BIOLOGY 12

Unit 9 ~ Learning Guide Name:________________

INSTRUCTIONS
Complete the following notes and questions as you work through the related lessons.
You are required to have this package completed BEFORE you write your unit test. Do
your best and ask questions about anything that you don't understand BEFORE you
write the unit test.

9.1 Male Structure

Testes (male gonades)

-Produce _______
-Produce __________________
-Found in a sac called the ______________
-Suspended outside of the body cavity for _______________
________________.
-Testes wall made of fibrous connective tissue (divides the
testes into lobules/chambers)
-Inside chambers are long tubes (70cm) called the _____________________. This is the
actual site for _______________________.
-____________________________________________________.

Spermatogenesis: _______________________

Sperms cells are derived from undifferentiated cells called _______________________ (sing.
Spermatogonium), which lie just on the outside wall of a tubule and divide mitotically, always
producing new spermatogonia.

Some newly formed spermatogonia move away from the outer wall to increase in size and
become _______________________, which undergo meiosis, a type of cell division.

Primary spermatocytes, with _____

chromosomes, divide to give 2 secondary
spermatocytes, each with _____
chromosomes.

Secondary spermatocytes divide to

produce ______________, also with 23
chromosomes, but each only having one
chromatid.

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Spermatids then differentiate into ________ (_________________). Also present in the tubules
are the ________________, which _____________________________ the spermatogenic cells.

Epididymus

- _________________________________.

Seminal Vesicle

- ____________________________________.

Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral gland)

- _______________________________________________ on either side of the urethra.

- _____________________________________.

Prostate Gland

- A single dough-nut shaped ________ that surrounds the upper portion of the __________ just
below the _______________.
- Older men can have their prostate become enlarged
and urination becomes quite painful (surgically fixed)
- Helps produce _________________.

Urethra

- __________________________ out of the body.

Ductus Vas Deferens

- __________________________________________
____________.

Penis

- Serves as an _______________________________.

Sperm Structure/Function

1. ___________________________________
___________________
2. _________________________________
3. Stored in the _______________
4. Enters the _______ just prior to ejaculation
5. Accessory glands (___________________
______________________) add secretions

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to semen.
6. _________________________________________

SOURCES OF SEMINAL FLUID:

1. ______________________
2. ______________________
3. ______________________

FUNCTION:

1. Produce _______________________________________________________ and thus, a

basic fluid is needed to ____________________________________________________.
2. Provides ____________________________________________________.
3. Contains _________________ - _____________________________________________.
4. Aids in the __________________________________________ (mucous)
5. ____________________________

Head: 23 chromosomes

-____________ attached – contains a type of _____________.

-lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes.
-_________ the protective barrier of an egg so ___________
____________________.

Middle Piece: Contains _____________________________

Tail: ___________________________

9.2 Testosterone
• Essential for development of __________________
__________________.
• Essential for the ____________________________.
-spermatogenic cells take up testosterone which
stimulate their activity.
• Increase testosterone concentration at puberty causes
_____________________________________.

• Secondary sex Characteristics

-_____________________
- ____________________
-_____________________
-_____________________
-gland secrete(=stinky)
-larynx expands (voice changes)

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-______________________________
- ____________________
-_____________________

NOTE: Side effect is _______________ if genetically predisposed

Hormonal Control of Testosterone

__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
______________________________gonadotropic hormones:

FSH (__________________________)
-_______________________________________________

LH (___________________________)
-_______________________________________________

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

_______________________________ in the blood causes

the _________________________________, therefore ___
__________________________. Decrease testosterone
concentration in the blood causes the __________________
________________________________________________.

______________________________________ causes an _____________________________

and ______________________________, therefore production of sperm ________. Decrease
concentration of stored sperm ___________________________________________________,
therefore ______________________________________.

9.3 Female Structure

Cervix
- Narrow end of uterus leading to the vagina.
- ______________________________.

Clitoris
- ___________________; homologous
to the male penis.
- provides sensitivity during
intercourse.

Labia major and Labia minor

- protective folds of skin.

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Vestibule
- cleft between the labia minor.
- _____________________________________________________.

Fimbriae
- ___________________________________________________________.
- ____________________________________________________________________________.

Oviduct
- ________________________________________________________.
- also called the _______________________ or uterine tube.

Ovaries
- ____________________________________.

Uterus (Womb)
- ________________________________.

Vagina
-________________________________________________________________________.

Functions of Estrogen

1. Stimulates _________________
and ______________________.
2. ________________________
3. Secondary Sex Characteristics:

- _____________________________
- ____________________ beneath skin
- enlarged _____________ (wider hips)
- ______________________ (requires
progesterone as well)

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9.4 Cycles
Ovarian Cycle

Day 1 -13 Follicular Phase

1. ______________ produced a _______ to

stimulate _________________________.
2. __________________________ from the
_____________ and stimulate the ______
causing _____________________.
3. Primary follicle begins producing
__________ and contains primary oocyte
(_____). One oocyte gets most of the
cytoplasm and 23 chromosomes (called a
secondary oocyte, which matures inside the secondary follicle).
4. Other oocytes called ____________________________.
5. The secondary follicle grows into a ___________ (vesicular) Follicle. As the follicle matures
______________________________.

Day 14 ________________

6. ____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________.

Day 17 - 28 Luteal Phase

7. ___________ has lost its oocyte (or ¨egg¨) and ________________________. (___ causes the
___________________________).
-_______________________________________.
- ____________________________

____________________________________________ (about 10 days) If pregnancy does occur:

Corpus Luteum remains for 3 - 6 months and continues to produce hormones. Cycle will repeat.

Uterine Cycle

Day 1 - 5 Menstruation

- _____________________________________ (___________________________________).
- __________________ (lining of Uterus) __________________.
- _________________________________________ are shedding from the uterus and exit the
vagina.
- A flow of blood (__________) passes out of the vagina during a period called menstruation.

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Day 6 - 10 _______________________
- ________________________________________________________________________.

Day 14
- Ovulation occurs (__________________).

Day 15 - 28 Secretory Phase

- ________________________________________________.
- Endometrium _____________________________________
_________________________.
- Glands ______________________.
- ___________________________________________.

If no pregnancy. The __________________________, ________

in _____________________ occurs and the endometrium _____
______. Cycles continues.

FSH

Hypothalamus secretes GnRH (gonadotropic releasing hormone) which causes the anterior
pituitary to secrete.

_______________________
_______________________

Secretions of FSH results in ________

____________. The maturing follicles
produce ____________. An increase in
____________________________ the
_______________________________.

Start of Day 1 - 13
___________ (1-5) _______________
___________ (6-13) ______________

Day 14
____________________________________________________

Day 15 - 28
______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.

Day 15 - ___________________________________________.

Day 28 - ___________________________________________.

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9.5 Implantation
The general pattern of ______________________
stimulates receptors and sends a message to the
regulatory center causing and _________________.
The adaptive response _____________________ and
____________________.

_________________________. Contact of the fetal

head with the ___________ stimulates the release of
________. Oxytocin causes the _________________
and contraction of the uterus causes the __________
_____________________.

Oxytocin also causes _________________________________. Lobules containing milk contract

forming milk into ducts which lead to the nipple.

The egg is ________________________ and travels down the ___________________________

______________where it is _______________.

The embryo embeds itself in the ___________________________________________________.

Membrane surrounding the embryo produces a hormone called ___________________________

_________________________. hCG's primary role is to _______________________________
_______________ so that it continues to _______________________________. Elevated levels
of estrogen and progesterone _________________________________ keeping the ___________
____________________________. __________________________________________ prevent
_______________________________ which stops a new egg from being released. hCG is found
immediately in blood and is the hormone ______________________________ (about one week
following implantation). __________________________________.

Placenta

_____________________________________and is the area where gas __________________

_________________. There is no exchange of blood. ________________________________
____________________________________.

Once the Placenta is established it takes over the _____________________ which maintaining
the _______________. The _______________________________________, which ________
___________________________________________________________________________.

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U9: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

1. Label the following diagram of the male reproductive system. Provide a brief description
of each structure's function below the diagram. Please be neat.

2. Why does sterility result if the testes do not descend into the scrotum?

3. What is spermatogenesis and where does it occur?

4. Where are the interstitial cells located? What is the function of these cells?

5. Identify the parts of a mature sperm and state the function of each part.

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6. Explain how the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland function together to regulate
sperm and testosterone production. Please explain the entire feedback loop using your
own words/phrasing.

7. Label the following diagram of the female reproductive system. Provide a brief
description of each structure's function below the diagram. Please be neat.

8. Give two ways that the oviduct aids the passage of the egg towards the uterus.

9. List five different effects of estrogen on the female body.

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10. Complete the following table in relation to the female reproductive cycle.

Hormone Full Name Source Effects

GnRH

FSH

LH

Estrogen Estrogen

Progesterone Progesterone

11. The Ovarian Cycle:

a. Identify the name given to Days 1-13 of the ovarian cycle and describe the
changes in hormones and ovarian structures that occur during this time.

b. Identify the name of the event that occurs on Day 14 of the ovarian cycle and
specifically identify how hormone levels are responsible for influencing its
occurrence.

c. Identify the name given to Days 15-28 of the ovarian cycle and describe the
changes in hormones and ovarian structures that occur during this time.

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12. The Uterine Cycle:
a. Identify the name given to Days 1-5 of the uterine cycle and describe the changes
in hormones and uterine structure that occurs during this time.

b. Identify the name given to Days 6-13 of the uterine cycle and describe the
changes in hormones and uterine structure that occurs during this time.

c. Identify the name given to Days 15-28 of the uterine cycle and describe the
changes in hormones and uterine structure that occurs during this time.

13. Pregnancy and birth:

a. Define implantation.

b. What hormone is released from the membrane surrounding the embryo to prevent
corpus luteum from degenerating?

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c. Why is it important to prevent the corpus luteum from degenerating following
implantation?

d. What tissues does the placenta originate from? What are the hormonal and
physical functions of the placenta?

e. Why do the levels of estrogen and progesterone remain high during pregnancy
and why is this important?

f. What are the functions of the hormone oxytocin and where does in originate?
Describe positive feedback as it relates to this hormone.

~ END OF BIOLOGY 12 UNIT 9 LEARNING GUIDE ~

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