the ground as it
comes to rest. Using energy considerations, calculate
the average force the beam exerts on the pile driver
m
while the pile driver is brought to rest.
, 24. Two blocks are connected by a light string that
passes over two frictionless pulleys as in Figure P5.24.
Figure P5.18
The block of mass m 2
is attached to a spring
5.3 Gravitational Potential Energy of force constant k and
m1 . m 2. If the system is
5.4 Spring Potential Energy
Apago PDF Enhancer released from rest, and
m1
19. A 0.20-kg stone is held 1.3 m above the top edge of a the spring is initially m2
water well and then dropped into it. The well has a not stretched or com-
depth of 5.0 m. Taking y 5 0 at the top edge of the pressed, find an expres- k
well, what is the gravitational potential energy of the sion for the maximum
stone–Earth system (a) before the stone is released and displacement d of m 2.
(b) when it reaches the bottom of the well. (c) What
25. A daredevil on a motor- Figure P5.24
is the change in gravitational potential energy of the
cycle leaves the end of a
system from release to reaching the bottom of the well?
ramp with a speed of 35.0 m/s as in Figure P5.25. If
20. When a 2.50-kg object is hung vertically on a cer- his speed is 33.0 m/s when he reaches the peak of the
tain light spring described by Hooke’s law, the spring path, what is the maximum height that he reaches?
stretches 2.76 cm. (a) What is the force constant of the Ignore friction and air resistance.
spring? (b) If the 2.50-kg object is removed, how far
will the spring stretch if a 1.25-kg block is hung on 33.0 m/s
it? (c) How much work must an external agent do to 35.0 m/s
stretch the same spring 8.00 cm from its unstretched
position? h

21. In a control system, an accelerometer consists of a

4.70-g object sliding on a calibrated horizontal rail. A
low-mass spring attaches the object to a flange at one
end of the rail. Grease on the rail makes static friction
negligible, but rapidly damps out vibrations of the slid-
Figure P5.25
ing object. When subject to a steady acceleration of
0.800g, the object should be at a location 0.500 cm away 26. Truck suspensions often have “helper springs” that engage
from its equilibrium position. Find the force constant at high loads. One such arrangement is a leaf spring with
of the spring required for the calibration to be correct. a helper coil spring mounted on the axle, as shown in
22. A 60.0-kg athlete leaps straight up into the air Figure P5.26 (page 160). When the main leaf spring is
from a trampoline with an initial speed of 9.0 m/s. The compressed by distance y 0, the helper spring engages

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
160 CHAPTER 5 | Energy

and then helps to support any additional load. Suppose on the projectile when it is going down as it did when it
the leaf spring constant is 5.25 3 105 N/m, the helper was going up?
spring constant is 3.60 3 105 N/m, and y 0 5 0.500 m.
30. A projectile of mass m is fired horizontally with an
(a) What is the compression of the leaf spring for a load
initial speed of v 0 from a height of h above a flat, desert
of 5.00 3 105 N? (b) How much work is done in com-
surface. Neglecting air friction, at the instant before
pressing the springs?
the projectile hits the ground, find the following in
terms of m, v 0, h, and g : (a) the work done by the force
of gravity on the projectile, (b) the change in kinetic
energy of the projectile since it was fired, and (c) the
final kinetic energy of the projectile. (d) Are any of the
Truck body
answers changed if the initial angle is changed?
y0
31. A horizontal spring attached to a wall has a
Main leaf “Helper”
spring spring force constant of 850 N/m. A block of mass 1.00 kg is
attached to the spring and oscillates freely on a hori-
Axle
zontal, frictionless surface as in Active Figure 5.20. The
initial goal of this problem is to find the velocity at the
equilibrium point after the block is released. (a) What
objects constitute the system, and through what forces
Figure P5.26 do they interact? (b) What are the two points of inter-
est? (c) Find the energy stored in the spring when the
27. The chin-up is one exercise that can be used to mass is stretched 6.00 cm from equilibrium and again
strengthen the biceps muscle. This muscle can exert a when the mass passes through equilibrium after being
force of approximately 800 N as it contracts a distance released from rest. (d) Write the conservation of energy
of 7.5 cm in a 75-kg male.3 How much work can the equation for this situation and solve it for the speed of
biceps muscles (one in each arm) perform in a single the mass as it passes equilibrium. Substitute to obtain
contraction? Compare this amount of work with the a numerical value. (e) What is the speed at the halfway
energy required to lift a 75-kg person 40 cm in per- point? Why isn’t it half the speed at equilibrium?
forming a chin-up. Do you think the biceps muscle is
the only muscle involved in performing a chin-up? Apago PDF Enhancer
5.5 Systems and Energy Conservation
28. A flea is able to jump about 0.5 m. It has been
said that if a flea were as big as a human, it would be 32. A 50-kg pole vaulter running at 10 m/s vaults over the
able to jump over a 100-story building! When an ani- bar. Her speed when she is above the bar is 1.0 m/s.
mal jumps, it converts work done in contracting mus- Neglect air resistance, as well as any energy absorbed
cles into gravitational potential energy (with some by the pole, and determine her altitude as she crosses
steps in between). The maximum force exerted by a the bar.
muscle is proportional to its cross-sectional area, and 33. A child and a sled with a combined mass of 50.0 kg
the work done by the muscle is this force times the slide down a frictionless slope. If the sled starts from
length of contraction. If we magnified a flea by a factor rest and has a speed of 3.00 m/s at the bottom, what is
of 1 000, the cross section of its muscle would increase the height of the hill?
by 1 0002 and the length of contraction would increase
by 1 000. How high would this “superflea” be able to 34. Hooke’s law describes a certain light spring of
jump? (Don’t forget that the mass of the “superflea” unstretched length 35.0 cm. When one end is attached
increases as well.) to the top of a door frame and a 7.50-kg object is
hung from the other end, the length of the spring is
29. A 50.0-kg projectile is fired at an angle of 30.0° above
41.5 cm. (a) Find its spring constant. (b) The load and
the horizontal with an initial speed of 1.20 3 102 m/s
the spring are taken down. Two people pull in opposite
from the top of a cliff 142 m above level ground, where
directions on the ends of the spring, each with a force
the ground is taken to be y 5 0. (a) What is the initial
of 190 N. Find the length of the spring in this situation.
total mechanical energy of the projectile? (b) Suppose
the projectile is traveling 85.0 m/s at its maximum 35. A 0.250-kg block along a horizontal track has a
height of y 5 427 m. How much work has been done speed of 1.50 m/s immediately before colliding with a
on the projectile by air friction? (c) What is the speed light spring of force constant 4.60 N/m located at the
of the projectile immediately before it hits the ground end of the track. (a) What is the spring’s maximum
if air friction does one and a half times as much work compression if the track is frictionless? (b) If the track
is not frictionless, would the spring’s maximum com-
3G. P. Pappas et al., “Nonuniform shortening in the biceps brachii during pression be greater than, less than, or equal to the
elbow flexion,” Journal of Applied Physiology 92, 2381, 2002. value obtained in part (a)?

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 | Problems 161

36. A block of mass m 5 5.00 kg is released from rest from 40. (a) A block with a mass m is pulled along a horizon-
:
point 훽 and slides on the frictionless track shown in tal surface for a distance x by a constant force F at an
Figure P5.36. Determine (a) the block’s speed at points angle u with respect to the horizontal. The coefficient
훾 and 훿 and (b) the net work done by the gravita- of kinetic friction between block and table is mk . Is the
tional force on the block as it moves from point from force exerted by friction equal to mkmg? If not, what is
훽 to 훿. the force exerted by friction? (b) How much work is
:
done by the friction force and by F? (Don’t forget the
훽 signs.) (c) Identify all the forces that do no work on the
m
block. (d) Let m 52.00 kg, x 5 4.00 m, u 5 37.0°, F 5
훾 15.0 N, and mk 5 0.400, and find the answers to parts
(a) and (b).
훿
5.00 m
41. (a) A child slides down a water slide at an amuse-
3.20 m
2.00 m ment park from an initial height h. The slide can be
considered frictionless because of the water flowing
down it. Can the equation for conservation of mechan-
Figure P5.36
ical energy be used on the child? (b) Is the mass of the
child a factor in determining his speed at the bottom
of the slide? (c) The child drops straight down rather
37. Tarzan swings on a 30.0-m-long vine initially inclined
than following the curved ramp of the slide. In which
at an angle of 37.0° with the vertical. What is his speed
case will he be traveling faster at ground level? (d) If
at the bottom of the swing (a) if he starts from rest?
friction is present, how would the conservation-of-
(b) If he pushes off with a speed of 4.00 m/s?
energy equation be modified? (e) Find the maximum
38. Two blocks are connected speed of the child when the slide is frictionless if the
by a light string that passes over initial height of the slide is 12.0 m.
a frictionless pulley as in Figure 42. An airplane of mass 1.50 3 104 kg is moving at
P5.38. The system is released from 60.0 m/s. The pilot then increases the engine’s thrust
rest while m 2 is on the floor and to 7.50 3 104 N. The resistive force exerted by air on
m1 is a distance h above the floor. the airplane has a magnitude of 4.00 3 104 N. (a) Is
(a) Assuming m1 . m 2, find an Apago PDF Enhancer the work done by the engine on the airplane equal to
expression for the speed of m1 just m1 the change in the airplane’s kinetic energy after it trav-
as it reaches the floor. (b) Taking els through some distance through the air? Is mechani-
m1 5 6.5 kg, m 2 5 4.2 kg, and h 5 cal energy conserved? Explain. (b) Find the speed of
3.2 m, evaluate your answer to part h
m2 the airplane after it has traveled 5.00 3 102 m. Assume
(a), and (c) find the speed of each the airplane is in level flight throughout the motion.
block when m1 has fallen a dis-
tance of 1.6 m. Figure P5.38
43. The system shown in Figure P5.43
is used to lift an object of mass T3
39. The launching mechanism S
v m 5 76.0 kg. A constant down-
of a toy gun consists of a spring T1
ward force of magnitude F is S
of unknown spring constant, as F
applied to the loose end of the
shown in Figure P5.39a. If the rope such that the hanging object
spring is compressed a distance moves upward at constant speed. T2
of 0.120 m and the gun fired x 0 Neglecting the masses of the rope
vertically as shown, the gun can x x m
and pulleys, find (a) the required
launch a 20.0-g projectile from value of F, (b) the tensions T1, T2, Figure P5.43
rest to a maximum height of and T3, and (c) the work done by
20.0 m above the starting point the applied force in raising the object a distance of
of the projectile. Neglecting 1.80 m.
all resistive forces, (a) describe
the mechanical energy trans- 44. A 25.0-kg child on a 2.00-m-long swing is released from
formations that occur from rest when the ropes of the swing make an angle of
the time the gun is fired until 30.0° with the vertical. (a) Neglecting friction, find the
a b
the projectile reaches its maxi- child’s speed at the lowest position. (b) If the actual
Figure P5.39 speed of the child at the lowest position is 2.00 m/s,
mum height, (b) determine the
spring constant, and (c) find the speed of the projec- what is the mechanical energy lost due to friction?
tile as it moves through the equilibrium position of the 45. A 2.1 3 103 -kg car starts from rest at the top of a
spring (where x 5 0), as shown in Figure P5.39b. 5.0-m-long driveway that is inclined at 20° with the

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
162 CHAPTER 5 | Energy

horizontal. If an average friction force of 4.0 3 103 N 5.6 Power

impedes the motion, find the speed of the car at the
50. A skier of mass 70 kg is pulled up a slope by a motor-
bottom of the driveway.
driven cable. (a) How much work is required to pull
46. A child of mass m starts from rest and slides him 60 m up a 30° slope (assumed frictionless) at a
without friction from a height h along a curved water- constant speed of 2.0 m/s? (b) What power (expressed
slide (Fig. P5.46). She is launched from a height h/5 in hp) must a motor have to perform this task?
into the pool. (a) Is mechanical energy conserved?
51. A 3.50-kN piano is lifted by three workers at constant
Why? (b) Give the gravitational potential energy asso-
speed to an apartment 25.0 m above the street using a
ciated with the child and her kinetic energy in terms
pulley system fastened to the roof of the building. Each
of mgh at the following positions: the top of the water-
worker is able to deliver 165 W of power, and the pulley
slide, the launching point, and the point where she
system is 75.0% efficient (so that 25.0% of the mechani-
lands in the pool. (c) Determine her initial speed v 0
cal energy is lost due to friction in the pulley). Neglect-
at the launch point in terms of g and h. (d) Determine
ing the mass of the pulley, find the time required to lift
her maximum airborne height y max in terms of h, g,
the piano from the street to the apartment.
and the horizontal speed at that height, v 0x . (e) Use the
x-component of the answer to part (c) to eliminate v 0 52. While running, a person dissipates about 0.60 J
from the answer to part (d), giving the height y max in of mechanical energy per step per kilogram of body
terms of g, h, and the launch angle u. (f) Would your mass. If a 60-kg person develops a power of 70 W dur-
answers be the same if the waterslide were not friction- ing a race, how fast is the person running? (Assume a
less? Explain. running step is 1.5 m long.)
53. The electric motor of a model train accelerates the
train from rest to 0.620 m/s in 21.0 ms. The total mass
of the train is 875 g. Find the average power delivered
to the train during its acceleration.
h
u
54. When an automobile moves with constant speed down
y max a highway, most of the power developed by the engine
h/5
is used to compensate for the mechanical energy loss

Figure P5.46
Apago PDF Enhancer due to frictional forces exerted on the car by the air
and the road. If the power developed by an engine is
175 hp, estimate the total frictional force acting on the
47. A skier starts from rest at the top of a hill that is car when it is moving at a speed of 29 m/s. One horse-
inclined 10.5° with respect to the horizontal. The power equals 746 W.
hillside is 200 m long, and the coefficient of friction
55. An older-model car accelerates from 0 to speed v in
between snow and skis is 0.075 0. At the bottom of the
10 s. A newer, more powerful sports car of the same
hill, the snow is level and the coefficient of friction is
mass accelerates from 0 to 2v in the same time period.
unchanged. How far does the skier glide along the hor-
Assuming the energy coming from the engine appears
izontal portion of the snow before coming to rest?
only as kinetic energy of the cars, compare the power
48. In a circus performance, a monkey is strapped to a sled of the two cars.
and both are given an initial speed of 4.0 m/s up a 20°
56. A certain rain cloud at an altitude of 1.75 km contains
inclined track. The combined mass of monkey and sled
3.20 3 107 kg of water vapor. How long would it take
is 20 kg, and the coefficient of kinetic friction between
for a 2.70-kW pump to raise the same amount of water
sled and incline is 0.20. How far up the incline do the
from Earth’s surface to the cloud’s position?
monkey and sled move?
57. A 1.50 3 103 -kg car starts from rest and accelerates
49. An 80.0-kg skydiver jumps out of a balloon at an alti-
uniformly to 18.0 m/s in 12.0 s. Assume that air resis-
tude of 1 000 m and opens the parachute at an altitude
tance remains constant at 400 N during this time. Find
of 200.0 m. (a) Assuming that the total retarding force
(a) the average power developed by the engine and
on the diver is constant at 50.0 N with the parachute
(b) the instantaneous power output of the engine at
closed and constant at 3 600 N with the parachute
t 5 12.0 s, just before the car stops accelerating.
open, what is the speed of the diver when he lands
on the ground? (b) Do you think the skydiver will get 58. A 650-kg elevator starts from rest and moves upward
hurt? Explain. (c) At what height should the parachute for 3.00 s with constant acceleration until it reaches its
be opened so that the final speed of the skydiver when cruising speed, 1.75 m/s. (a) What is the average power
he hits the ground is 5.00 m/s? (d) How realistic is the of the elevator motor during this period? (b) How does
assumption that the total retarding force is constant? this amount of power compare with its power during
Explain. an upward trip with constant speed?

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 | Problems 163

5.7 Work Done by a Varying Force

59. The force acting on a particle varies as in Figure
P5.59. Find the work done by the force as the parti-
cle moves (a) from x 5 0 to x 5 8.00 m, (b) from x 5 H
8.00 m to x 5 10.0 m, and (c) from x 5 0 to x 5 10.0 m.
h
0 d
Fx (N)
6 Figure P5.64

4
65. A roller-coaster car of mass 1.50 3 103 kg is initially at
2 the top of a rise at point 훽. It then moves 35.0 m at an
x (m) angle of 50.0° below the horizontal to a lower point 훾.
2 4 6 8 10 (a) Find both the potential energy of the system when
2
the car is at points 훽 and 훾 and the change in poten-
Figure P5.59 tial energy as the car moves from point 훽 to point 훾,
assuming y 5 0 at point 훾. (b) Repeat part (a), this
time choosing y 5 0 at point 훿, which is another
60. An object of mass 3.00 kg is subject to a force Fx that
15.0 m down the same slope from point 훾.
varies with position as in Figure P5.60. Find the work
done by the force on the object as it moves (a) from 66. A ball of mass m 5 m
x 5 0 to x 5 5.00 m, (b) from x 5 5.00 m to x 5 10.0 m, 1.80 kg is released from
and (c) from x 5 10.0 m to x 5 15.0 m. (d) If the object rest at a height h 5
h
has a speed of 0.500 m/s at x 5 0, find its speed at x 5 65.0 cm above a light
5.00 m and its speed at x 5 15.0 m. vertical spring of force
d m
constant k as in Figure
P5.66a. The ball strikes k
k
Fx (N) the top of the spring
3 and compresses it a
distance d 5 9.00 cm
2 Apago PDF Enhancer as in Figure P5.66b.
a b

1 Figure P5.66
Neglecting any energy
x (m) losses during the collision, find (a) the speed of the
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
ball just as it touches the spring and (b) the force con-
Figure P5.60
stant of the spring.
67. An archer pulls her bowstring back 0.400 m by exert-
61. The force acting on an object is given by Fx 5
ing a force that increases uniformly from zero to
(8x 2 16) N, where x is in meters. (a) Make a plot of
230 N. (a) What is the equivalent spring constant of the
this force versus x from x 5 0 to x 5 3.00 m. (b) From
bow? (b) How much work does the archer do in pulling
your graph, find the net work done by the force as the
the bow?
object moves from x 5 0 to x 5 3.00 m.
68. A block of mass 12.0 kg slides from rest down a fric-
Additional Problems tionless 35.0° incline and is stopped by a strong spring
62. An outfielder throws a 0.150-kg baseball at a speed with k 5 3.00 3 104 N/m. The block slides 3.00 m from
of 40.0 m/s and an initial angle of 30.0°. What is the the point of release to the point where it comes to rest
kinetic energy of the ball at the highest point of its against the spring. When the block comes to rest, how
motion? far has the spring been compressed?
63. A person doing a chin-up weighs 700 N, exclusive of 69. (a) A 75-kg man steps out a window and falls
the arms. During the first 25.0 cm of the lift, each arm (from rest) 1.0 m to a sidewalk. What is his speed just
exerts an upward force of 355 N on the torso. If the before his feet strike the pavement? (b) If the man falls
upward movement starts from rest, what is the person’s with his knees and ankles locked, the only cushion for
velocity at that point? his fall is an approximately 0.50-cm give in the pads of
64. A boy starts at rest and slides down a frictionless his feet. Calculate the average force exerted on him by
slide as in Figure P5.64. The bottom of the track is a the ground during this 0.50 cm of travel. This average
height h above the ground. The boy then leaves the force is sufficient to cause damage to cartilage in the
track horizontally, striking the ground a distance d as joints or to break bones.
shown. Using energy methods, determine the initial 70. A toy gun uses a spring to project a 5.3-g soft rubber
height H of the boy in terms of h and d. sphere horizontally. The spring constant is 8.0 N/m,

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
164 CHAPTER 5 | Energy

the barrel of the gun is 15 cm long, and a constant 75. A light spring with spring constant 1.20 3 103 N/m
frictional force of 0.032 N exists between barrel and hangs from an elevated support. From its lower end
projectile. With what speed does the projectile leave hangs a second light spring, which has spring constant
the barrel if the spring was compressed 5.0 cm for this 1.80 3 103 N/m. A 1.50-kg object hangs at rest from
launch? the lower end of the second spring. (a) Find the total
71. Two objects (m1 5 5.00 kg and extension distance of the pair of springs. (b) Find the
m 2 5 3.00 kg) are connected effective spring constant of the pair of springs as a sys-
by a light string passing over tem. We describe these springs as being in series. Hint:
a light, frictionless pulley as Consider the forces on each spring separately.
in Figure P5.71. The 5.00-kg 76. Symbolic Version of Problem 75 A light spring with
object is released from rest m1 spring constant k1 hangs from an elevated support.
at a point h 5 4.00 m above From its lower end hangs a second light spring, which
the table. (a) Determine the has spring constant k 2. An object of mass m hangs at
h
speed of each object when rest from the lower end of the second spring. (a) Find
m2
the two pass each other. the total extension distance x of the pair of springs in
(b) Determine the speed of terms of the two displacements x 1 and x 2. (b) Find the
each object at the moment effective spring constant of the pair of springs as a sys-
Figure P5.71
the 5.00-kg object hits the tem. We describe these springs as being in series.
table. (c) How much higher does the 3.00-kg object 77. In terms of saving energy, bicycling and walk-
travel after the 5.00-kg object hits the table? ing are far more efficient means of transportation
72. In a needle biopsy, a narrow strip of tissue is than is travel by automobile. For example, when rid-
extracted from a patient with a hollow needle. Rather ing at 10.0 mi/h, a cyclist uses food energy at a rate of
than being pushed by hand, to ensure a clean cut the about 400 kcal/h above what he would use if he were
needle can be fired into the patient’s body by a spring. merely sitting still. (In exercise physiology, power is
Assume the needle has mass 5.60 g, the light spring often measured in kcal/h rather than in watts. Here,
has force constant 375 N/m, and the spring is origi- 1 kcal 5 1 nutritionist’s Calorie 5 4 186 J.) Walking at
nally compressed 8.10 cm to project the needle hori- 3.00 mi/h requires about 220 kcal/h. It is interesting
zontally without friction. The tip of the needle then to compare these values with the energy consumption
moves through 2.40 cm of skin and soft tissue, which Apago PDF Enhancer required for travel by car. Gasoline yields about 1.30 3
exerts a resistive force of 7.60 N on it. Next, the needle 108 J/gal. Find the fuel economy in equivalent miles
cuts 3.50 cm into an organ, which exerts a backward per gallon for a person (a) walking and (b) bicycling.
force of 9.20 N on it. Find (a) the maximum speed of 78. Energy is conventionally measured in Calories as
the needle and (b) the speed at which a flange on the well as in joules. One Calorie in nutrition is 1 kilocalo-
back end of the needle runs into a stop, set to limit the rie, which we define in Chapter 11 as 1 kcal 5 4 186 J.
penetration to 5.90 cm. Metabolizing 1 gram of fat can release 9.00 kcal. A
73. A 2.00 3 102-g particle is released from rest at point A student decides to try to lose weight by exercising.
on the inside of a smooth hemispherical bowl of radius She plans to run up and down the stairs in a football
R 5 30.0 cm (Fig. P5.73). Calculate (a) its gravitational stadium as fast as she can and as many times as nec-
potential energy at A relative to B, (b) its kinetic energy essary. Is this in itself a practical way to lose weight?
at B, (c) its speed at B, (d) its potential energy at C rela- To evaluate the program, suppose she runs up a flight
tive to B, and (e) its kinetic energy at C. of 80 steps, each 0.150 m high, in 65.0 s. For simplic-
ity, ignore the energy she uses in coming down (which
A is small). Assume that a typical efficiency for human
muscles is 20.0%. This means that when your body con-
R C verts 100 J from metabolizing fat, 20 J goes into doing
B mechanical work (here, climbing stairs). The remain-
2R/3
der goes into internal energy. Assume the student’s
mass is 50.0 kg. (a) How many times must she run the
Figure P5.73 Problems 73 and 74.
flight of stairs to lose 1 pound of fat? (b) What is her
74. The particle described in Problem 73 (Fig. average power output, in watts and in horsepower, as
P5.73) is released from point A at rest. Its speed at B is she is running up the stairs?
1.50 m/s. (a) What is its kinetic energy at B ? (b) How 79. A ski jumper starts from rest 50.0 m above the ground
much mechanical energy is lost as a result of friction on a frictionless track and flies off the track at an angle
as the particle goes from A to B ? (c) Is it possible to of 45.0° above the horizontal and at a height of 10.0 m
determine m from these results in a simple manner? above the level ground. Neglect air resistance. (a) What
Explain. is her speed when she leaves the track? (b) What is the

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 | Problems 165

maximum altitude she attains after leaving the track? 98 m, 74 m, and 23 m, respectively. Neglecting air
(c) Where does she land relative to the end of the resistance, (a) calculate the minimum initial kinetic
track? energies that would produce these throws, and (b) esti-
80. A 5.0-kg block is pushed 3.0 m up mate the average force exerted on each object during
a vertical wall with constant speed the throw, assuming the force acts over a distance of
by a constant force of magnitude F 2.0 m. (c) Do your results suggest that air resistance is
applied at an angle of u 5 30° with u an important factor?
S
the horizontal, as shown in Figure F 85. A truck travels uphill with constant velocity on a high-
P5.80. If the coefficient of kinetic way with a 7.0° slope. A 50-kg package sits on the floor
friction between block and wall Figure P5.80 of the back of the truck and does not slide, due to a
is 0.30, determine the work done static frictional force. During an interval in which the
:
by (a) F, (b) the force of gravity, and (c) the normal truck travels 340 m, (a) what is the net work done on
force between block and wall. (d) By how much does the package? What is the work done on the package
the gravitational potential energy increase during the by (b) the force of gravity, (c) the normal force, and
block’s motion? (d) the friction force?
81. A child’s pogo stick (Fig. 훿 86. A daredevil wishes to bungee-jump from a hot-air bal-
P5.81) stores energy in a loon 65.0 m above a carnival midway. He will use a
spring (k 5 2.50 3 104 N/m). 훾 piece of uniform elastic cord tied to a harness around
훽
At position 훽 (x1 5 20.100 m), his body to stop his fall at a point 10.0 m above the
the spring compression is a ground. Model his body as a particle and the cord as
maximum and the child is having negligible mass and a tension force described
momentarily at rest. At posi- by Hooke’s force law. In a preliminary test, hanging at
x2
tion 훾 (x 5 0), the spring is rest from a 5.00-m length of the cord, the jumper finds
relaxed and the child is mov- x1 that his body weight stretches it by 1.50 m. He will drop
ing upward. At position 훿, from rest at the point where the top end of a longer
the child is again momentarily section of the cord is attached to the stationary bal-
at rest at the top of the jump. Figure P5.81 loon. (a) What length of cord should he use? (b) What
Assuming that the combined maximum acceleration will he experience?
mass of child and pogo stick is 25.0 kg, (a) calculate Apago PDF Enhancer
87. A loaded ore car has a mass of 950 kg and rolls on
the total energy of the system if both potential ener- rails with negligible friction. It starts from rest and is
gies are zero at x 5 0, (b) determine x 2, (c) calculate pulled up a mine shaft by a cable connected to a winch.
the speed of the child at x 5 0, (d) determine the value The shaft is inclined at 30.0° above the horizontal. The
of x for which the kinetic energy of the system is a max- car accelerates uniformly to a speed of 2.20 m/s in
imum, and (e) obtain the child’s maximum upward 12.0 s and then continues at constant speed. (a) What
speed. power must the winch motor provide when the car is
82. A hummingbird is able to hover because, as the moving at constant speed? (b) What maximum power
wings move downward, they exert a downward force on must the motor provide? (c) What total energy trans-
the air. Newton’s third law tells us that the air exerts an fers out of the motor by work by the time the car moves
equal and opposite force (upward) on the wings. The off the end of the track, which is of length 1 250 m?
average of this force must be equal to the weight of the 88. An object of mass m is suspended from the top of
bird when it hovers. If the wings move through a dis- a cart by a string of length L as in Figure P5.88a. The
tance of 3.5 cm with each stroke, and the wings beat cart and object are initially moving to the right at a con-
80 times per second, determine the work performed stant speed v 0. The cart comes to rest after colliding
by the wings on the air in 1 minute if the mass of the and sticking to a bumper, as in Figure P5.88b, and the
hummingbird is 3.0 grams. suspended object swings through an angle u. (a) Show
83. In the dangerous “sport” of bungee jumping, a dar-
ing student jumps from a hot-air balloon with a spe- S
v0
cially designed elastic cord attached to his waist. The
unstretched length of the cord is 25.0 m, the student
L u
weighs 700 N, and the balloon is 36.0 m above the sur-
face of a river below. Calculate the required force con- m
stant of the cord if the student is to stop safely 4.00 m
above the river.
84. The masses of the javelin, discus, and shot are
a b
0.80 kg, 2.0 kg, and 7.2 kg, respectively, and record
throws in the corresponding track events are about Figure P5.88

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
166 CHAPTER 5 | Energy

that the initial speed is v 0 5 !2gL 1 1 2 cos u 2 . (b) If 91. In bicycling for aerobic exercise, a woman wants
L 5 1.20 m and u 5 35.0°, find the initial speed of her heart rate to be between 136 and 166 beats per
the cart. (Hint: The force exerted by the string on the minute. Assume that her heart rate is directly pro-
object does no work on the object.) portional to her mechanical power output. Ignore all
89. Three objects with masses m1 5 5.0 kg, m 2 5 10 kg, and forces on the woman-plus-bicycle system, except for
m 3 5 15 kg, respectively, are attached by strings over static friction forward on the drive wheel of the bicycle
frictionless pulleys as indicated in Figure P5.89. The and an air resistance force proportional to the square
horizontal surface exerts a force of friction of 30 N on of the bicycler’s speed. When her speed is 22.0 km/h,
m 2. If the system is released from rest, use energy con- her heart rate is 90.0 beats per minute. In what range
cepts to find the speed of m 3 after it moves down 4.0 m. should her speed be so that her heart rate will be in
the range she wants?
m2 92. Two blocks, A and B (with mass 50 kg and 100 kg,
respectively), are connected by a string, as shown in
Figure P5.92. The pulley is frictionless and of negli-
m1
m3 gible mass. The coefficient of kinetic friction between
block A and the incline is mk 5 0.25. Determine the
change in the kinetic energy of block A as it moves
from 훿 to , a distance of 20 m up the incline (and
Figure P5.89 block B drops downward a distance of 20 m) if the sys-
tem starts from rest.
90. A light spring with force constant 3.85 N/m is com-
pressed by 8.00 cm as it is held between a 0.250-kg
block on the left and a 0.500-kg block on the right,
both resting on a horizontal surface. The spring exerts  B 100 kg
50 kg
a force on each block, tending to push them apart.
A
The blocks are simultaneously released from rest. Find
the acceleration with which each block starts to move, 훿
37°
given that the coefficient of kinetic friction between
each block and the surface is (a) 0, (b) 0.100, and
(c) 0.462. Apago PDF EnhancerFigure P5.92

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.