UNIT: 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

. WHAT IS COM PU T ER?

 The word “computer” comes from the word “TO COMPUTE” means to
calculate.
 A computer is normally considered to be a calculation device which can perform
the arithmetic operations very speedily.
 A computer may be defined as a device which operates upon the data.
 Data can be in the form of numbers, letters, symbols, size etc. And it comes in
various shapes & sizes depending upon the type of computer application.
 A computer can store, process & retrieve data as and when we desired.
 The fact that computer process data is so fundamental that many people have
started calling as “Data Processor”.
 A computer first it gets the Data, does Process on it and then produces
Information.

DATA PROCESS INFORMATION

 DEFINATION OF COMPUTER
o A computer is an electronic device which takes input from the user,
processes it and gives the output as per user’s requirement.
o So the main tasks of performed by the computer are:
 Input
 Process
 Output

CH ARACT ERI ST I CS OF COM PU T ER

Some important characteristics of the computer are as follow:
 Automatic:
o Computers are automatic machines because it works by itself without
human intervention.
o Once it started on a job they carry on until the job is finished.
o Computer cannot start themselves.
 o They can works from the instructions which are stored inside the system in
the form of programs which specify how a particular job is to be done.
 Accuracy:
o The accuracy of a computer is very high.
o The degree of accuracy of a particular computer depends upon its design.
o Errors can occur by the computer. But these are due to human weakness,
due to incorrect data, but not due to the technological weakness.
 Speed:
o Computer is a very fact device. It can perform the amount of work in few
seconds for which a human can take an entire year.
o While talking about computer speed we do not talk in terms of seconds
and milliseconds but in microseconds.
o A powerful computer is capable of performing several billion (109) simple
arithmetic operations per second.
 Diligence:
o Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness & lack
of concentration.
o It can continuously work for hours without creating any error & without
grumbling.
o If you give ten million calculations to performed, it will perform with
exactly the same accuracy & speed as the first one.
 Versatility:
o It is one of the most wonderful features about the computer.
o One moment it is preparing the results of a particular examination, the
next moment it is busy with preparing electricity bills and in between it
may be helping an office secretary to trace an important letter in seconds.
 Power of remembering:
o Computer can store and recall any amount of data because of its high
storage capacity of its storage devices.
o Every piece of information can be retained as long as desired by the user
and can be recalled as and when required.
o Even after several years, if the information recalled, it will be as accurate
as on the day when it was filled to the computers.
 No I.Q.
o A computer is not a magical device; it processes no intelligence of its own.
o Its I.Q. is zero.
 o It has to be told what to do & in what sequence.
o It cannot take its own decision.

 No Fallings:
o A Computer has no feelings because they are machines.
o Based on our feelings, task, knowledge and experience we often make
certain judgments in our day today life.
o But Computer goes exactly the way which we have given the instructions.

DATA PROCESSING CYCLE OF COM PU T ER.

 The computer Data Processing is any process that a computer program does to
enter data & summarise, analyse or convert data into useable information.
 The process may be automated & run on a computer.
 It involves recording, analysing, storing, summarising & storing data.
 Because data are most useful when it is well presented & informative.
The Data Processing Cycle:
 Data Processing cycle described all activities which are common to all data
processing systems from manual to electronic systems.
 These activities can be grouped in four functional categories, viz., data input,
data processing, data output and storage, constituting what is known as a data
processing cycle.
 The main aim of data processing cycle is to convert the data into meaningful
information.
 Data processing system are often referred to as Information System.
 The Information System typically take raw Data as Input to produce Information
as Output.

INPUT OUTPUT
DATA PROCESS INFORMATION

STORAGE

 The data processing cycle contains main four functions:

o Data input
 o Data process
o Data storage
o Data output
 DATA INPUT
o The term input refers to the activities required to record data.
o It’s a process to entered data in to computer system.
o So before we input any data, it is necessary to check or verify the data
context.
 DATA PROCESSING
o The term processing includes the activities like classifying, storing,
calculating, comparing or summarising the data.
o The processing means to use techniques to convert the data into
meaningful information.
 DATA OUTPUT
o It’s a communication function which transmits the information to the
outside world.
o After completed the process the data are converted into the meaningful in
o Sometimes the output also includes the decoding activity which converts
the electronically generated information into human readable form.
 DATA STORAGE
o It involves the filling of data & information for future use.
EX PLAI N T H E GEN ERAT I ON OF T H E COM PU T ERS.
In Computer language, “Generation” is a set of Technology. It provides a framework
for the growth of the computer technology. There are totally Five Computer Generations
till today.
First Generation:
 Duration: 1942-1955
 Technology: vacuum tube
o Used as a calculating device.
o Performed calculations in milliseconds.
o To bulky in size & complex design.
o Required large room to place it.
o Generates too much heat & burnt.
o Required continuously hardware maintenance.
o Generates much heat so must air-conditioner rooms are required.
o Commercial production is difficult & costly.
o Difficult to configure.
o Limited commercial use.
o ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC are example of 1st generation computer.

Second Generation:
 Duration: 1955-1964
 Technology: transistor
o 10 times Smaller in size than 1st generation system.
o Less heat than 1st generation computers.
o Consumed less power than 1st generation system.
o Computers were done calculations in microseconds.
o Air-conditioner is also required.
o Easy to configure than 1st generation computers.
o More reliable in information.
o Wider commercial use.
o Large & fast primary/secondary storage than 1st generation computers.
 Third Generation:
 Duration: 1965-1975
 Technology: IC chip
o Smaller in size than 1st & 2nd generation computers.
o Perform more fast calculations than 2nd generation systems.
o Large & fast primary/secondary storage than 2nd generation computers.
o Air –conditioner is required.
o Widely used for commercial applications.
o General purpose computers.
o High level languages like COBOL & FORTAN are allowed to write programs.
o Generate less heat & consumed less power than 2nd generation computer.

Fourth Generation:
 Duration: 1975-1989
 Technology: Microprocessor chip
o Based on LSI & VLSI microprocessor chip.
o Smaller in size.
o Much faster than previous generations.
o Minimum hardware maintenance is required.
o Very reliable as computer to previous generation computers.
o Totally general purpose computer.
o Easy to configure.
o Possible to use network concept to connect the computer together.
o NO requirement of air-conditioners.
o Cheapest in price.

Fifth Generation:
 Duration: 1989 to Present
 Technology: ULSI microprocessor chip
o Much smaller & handy.
o Based on the ULSI chip which contains 100 million electronic components.
o The speed of the operations is increased.
o Consumed less power.
o Air-conditioner is not required.
o More user friendly interface with multi-media features.
o High level languages are allowed to write programs.
o Larger & faster primary/secondary storage than previous generations.
o Notebook computers are the example of 5th generation computers
 T H E BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COM PU T ER.
A simple computer system comprises the basic components like Input Devices, CPU
(Central Processing Unit) and Output Devices as under:

 Input Devices:
o The devices which are used to entered data in the computer systems are
known as input devices.
o Keyboard, mouse, scanner, mike, light pen etc are example of input devices.
FUNCTION OF INPUT DEVICES
o Accept the data from the outside worlds.
o Convert that data into computer coded information.
o Supply this data to CPU for further processing.
 Output Devices:
o The devices which display the result generated by the computer are known as
output devices.
o Monitor, printer, plotter, speaker etc are the example of output devices.

FUNCTIONS OF OUTPUT DEVICES

o Accept the result form the CPU.
o Convert that result into human readable form.
 o Display the result on the output device.

 Memory Unit:
o The data & instruction have to store inside the computer before the actual
processing start.
o Same way the result of the computer must be stored before passed to the
output devices. This tasks performed by memory unit.

FUNCTIONS OF MEMORY UNIT

o Store data & instruction received from input devices.
o Store the intermediate results generated by CPU.
o Store the final result generated by CPU.

 Arithmetical & Logical Unit:

o The ALU is the place where actual data & instruction are processed.
o All the calculations are performed & all comparisons are made in ALU.
o Performs all arithmetical & logical operations.
o An arithmetic operation contains basic operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division.
o Logical operations contains comparison such as less than, greater than, less
than equal to, greater than equal to, equal to, not equal to.

 Control Unit:
o It controls the movement of data and program instructions into and out of
the CPU, and to control the operations of the ALU.
o In sort, its main function is to manage all the activities within the computer
system.
o Controls the internal parts as well as the external parts related with the
computer.
 CPU:
o The Unit where all the processing is done is called as Central Processing Unit.
o It contains many other units under it.
o Main of them are:- Control Unit And ALU (Arithmetic & Logic Unit)
 INPUT DEVICES

I N PU T DEV I CES:
 The Input devices are the devices which are used to enter the data in the
computer system.
 Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone are the example of input devices.
FUNCTIONS OF INPUT DEVICES:
o Accept the data from the outside worlds.
o Convert that data into computer coded information.
o Supply this data to Central Processing Unit for further processing.

CLASIFICATION OF INPUT DEVICES:

INPUT DEVICES

STANDARD POINTING SPECIAL INPUT

INPUT DEVICE DEVICES DEVICES

KEYBOARD MOUSE MICROPHONE

TRACK BALL SCANNER
JOYSTICK CAMERA
LIGHT PEN
TOUCH SCREEN

ST AN DARD I N PU T DEV I CE: K EY BOARD.

 Keyboard is most commonly used input device.
 It is similar like a type writer which is used to enter data in the computer.
 It contains sets of keys such as alphabets, number & special signs.
 There are two types of keyboard.
o General purpose keyboard
o Special purpose keyboard

GENERAL PURPOSE KEYBOARD:

 Standard keyboard which are used in personal computers.
 It contains enough keys which are used in all types of applications so they are
known as general purpose keyboard.
 Most popular general purpose keyboard contains 101 keys.
 The general purpose keyboard are divided into following parts:
ALPHANUMERAIC KEYPAD
 The centred part of the keyboard is known as alphanumeric keypad.
 It contains alphabets, numbers & special signs such as *,!, @, #, $, %,* etc.
NUMERAIC KEYPAD
 The right most part of the keyboard is known as numeric keypad.
 It contains 0 to 9 numbers & mathematical signs such as +, *, -, /.
 Mainly used for fast data entry in mathematical applications.
ARROW KEYS
 Set of four keys up, down, left & right.
 Used to move the cursor at left & right or up and down on the screen.
 They are referred as “cursor-control” or “cursor-movement” keys.
FUNCTION KEYS
 The first line of the keyboard contains a Set of 12 keys with name f1 to f2 are
known as function keys.
 Used to generate short-cuts in different software package.
SPECIAL KEYS
 There are lots of keys that are used for some specific task describes follows:
 TAB: used for gives multiple spaces or move the cursor to next defined position.
 ENTER: used for generate the output of any command.
 SPACE: used to make one blank space between two words.
 BACKSPACE: used to remove the left-most character at cursor position.
 DELETE: used to remove the right-most character at cursor position.
 HOME: moves the cursor at the beginning of the line.
 END: moves cursor at the end of the line.
 PAGE UP: moves or scroll the screen up or previous page of the current page.
 PAGE DOWN: moves the screen to the next page from the currently displayed
page.
 PRINT SCREEN: used to print what is currently displayed on the screen.
 INSERT: used to enter text between two characters.
  ESC: used to negate current command or terminate the execution of the
program.
 ALT: used to expand the functionality of keyboard. Basically used to generate
shortcuts in different application.
 CTRL: used to expand the functionality of keyboard. Basically used to generate
shortcuts in different application.
 NUMLOCK: used to on or off the numeric keypad.
 CAPSLOCK: used to type the all inputted text capitally.
SPECIAL PURPOSE KEYBOARD
 Special purpose keyboard is used for special purpose applications which required
faster data entry and rapid interaction with the computer system.
 For example ATM used in banks used special purpose keyboard which contains a
few keys.
POI N T I N G DEV I CES.
M OU SE
 Mouse is Small hand-hold device Input device which is generally used for
drawing purpose.
 It’s a Pointing device.
 It contains two or three buttons
 Left button is used to point out or select any item by clicking.
 Right to generate context menu.
 When user moves mouse across flat surface, the graphic cursor moves on screen.
 Graphic cursor contains verity of symbols such as arrow, wrist, pointing finger
etc.
 Depending on application text & graphic cursors are changed.
 The following 5 techniques are used to carry out various operations:
 POINT:
o To move the mouse on top of icon
 C LICK:
o To press & release the left button of mouse at once.
o Used to open any currently selected icon, menu.
 DOUBLE CLICK:
o To press & release the left button of mouse twice.
o Used to open any application or program.
 SIMULTANEOUS-CLICK:
o Press & release left & right button to gather.
o Used in some software package to added some functionality.
 DRAG:
o Press the left button down & moved the mouse on screen.
o Used to move the graphics on screen.
 Many types of mouse are available such as mechanical mouse, optical mouse,
serial mouse, wireless mouse which are used for different purpose.

T R A CK B AL L

 Trackball is a pointing device which is similar to a mouse.

 A ball is placed on the track ball device which is used to move the graphic cursor
on the screen.
 It also contains buttons which are used to select a particular item on the screen.
 To move the graphic cursor on screen, the ball is rolled with the fingers or
thumb.
 It needs not to move the whole device to move the cursor so it is often attached
with some keyboards.
 Track balls come in various shapes with same functionality.
 Commonly three shapes are used: ABALL, A SQUARE, and A SQUARE.
 In case of ball we need to move it with the help of finger.
 In case of button pushed with finger in desired direction of the cursor
movement.
 In case of button press finger to up or down & left or right to move cursor.
Advantages of track ball
 Takes less desk space.
  Takes less arm movements than mouse.
 Doesn’t require any mouse pad & large area to move the mouse.
 Less strain on the wrist.
 Finger trip control which may offer more accuracy than mouse.

. J OY ST I CK

 Joystick is a pointing device which is works on the same principle of track ball.
 It contains a stick which is placed on the spherical ball.
 The stick is used to move the cursor at desired position left or right or backward
or forward.
 It also contain button that is clicked to make selection of currently pointed item.
 A joystick is similar to a mouse, except that with a mouse the cursor stops
moving as soon as you stop moving the mouse.
 With a joystick, the pointer continues moving in the direction the joystick is
pointing.
 To stop the pointer, you must return the joystick to its upright position.
 Some of the systems using joysticks are
o Aircrafts, UAVs for flight control
o Motorized Wheelchairs as input device
o Microscopes
o Submarines
o Security Systems
o Video Games
 Joysticks are widely used for video games
 Advantages of joystick
 It is very easy to learn to use.
  Very simple design so they can be inexpensive.
 It has a big analogue stick in the middle so it’s easier to control.

WEB CAMERA
 It’s an input device.
 Used to feeds the image to a computer or computer network often via USB or
Wi-Fi.
 Web camera is a hardware camera connected to a computer that allows
everyone to connect to internet to view either pictures or motion video.
 Most Web cameras are embedded to display with laptop computer or connected
with USB or Wi-Fi with a computer.
 Simple web cam. Consists a digital camera attached to your computer typically
through USB.
 The camera part of web camera is just a digital camera.
 Web camera comes with software which preset interval & transfer it to another
location of viewing.
 Web camera system allows you to using video also for that you have web camera
with high frame rate.
 Web camera is a digital camera which taking picture over & over & again one
after another.
 These images are stored image into the physical memory of camera in built in.
 After capture image & stored in memory it reduced the amount of data need to
transmit.
 Web camera software takes image & converts data in jpeg (compressing format).

SCAN N ER & I T S T Y PES.

 Scanners are input devices.
 They are capable of entering information directly into the computer.
 The main advantage of direct entry of information is that users do not have to
key the information.
 And another advantage is that through Scanners you can input Graphical Data
into the computer. This
 Provides faster and more accurate data entry. Important types of scanners
I m a g e sc a n n e r:
 It’s an input device, which translates paper documents into an electronic format
which can be stored in a computer.
 The input document may be typed text, pictures, graphics or even handwritten
material.
 There are two types of image scanner:
Flatbed scanner
o It’s like a zerox machine which consist of box having a glass plate on its top
and a lid to covers the glass plate.
o The document placed inside the glass plate & light source is situated blow
glass plate which moves horizontally from left to write & scanning
document line by line.
Handheld scanner
o It contains a set of light emitting diodes encased in small case which can be
conveniently held in hand.
o To scan a document the scanner is slowly dragged on the document.
o The scanner has to be dragged carefully & steadily otherwise the
document cannot scan properly.
o Used when higher accuracy is not required.
 OUTPUT DEVICES
O U T P U T D E V I CE .
 The output devices are the devices which are used to display the result
generated by the computer system.
 Monitor, printer, plotter, speaker are the example of output devices.
FUNCTIONS OF INPUT DEVICES:
o Accept the result from the CPU.
o Convert that result into human readable form.
o Supply this result to output device.

E X P L AI N CR T ( C AT H O D R A Y T U BE ) M O N I T E R .
 The monitor is the common output device mostly used It is a softcopy output
device.
 It can be thought of as a high resolution TV set.
 The monitor can also determine if the display will be colour, black and white, or
include graphical objects (pictures).
 Two types of monitors are used.
o CRT monitors.
o Non CRT monitors.
 Most computer monitors are based on Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) technology.
 The basic operation of these tubes is similar to that in television sets.
 In CRT display CRT is a specialised vacuum tube in which images are produced
when electron beam strikes a phosphor surface.
 CRT monitor contains cathode, control grid, acceleration anode, deflection plates
& phosphor coated screen.
 Cathode: the cathode is heated by filament and produced high speed & large
amount of electrons.
 Control Grid: used to control the brightness of the screen. It controls the number
of electrons.
 Accelerating anodes: they are with focusing lens are applied with positive
electrons.
 Horizontal deflection plate: moves electron side by side.
 Vertical deflection: moves electrons up & down.
 Screen: contains millions of tiny red, green, blue phosphor dot that glow when
struck by electron beam that travels across screen to create a visible image.
ADVANTAGES OF CRT DISPLAY
 Produce more colours.
 Price is lower than LCD & Plasma.
 High contrast ratio.
 Can easily increase brightness of monitor by reflecting the light.
DISADVANTAGES OF CRT DISPLAY
 High power consumed.
 Heavy to pick up and carry.
 Large space required.

T H E N O N C RT DI S P L A Y .

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

 In LCD, a liquid crystalline material is sandwiched between two glass or a plastic
plates.
 The front plate is transparent and the back plate is reflective.
 There is a coating of thin film on the front plate.
 The coating is transparent and conductive. Its sections (segments) are in the
shape of desired characters.
 LCDs do not emit their own light. Therefore, a light source is to be used.
 LCDs simply change the reflection of available light. Today, most LCDs used are
of the type that produces dark images on a silver background.
Advantages:
 Light weight as compare to CRT.
 Perfectly flat screen.
 Consumed low electricity power.
 Able to generate higher brightness in images.
Disadvantages:
 Fixed resolution that cannot be changed.
 Expensive than CRT display.
 Limited viewing angle.
 Short life.

PDP (Plasma Displays Panel)

 In Plasma Displays, ionized gas is sandwiched between two glass plates.
 A number of parallel wires run horizontally as well as vertically.
 A small amount of current is passed through one horizontal and one vertical wire
to cause the gas to glow at a spot at the intersection of the wires.
 The IBM 581 display employs 960 horizontal and 768 vertical pixel as compared
to IBM-PC colour graphic adapter which is provided with 320 X 200 pixels in
medium resolution and 640 X 200 in high resolution.
Advantages:
 Large viewing angle.
 Thinner in width.
 Free standing or can be easily mounted on wall.
 Clear image, brighter viewing angle, better colour quality & high contrast ratio.
Disadvantages:
 The plasma displays screens are costly.
 These are available on the selected models of portable computers.
 More electricity than LCD.
 As your plasma get older the brightness get dimmer.

P RI N T E R and T H E T Y P E S O F P RI N T E R.
Printer
 The printer is a most commonly used output device.
 It is used to producing the hard copy output.
 It prints characters, symbols & graphics on the paper.
 Printer can be categorised according to the technology used in printer, speed,
and approach of printing, colours, language & the quality of printing.
 Mainly printer can be classified in two types:
o Impact printer
o Non impact printer
IMPACT PRINTER:
 It works on the same mechanism of type-writer.
 It forms a character or image by striking mechanism such as hammer or wheel
against to ink ribbon, leaving an image on paper.
 It is oldest technology and still is in used.
 It can capable to print single character or line at the same time.
 Commonly types of impact printers are dot matrix, daisy wheel, chain, drum
printer.
CHARACTERISTICS OF IMPACT PRINTER:
o Physical contact with paper to produce output.
o Low cost
o Very noisy
o Very slow in printing
o Low quality print out
o Stand with dusty or extreme environment
NON IMPACT PRINTER:
 Non impact printer forms characters & images on paper without actually striking
the paper.
 Paper & print head come in contact & hence the text or image is formed.
 Ink jet & laser printer are example of non impact printer.
CHARACTERISTICS OF NON IMPACT PRINTER
o Faster than impact printer.
o Ability to change type face automatically.
o High quality output.
o Support transparency.
o More expensive than impact printer.
o Less maintenance than impact printer.
 P RI MAR Y S T O R A G E DE V I CE .

 It’s a temporary storage.

 It consists of some chips.
 The data & instruction are resided in this memory when the CPU executing
programs.
 This memory can capable to store & retrieved data very quickly.
 Primary memory is only the memory that is directly access to the CPU.

RAM
 The complete name of RAM is random access memory which is also known as
Primary memory.
 It is called read/write memory because data can be read as well as write in RAM.
 It is called random access because you can directly access any data from RAM if
you know row & column cell.
 The RAM chip is fixed on the mother board & the mother board is designed in
such a way that its memory capacity can be enhanced by adding more RAM chip.
 RAM is a VOLETILE memory.
 RAM chips are of two types:
DRAM:
 Dynamic Random Access Memory is a volatile memory that allows fast access to
data and is ideal for use as the primary store of computer systems.
 However, the information is stored as electrical charges and the charges need to
be constantly refreshed in order for the data to be maintained.

SRAM:
 Static Random Access Memory is also a volatile memory.
 Once data is written into the chip, it is maintained as long as power is supplied to
it; it does not need refreshing.
 However, SRAM is slower than DRAM and it is also more expensive.
ROM
 The complete name of ROM is read only memory.
 The data stored permanently & can’t be altered by the programmer.
 Data stored in RAM chip can be read & used but cannot be changed.
 This memory also known a field storage permanent storage or dead storage.
 It is basically used to store manufacturer programmed & user program.
 Most of the basic operations are carried out by electronic circuits which are
 known as micro programs.
 These programs are stored in ROM. For ex. System Boot Loader.
ROM
 The complete name of ROM is read only memory.
 The data stored permanently & can’t be altered by the programmer.
 Data stored in RAM chip can be read & used but cannot be changed.

PROM
 Programmable Read Only Memory is a non-volatile memory which allows the
user to program the chip with a PROM writer.

 The chip can be programmed once, thereafter, it cannot be altered.

EPROM & EEPROM
 Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory and Electrically Erasable
Programmable Read Only Memory chips can be electrically programmed.
 Unlike ROM and PROM chips, EPROM chips can be erased and reprogrammed.
 NUMBER SYSTEM
Introduction
 All digital computers store numbers, letters, and other characters in coded
form.
 The code used to represent characters is the Binary Code – i.e. a code made
up of bits called Binary Digits.
 Every character is represented by a string of “0s” and “1s” – the only digits
found in the binary numbering system.
“0” or “1” = bit (Binary Digit)
8 bits = 1 Byte (1 Character)
1024 Bytes = 1 KB (Kilo Bytes)
1024 KB = 1 MB (Mega Byte)
1024 MB = 1 GB (Giga Byte)
1024 GB= 1 TB (Terra Byte)
 When data is typed into a computer, the key board converts each key stroke
into a binary character code. This code is then transmitted to the computer.
 When the computer transmits the data to the any device, each individual
character is communicated in binary code. It is then converted back to the
specific character while displaying or printing the data.
Number Systems
 Numbers earlier consisted of symbols like I for 1, II for 2, III for 3 etc. Each
 Symbol represented the same value irrespective of its position in the number.
 This approach is called an additive approach. As time passed positional
numbering systems were developed. In such a system the number of symbols
is few and they represent different values depending on the position they
occupy.
 Now we know that numbers can be represented by arranging symbols in
various positions.
Decimal Number System (Base 10)
 In the decimal system the successive positions to the left of the decimal point
represent units, tens, hundreds, thousands etc. For example if we consider
 The number 7762, the digit 2 represents the number of units, 6 represents the
number of tens, 7 the number of hundreds and 7 the number of thousands.
(7 x 1000) + (7 x 100) + (6 x 10) + (2 x 1) = 7762
 Thus as we move one position to the left, the value of the digit increases by
ten times. We can see that the position of the number affects its value.
  These kinds of number systems are therefore called positional number
systems.
 In other words the number of symbols used to represent numbers in the
system is called the base of that system. In short we can say that the value of
each digit in the number system is determined by:
 The digit itself
 The position of the digit in the number itself
 The base of the system.
 The Roman numbering system uses symbols like I, II, III, IV, V etc. To
represent the decimal numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
 As we can see this follows an additive approach and hence is not conductive
to arithmetic.
Binary Number System (Base 2)
 We now come to a different number system – the Binary number system.
 This binary number system has a base of two, and the symbols used are “0”
And “1”.
 In this number system, as we move to the left the value of the digit will be
two times greater than its predecessor. Thus the values of the places are:
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Converting Decimal To Binary
 In conversion from decimal to any other number system, the steps to be
followed are:
o Divide the decimal number by the base of 2.
o Note the remainder in one column and divide the quotient again with
the base. Repeat this process until the quotient is reduced to a zero.
Example:
 The decimal number is 65
2 65 1
2 32 0
2 16 0
2 8 0
2 4 0
2 2 0
1
 The binary number of 65 is 1000001
Converting Binary To Decimal
The decimal number of 100001 is
= (1*26)+(0*25)+(0*24)+(0*23)+(0*22)+(0*21)+(1*20)
= (1*64) + (0*32) + (0*16) + (0*8) + (0*4) + (0*2) + (1 * 1)
 = 64 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1
= 65
 The decimal number of 1000001 is 65
Octal Number System (Base 8)
 A commonly used positional system is the Octal System. The octal system has
a base of 8.
 The values increase from left to right as 1, 8, 64, 512, 4096,….

Converting Decimal To Octal

 In conversion from decimal to any other number system, the steps to be
followed are:
o Divide the decimal number by the base of the 8.
Example:
 The decimal number is 224
8 224 0
8 28 4
8 3 3

 The octal number of 224 is 340

Converting Octal To Decimal
 The octal number is 340
 = (3*82)+(4*81)+(0*80)
 = (3*64) + (4*8) + (0*1)
 = 192 + 32 + 0
 = 224
 The decimal number of 340 is 224
Converting Binary Octal
000 0
001 1
010 2
011 3
100 4
101 5

110 6
111 7
Converting from Binary to Octal
  The binary number must be divided into groups of three from the octal point
– to the right in case of the fractional portion and to the left in case of the
integer portion. Each group can then be replaced with their octal equivalent.
 Example
 Binary 101010101010100
101 010 101 010 100
5 2 5 2 4
 So, 52524 is the Octal equivalent of binary 101010101010100
Converting Octal to Binary
 Each octal digit is replaced with the appropriate ‘triple’ of binary digits.
e.g. 65
6 5
110 101
 The binary equivalent of the Octal number 65 is 110101
Hexadecimal Number System (Base 16)
 There is another commonly used positional system, hexadecimal system.
 The hexadecimal system has a base of 16, so the value increases from left to
right as 1, 16, 256, 65536,. . . .
 We need to keep a simple table in mind before we attempt any conversion
from hexadecimal or vice-versa.
Converting Decimal To HexaDecimal
 In conversion from decimal to any other number system, the steps to be
followed are:
o Divide the decimal number by the base of 16.
Example:
 The decimal number is 370
16 370 2
16 23 7
16 1 1
0
 The hexadecimal number of 370 is 172
Converting Hexadecimal To Decimal
The hexadecimal number 172
= (1*162) + (7*161) + (2*160)
= (1*256) + (7*16) + (2*1)
= 256+112+2
 = 370
 The decimal number of 172 is 370

Converting Binary to Hexadecimal

 Each hexadecimal digit is represented by 4 binary digits.
Binary Hexadecimal
0000 0
0001 1
0010 2
0011 3
0100 4
0101 5
0110 6
0111 7
1000 8
1001 9
1010 A
1011 B
1100 C
1101 D
1110 E
1111 F
 To convert a binary number to its hexadecimal equivalent we split the
quantity into groups of four onwards, as before.
 Each of this group of four is directly converted into their hexadecimal
equivalent.
 We may add zeros to the left of the number if necessary.
 example
Binary 10101011000010
0010 1010 1100 0010
2 A C 2
 So, the hexadecimal equivalent of binary 10101011000010 will be 2AC2
Converting Hexadecimal to Binary
 The conversion from hexadecimal to binary consists of writing off the binary
 Equivalent of each hexadecimal digit in groups of four.
 e.g.
Hexadecimal 1901A0412C
0001 1001 0000 0001 1010 0000 0100 0001 0010 1100
1 9 0 1 A 0 4 1 2 C
 Thus the required binary number can be written as:
1100100000001101000000100000100101100

Converting Hexadecimal to Octal

 Write 4 digit binary numbers for each hexadecimal.
 Arrange the entire number sequence into group of 3 bit section.
 If any bit is missing add 0 on leftmost section.
 Now write down octal equivalent of each 3 bit section.
 Example:
 The hexadecimal number is 2A35.
2 A 3 5
0010 1010 0011 0101
000 010 101 000 110 101
0 2 5 0 6 5
 The octal number is 25065
Converting Octal to Hexadecimal
Write 3 digit binary number for each octal.
Arrange the entire number sequence into group of 4 bit section.
If any bit is missing add 0 on leftmost section.
Now write down hexadecimal equivalent of each 4 bit section.
Example:
The octal number is 25065.
2 5 0 6 5
010 101 000 110 101
0010 1010 0011 0101
2 A 3 5
The hexadecimal number is 2A35
Binary Arithmetic
  All the arithmetic operations are possible in binary numbering system like
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division All the Arithmetic
operations are done in binary number system are explained as under:
Addition
 For binary addition the following rules of binary addition are to be
considered:
o 0+0=0
o 0+1=1
o 1+0=1
o 1 + 1 = 0 (carry 1 to the next column to the left)
o 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 (carry 1 to the next column)
 e.g. 1 Add two binary numbers 11011 and 111
 Carry 1111
10111
+111
1 0 0 0 1 0 (Answer)
Subtraction
 Though there are other methods of performing subtraction, we will consider
the method of subtraction know as complementary subtraction.
 This is a more efficient method of subtraction while using electronic circuits.
We will be following three steps to perform subtraction:
o Find the complement of the number you are subtracting.
o To the complement of the number we obtained in step 1, we add the
number we are subtracting from.
o If there is a carry of 1 add the carry to the result of the addition else re
complement the sum and attach a negative sign.
 How do we find the complement of a binary number ? We have to invert all
the bits. e.g. Number Complement
10001101 01110010
00101010 11010101
 Consider the following example of subtraction:
e.g. 1
1010101 – 1001100
 Step-1. Find the complement of 1001100
0110011
  Step-2. Add the number you are subtracting from
Carry 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
1010101
+0110011

0001000
+ 1 (Continue since there is a carry of 1)

0 0 0 1 0 0 1 (Answer)
e.g. 2
101100 – 11100101
 Step-1. Find the complement of 11100101
00011010
 Step-2. Add the number you are subtracting from
Carry 0 1 1 1
00101100
+00011010
0 1000110
 Step-3. Since there is no carry we are complement the result
10111001
attach a negative sign
 - 10111001 (Answer)
Multiplication
 Multiplication
 Multiplication in binary follows the same rules that are followed in the
decimal system. The table to be remembered is:
 0x0=0
 0x1=0
 1x0=0
 1x1=1
 e.g.
1010 * 1001
1010
x 1001
 1010
0000
0000
1010

101101 0
 The answer is (1011010)

Division
 Table for binary division is given as under:
 0/1=1
 1/1=1
 The steps for binary division are:
o Start from the left of the dividend.
o Perform subtraction in which the divisor is subtracted from the
dividend
o If subtraction is possible put a 1 in the quotient and subtract the divisor
from the corresponding digits of the dividend else put a 0 in the
quotient
o Bring down the next digit to the right of the remainder.
o Execute step 2 till there are no more digits left to strating down from
the dividend.
 e.g.
 100001 / 110
0101 (quotient)
110 100001
110
1000
110
100
110
1001
110
11 (reminder)
LANGUAGES, OPERATING SYSTEM &
SOFTWARE PACKAGES
Introduction
 A computer can only do what a programmer asks it to do.
 To perform a particular task programmer writes a sequence, called the program.
 An instruction command given to the computer to perform a certain specified
operation on the given data.
 Now as we know only human languages and computer knows only machine
language, we need some media through which we can communicate with the
computer.
 So we can complete our desired task. That media is Language.
 Languages are tools human can use to communicate with the hardware of a
computer system.
 Each language has a systematic method of using symbols of that language.
 In English, this method is given by the rules of grammar.
 Similarly, the symbols of particular one computer language must also be used as
per set of rules which are known as the “Syntax” of that language, the language
which you are using.
 Computer Languages can be classified into three broad categories:

LANGUAGES

MACHINE ASSEMBLY HIGH-LEVEL

LANGUAGE LANGUAGES LANGUAGES

M A C H I N E L AN G U AG E ?
 Computer programs are written using many different computer Languages but
the language which is understood by the computer without translating program
is called machine language.
 Machine language is normally written as string of binary 1s and 0s.
 A machine language instruction has two part format.
 OPCODE OPERAND
(OPERATION CODE) (ADDRESS)

 The 1st part is the operation code which tells the computer what function to be
performed.
 The 2nd part is the operand which tells the computer where to find & store data
to be manipulated.
 So each instruction tells the computer what operation to perform & the length &
location of the data field which are involved in the operation.
Advantages
 Programs can be executed immediately upon completion because it doesn’t
require any translation.
 Now extra storage space is needed.
 Programmer has complete control over the performance of the hardware.
Disadvantage
 Tedious to program
 Difficult to program
 Difficult to modify
 Time consuming to code
 Error prone
 Operation codes have to be memorised
 Assignment of memory is done by programmer
 Time consuming for development
 Programs development are machine dependent
 Preparation of programs was slow and costly.

AS S E M BL Y L AN G U AG E .

 Assembly language is a language which allows instruction & storage location to

be represented by letters & symbols, instead of number.
 A program written in an assembly language is called assembly language program
or symbolic program.
 Assembly language was introduced in 1952.
 Machine language was tedious to code and errors were expected to arise in bulk.
 To solve these problems mnemonic codes and symbolic addresses were
developed.
 It allows using alphanumeric mnemonic codes instead of numeric code for the
instructions in instruction set. For example using ADD instead of 1110 or 14 to
add.
 The storage locations are to be represented in the form of alphanumeric
addresses instead of numeric address.
 Format of assembly language is similar to machine language:

MNEMONIC CODE SYMBOLIC ADDRESS

Example of Assembly language instruction:

 This instruction adds value of NUM1 to the AX (Accumulator Register).
 The symbolic language made program writing so much easier for the
Programmers but it must be translated into machine code before being used for
operation.
 The translation is actually done by a special translating program.
Assembler
 Assembler is a special program (translator) which translates symbolic operation
codes into machine codes, and symbolic address is addressed into an actual
machine address.
Advantage
 Easier to use, code and understand.
 Easier to correct error.
 Easier to modify.
 No worry about addresses.
 Easily relocatable.
 Efficiency of machine language.
 Can use Macros (Macro is a bunch of instruction referred as a single name)
Disadvantage
 Machine depended.
 Programs have to be translated before execution.
 Translation of programs takes up time.
 Knowledge of hardware is required.
 Additional storage area needed for the source programs and object code.
Examples of Assembly Language
 Microsoft Assembly Language (MASM), Turbo Assembler

H I G H L E V E L L AN G U AG E .
 The machine language & assembly language requires a good knowledge of
internal structure of computer.
 The both languages are machine dependent & it is difficult to solve error.
 To remove this limitation the high level language are introduced.
 The high level languages machine independent so it can be easily ported &
executed on any computer.
 The high level language programs do not require any knowledge of internal
structure of computer so the programmer concentrate on the logic of problem
rather than internal structure of computer.
 It enables the programmer to write instructions using English words & familiar
mathematical symbols & expression so the program makes easier to code &
understand.
 It requires a translator program to convert high level program into machine
language.
Compiler
 Compiler is a special program (translator) which translates high level programs
into machine codes.
Advantages:
 Machine independent.
 Easier to learn, use and understand.
 Easier to correct error.
 Easier to maintain.
 Less time & efforts.
 Easily relocatable.
 Program preparation cost is low.
 Few errors.
Disadvantages:
 Less flexible.
 Lower efficiency.
 Require more time & storage space.
 Software : Application Software and
Systems software
Computer system combines software and hardware to provide a mechanism to solve
some specific tasks. In the previous unit, we had discussed some hardware devices i.e.
input and output devices and their functions. In this unit, we will discuss topics related to
software and their types such as systems software, applications software, utility software
etc.

Without software, a computer will remain just like a metal box.

With software, a computer can store, retrieve, solve different types of problems, create
friendly environment for software development.

In Computer Science, the term software means sets of instructions in the form of a
program to control the processing of computer. These programs are used for various
purposes in the computer system. A series of instructions that performs a particular task is
called “program”. The process of software development is also called programming.

Computer software can be broadly classified into two categories according to its purpose.
Systems software and Applications software.

System software supports a general programming environment for development and

security of different units of programs by programmers. Such environment is not
supported at hardware level. Operating system is a part of system software.

Application software is used for solving a specific problem for inventory, payroll,
spreadsheet, word processor and presentation software etc.

Software tells the hardware how to process the data. Computer software provides
instructions that tell the computer how to operate.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOFTWARE

A computer can neither think nor make any judgment on its own. It needs a program to
tell it what to do. A program is a set of instructions that are arranged in a sequence that
guides the computer to solve a problem. Computer software provides instruction that tells
the computer how to operate. Software is also called programs. Programs are usually
developed using some language called “programming language”.
Computer software can be categories into two main categories. These are system
software and application software.

4.2.1 System Software

System software is that category of software, which manages all the resources of
computer, and is loaded in the beginning or booting of computer. These are designed to
make the computer easier to use. System software controls the operation of
input/output devices, memory and processor etc. Windows operating system such as
Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP Windows Vista etc, are some
examples of system software.

Some functions of system software are:

• Used by the computer to accomplish a task.

• Manages all the resources of computer
• Create database and keeps it update after every transaction
• Arrangement of files in alphabetical order
• Controls the internal functions of computer
• Controls other devices connected to the CPUs

System software can be further compared as a type of program that acts like a conductor
in an orchestra.

It directs all the activities and sets all the rules for how the hardware and software work
together. MS DOS and Microsoft Windows are examples of system software or operating
system software.

Types of System Software

System software can be classified into following categories:

1. Operating system
2. Translator and
3. Utility programs

From the application programmer’s point of view, system software should initialize
hardware timely and efficiently and also provide better programming environment. For
example the libraries may consist of math library (for performing mathematical functions),
input/output library, graphics library (to draw different kinds of images etc.).
1. Operating System

The operating systems (OS) are most important system software to run the computer
system. Every system must have an operating system. It directly interacts with all kinds of
hardware to provide an interface to other system software and application software
whenever it wants to access system resources such as CPU, memory, I/O devices.

Components of operating system are shown in Figure. The innermost layer is Hardware
Layers, followed by operating software, and application software. The last layer of this
diagram is user layer where user is connected.

The operating system must be loaded into main memory which is also called booting from
the system. One part of an operating system also called supervisor program, which remain
in the primary memory all the time. Other part of the program are loaded into primary
memory whenever it is required, otherwise it resides on hard disk. Commonly used
operating systems are MS-DOS, MS-WINDOWS, UNIX, LINUX, XENUX etc.

Common Operating System

Originally the operating system was created by each company that manufactured a
processor and motherboard. So each operating system was proprietary, that is, unique to
each manufacturer.

An operating system is system software which may be viewed as an organized collection

of software, consisting of procedures for operating a computer and providing an
environment for execution of programs. Operating system manages resources of the
computer system, such as memory, processor, file system and I/O devices. Other
programs rely on facilities provided by the operating system to gain access to computer
system resources.

Functions of Operating System

The operating system resides in the main memory of the computer system. Following are
the basic functions performed by an operating system

(i) Resource Management : Operating System is responsible for allocating various

resources such as I/O devices, memory etc. to the user effectively. It schedules the
processes by time management and memory management. It also keeps track of all the
I/O devices and CPU so that there would be no wastage of time and all the devices remain
busy all the time.

(ii) File Management : File Management Program makes it easier to manage your files
and folders. Many programs were written to help the user find files, create and organize
directories, copy, move, and rename files.

(iii) Disk Management : Programs involve formatting and de-fragmenting disks. The
term de-fragmenting means, putting files on the disk, so that the whole file is in sequence.
This reduces the time to access the file. Some disk management programs even let you
specify the files that are accessed often, like the operating system itself and other
frequently used programs.

(iv) Memory Management: Memory management software handles where programs

put their current data in RAM. They move certain memory-resident items out of the way.
This can effectively increase the memory available by getting all the unused pieces
together in one spot.

(v) Security of data: The operating system handles different programs and data in the
memory, so that they do not mix or interfere with each other. It protects your computer
and data from attacks and damage from outside. Only trusted websites and programs
could be allowed to access your computer with security software.

2. Translator
The translators are the system software’s. They are used for translating the instructions
into computer readable form i.e., binary form. The instructions are written in any
computer programming language such as C or some other programming language and are
converted to computer readable form. There are many programming languages such as
machine language, assembly language, high level language. These languages allow a
person to write the software programs for system maintenance as well as applications.
These instructions are converted to binary form by translator software such as assembler,
compilers and interpreters. Let us now discuss these translator software one by one to
understand the need of language translators in programming.
(i) Assembler

The first step in the evolution of programming language was the development of assembly
language. In an assembly language mnemonics are used to represent operation codes and
strings of characters to represent address.

It is the translator program which is used to translate the assembly language instructions
in binary form. As shown in figure, assembler converts the symbolic instructions code of
assembly language into machine language.

The main disadvantages of an assembly language are:

(i) It is machine dependent i.e., the programs written for one model of computer can’t
be executed on another model.
(ii) It is very difficult to write programs in assembly language and needs rigorous
training and expertise.
(iii) Assembly language programming is time consuming in comparison to high level
language programming.

Now let us see some code of the Assembly language program: following assembly
language program code is explained as:

Code Explanation

LDA, 12 : Load register A with 12

LDB, 15 : Load register B with 15
ADD A, B : A←A+B
LD (200), A : Save the result in the location address 200
HALT : Halt the process

(ii) Compiler

Since, computer doesn’t directly understand high level language programs, written in
English language to which it has to process. There is need of translators to translate the
high level language into machine language called compiler. Compilers take input as high
level language programs and produces output the machine language code of the machine
on which it is executed.
These high level language programs must be translated first into machine language and
the software which is used to convert high level language programs into machine
language (in the form of binary number, 0 & 1), is called compiler.

let us see code of a high level language program

10 LET X = 12
20 LET Y = 15
30 LET SUM = X + Y
40 PRINT SUM
50 END

This BASIC program adds two numbers X and Y and gives output as their sum. This
program is much simpler than assembly language program written for adding two
numbers.

(iii) Interpreter

It is another translator program for high level language. It analyzes and executes high
level language program statement line by line without looking entire program at one go
(as in the case of compiler). Each time of the program is executed; every line is checked
for syntax errors and then, is converted to equivalent machine code. It is slower than the
compiler.
3. Utility Programs

A utility program performs tasks related to the maintaining of your computer’s hardware
or data. Some utility programme are included with the operating system and some is
updated every year/time you become online with internet. By updating it becomes better
equipped to handle the needs and security of computer systems.

A few examples of utility programs are:

1) Software to convert a .pdf file format into a .doc format and vise versa.

2) Multimedia converter software to convert mp3 file format to mp4 or mpeg etc and
vise versa.

3) SORT/MERGE software for sorting and merging large volume of business data into
single sorted list.
Application Software

Although system software is essential for the running your computer and manage all the
resources of it. Application software to enable the computer to solve a specific data
processing task such as payroll processing, inventory control, and insurance company
data. A software package is a group of programs for solving a specific task.

A number of powerful application software packages, which does not require significant
programming knowledge, have been developed. These are easy to learn and use as
compared to the programming languages. Software can be used by people to solve
general problems. It can be used to do more than one task such as:

• Planning
• Writing
• Record keeping
• Calculating
• Communicating
• Drawing
• Painting etc.

Some examples of such application software are:

1. Word Processing Package

2. Spreadsheet Package
3. Graphics Software, and
4. Database Management Software

1. Word Processing Package

The word processing means typing, editing and formatting the documents such as letters,
documents, books, and balance sheets etc. In general word, processing refers to the
processing of words i.e., simple text. A word processor is such a software package that
allows the user to create and edit the documents.

Creating the documents involves typing text in the internal memory of the computer
system and saving it on the disk. Editing a document involves correction of spelling
mistakes and deleting or moving words, sentences or paragraph, i.e., arranging text at
appropriate place in the document.
Microsoft Word is a word processing software which can be used to create, edit save and
print documents. A window of MS-Word software is shown above for illustrating the
various menus present in this software. Let us now discuss the menus of this software.

Title bar: It displays the name of the program, name of the currently active word
document and control button etc.

Menu bar: It is placed below the title bar and is used for performing various tasks, such as
open, close, format etc. of the document.

Status bar: It displays information about the active task on which user is currently
working. This includes page number, line number etc. on which the user is currently
working.

Advantage of MS-Word

MS-Word processor software allows us to do following tasks:

(1) Type a document through the keyboard and save it on the disk.
(2) Correct, delete and insert characters, words, lines anywhere in the document.
(3) Retrieve documents from the disk as and when required.
(4) Move or copy paragraphs from one place to other or from one file to other.
(5) Formatting of the document as per the need of the user.
(6) Searching of files in folders of the system.
(7) Save the edited document in the disk
(8) Print a letter or document

2. Electronic Spreadsheet Package

Although MS-Word is a very good software package for word processing task, but it is not
convenient in entering data in tabular form, doing mathematical calculation and
presentation of result in graphical form.

MS-Excel software package is used in place of paper sheet or ledger used by the people in
management. It is used to store information in the memory of computer system, calculate
the result, and display information on computer screen in a desired manner.

Some, common applications of MS Excel worksheet are: Inventory control, Payroll, Income
Tax calculation, Price list and invoice billing. Let us now discuss the menus of this
software.

Title bar: It displays the name of the program, name of the currently active MS Excel
worksheet and control button etc.

Menu bar: It is placed below the title bar and is used for performing various tasks, such as
open, close, format etc. of the worksheet.

Status bar: It displays information about the active task on which user is currently
working. This includes page number, line number etc. on which the user is currently
working.

Features of Spreadsheet

The common features of MS Excel worksheets are:

(1) Worksheet contains rows & columns. There are 65536 rows and 256 columns in a
worksheet of MS Excel.
(2) Intersection of rows & columns gives cell, which is used for data entry.
(3) Each cell of the worksheet has unique address.
(4) New rows and columns can be inserted in a worksheet.
(5) Cell address is used for defining the formula in any worksheet.
(6) Entry in worksheet may be numbers, character values or numeric values.
(7) Currently active cell is identified by the position of the cell pointer.
(8) The cursor can be moved from one cell to another by arrow keys.

Advantage of MS-Excel Spreadsheet

MS-Excel software allows us to do following tasks:

(1) Result of calculation is accurate and fast.

(2) Project reports can be prepared easily and quickly by the user.
(3) Worksheet is saved in electronic file and can be modified when required
(4) Mathematical formula’s such as trigonometric formulas, statistical formula’s are
inbuilt along with this software and can be used for analysis of project results.
(5) Data can also be used to generate graphs for the comparison and analysis of project
reports.
(6) Two worksheets can be merged for the purpose of report generation from two
worksheets.

3. Graphic Software

Graphic software is used to create and manipulate presentation graphics, freehand

graphics, charts etc. Some common graphic software’s are MS Power point, Lotus-
Graphics, Harvard Graphics etc. Image processors such as Photo-paint and Photoshop are
also called graphic software.

In this section, some components of graphics software, PowerPoint. PowerPoint is a

complete presentation graphics package. It gives you everything you need to produce a
professional looking presentation text handling, outlining, drawing, graphics, clip and art,
and so on. It also offers rich speaker support and aids to help you create truly effective
presentations.
PowerPoint makes you, the presenter and independent producer of your own high
equality presentations.

Title bar
It is located at the top of the screen, displays the name of the presentations.

Menu bar
It is located below the title bar and lists the options.

Status Bar
Used to display Messages regarding page number, slide number etc at the bottom of the
window.

Advantage of PowerPoint
PowerPoint graphics software allows us to do following tasks: Create a blank presentation
Text can be added by using text box Change the fonts, size and color of the text Add
drawing objects
Presentations can be saved in the memory of the computer
Pictures and sounds files can be inserted at appropriate place in the presentation Project
reports can be presented by using PowerPoint

4. Data Base Management System (DBMS)

DBMS has its role in almost every field of our life such as school, office, industry etc. It
allows storing and managing large amount of data. Various DBMS software’s are FoxPro,
Oracle, SQL, Sybase, MS Access etc.
This is the window of FoxPro DBMS software. Command window is box in FoxPro and can
be used to enter commands for the execution of the programs or for the preparation of
the project report.

Features of DBMS:
• Creating data files on a computer.
• Maintaining these file by adding, deleting, editing and updating a given set of data
items
• Generating reports based on data files.