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Understanding Computer Networks Basics

The document outlines various laboratory exercises focused on understanding computer networks, protocols, and transmission media. It covers the definitions and functions of different types of networks (LAN, MAN, WAN), the OSI and TCP/IP models, and the role of Ethernet switches in local area networks. Each exercise includes objectives, procedures, and class activities to enhance learning about networking essentials.

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Odunayo Adesiyan

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

22 views55 pages

Understanding Computer Networks Basics

Uploaded by

Odunayo Adesiyan

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

1

LABORATORY EXERCISE 1
DATE………………………
TITLE: UNDERSTAND NETWORKS TODAY
A: THEORY
A computer network is a group of devices connected with each other through a transmission medium
such as wires, cables etc. These devices can be computers, printers, scanners, Fax machines etc. The
purpose of having computer network is to send and receive data stored in other devices over the
network. These devices are often referred as nodes..

Today, networks Connect Us,

Networks, particularly the internet, profoundly influence our daily lives by enhancing communication
, access to information,Economic Growth and Opportunities and shaping social interactions and
community building.

There are various types of networks that can be used for different functions:

 LAN: Local area networks are mainly used to connect personal devices within a few kilometers of
a limited area. These networks are used in offices, companies and factories to exchange data and
Information.

 MAN: Metropolitan area networks are used to connect the devices over an entire city under the
range of up to 50 km. These networks are used in the telephone company network and cable TV
network.
 WAN: Wide Area Networks are used in the wide geological range over a country and continent.
These networks are used in military services, mobile operators, railways and airlines reservations.

B: EQUIPMENT(S) USED
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D: PROCEDURE

An intermediary device interconnects end devices. Examples include switches, wireless access points,
routers, and firewalls.

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E: CLASS ACTIVITY/ TASK

1. Explain network representations and how they are used in network topologies.

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2. Compare the characteristics of common types of network

3. Describe types of network topologies

F. OBSERVATION / PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

G. CONCLUSION

LABORATORY EXERCISE 2
DATE……………………

TITLE: UNDERSTAND PROTOCOLS AND MODELS

A: THEORY
Layered architecture is a design framework used in networking to organize and simplify the
complexities of communication systems. It divides the networking process into different layers, with
each layer assigned a specific set of tasks and responsibilities. This structured approach ensures
modularity, flexibility and easier troubleshooting.
Each layer operates independently and performs its assigned functions while depending on adjacent
layers only for input and output. This design makes it easier to implement updates, enhance
functionalities or fix issues on specific layers without affecting others.
The most commonly used architectures are:
 OSI Model
 TCP/IP Model
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model is a theoretical framework developed by ISO for
understanding and implementing network protocols. It consists of 7 layers: ( application layer,
presentation layer, session layer transport layer, network layer, data Link layer, physical layer)
Internet Model
The internet relies on the TCP/IP protocol suite, also known as the Internet Suite. It defines
the Internet Model with its four-layered architecture(Network Interface Layer, Internet Layer,
Transport Layer, Application Layer). While the OSI Model is a general framework for
communication, the Internet Model is specifically designed for all internet communication.
A network protocol is a formal set of rules, standards, and procedures that define the format and
process for data transmission between two or more devices. These protocols ensure that all devices
can "speak the same language," facilitating smooth and reliable communication.
B: EQUIPMENT(S) USED
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C: OBJECTIVE
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D: PROCEDURE

Protocol Function

Hypertext Transfer Protocol  Governs the way a web server and a web client interact
(HTTP)
 Defines content and format

Transmission Control  Manages the individual conversations

Protocol (TCP)
 Provides guaranteed delivery
 Manages flow control

Internet Protocol (IP) Delivers messages globally from the sender to the receiver

Ethernet Delivers messages from one NIC to another NIC on the same
Ethernet Local Area Network (LAN)

E: CLASS ACTIVITY/ TASK

1. With the aid of Diagram explain the TCP/IP and OSI model and the protocols involved
between the layers
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2, Explain why protocols are necessary in network communication

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3. Outline how data encapsulation allows data to be transported across the network.

2. Explain the purpose of the protocols used in each layer of the TCP/IP Model
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F. OBSERVATION / PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

G. CONCLUSION

LABORATORY EXERCISE 3

DATE……………………

TITLE: KNOW OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECT (OSI) MODEL

A: THEORY

What is Transmission media?

 Transmission media is a communication channel that carries the information from the sender to
the receiver. Data is transmitted through the electromagnetic signals.
 The main functionality of the transmission media is to carry the information in the form of bits
through LAN (Local Area Network).
 It is a physical path between transmitter and receiver in data communication.
 In a copper-based network, the bits in the form of electrical signals.
 In a fibre based network, the bits in the form of light pulses.
 In OSI (Open System Interconnection) phase, transmission media supports the Layer 1. Therefore,
it is considered to be as a Layer 1 component.
 The electrical signals can be sent through the copper wire, fibre optics, atmosphere, water and
vacuum.
 The characteristics and quality of data transmission are determined by the characteristics of
medium and signal.
 Transmission media is of two types are wired media and wireless media. In wired media, medium
characteristics are more important whereas, in wireless media, signal characteristics are more
important.
 Different transmission media have different properties such as bandwidth, delay, cost and ease of
installation and maintenance.
 The transmission media is available in the lowest layer of the OSI reference model, i.e., Physical
layer.
B: EQUIPMENT(S) USED
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C: OBJECTIVE
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D: PROCEDURE

Classification of Transmission Media:

1. Guided Transmission Media
2. Unguided Transmission Media

E: CLASS ACTIVITY/ TASK

1. Explain Network devices using wired and wireless media.
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3. Explain the basic characteristics of each wired cabling media

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4. Explain how network devices use routing tables to direct packets to a destination network.
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F. OBSERVATION / PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

G. CONCLUSION

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LABORATORY EXERCISE 4
DATE……………………
TITLE: UNDERSTAND ETHERNET SWITCHING

A: THEORY

An Ethernet switch interconnects devices like computers, printers, servers, routers, and modems
to create a local area network (LAN). We also call them network switches or LAN switches. They
provide full duplex, collision-free communication between the devices connected to them
• In an Ethernet LAN, every network device is connected to the same, shared media. MAC
addressing provides a method for device identification at the data link layer of the OSI model.
• An Ethernet MAC address is a 48-bit address expressed using 12 hexadecimal digits. Because
a byte equals 8 bits, we can also say that a MAC address is 6 bytes in length.
• All MAC addresses must be unique to the Ethernet device or Ethernet interface. To ensure
this, all vendors that sell Ethernet devices must register with the IEEE to obtain a unique 6
hexadecimal (i.e., 24-bit or 3-byte) code called the organizationally unique identifier (OUI).
An Ethernet MAC address consists of a 6 hexadecimal vendor OUI code followed by a 6 hexadecimal
vendor-assigned value.

B: EQUIPMENT(S) USED:
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C: OBJECTIVE(S)

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D: PROCEDURE

Ethernet operates in the data link layer and the

physical layer.
• It is a family of networking technologies defined in
the IEEE 802.2 and 802.3 standards.
The minimum Ethernet frame size is 64 bytes and
the maximum is 1518 bytes. The preamble field is
not included when describing the size of the frame.
Any frame less than 64 bytes in length is considered
a “collision fragment” or “runt frame” and is
automatically discarded. Frames with more than
1500 bytes of data are considered “jumbo” or “baby
giant frames”.
If the size of a transmitted frame is less than the
minimum, or greater than the maximum, the
receiving device drops the frame. Dropped frames
are likely to be the result of collisions or other
unwanted signals. They are considered invalid.
Jumbo frames are usually supported by most Fast
Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet switches and NICs.

E: CLASS ACTIVITY/ TASK

1. Describe how a switch builds its MAC address table and forwards frames
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2. Describe switch forwarding methods and port settings available on Layer 2 switch ports.
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3. Explain how the ethernet switching works( se diagram where applicable)

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F. OBSERVATION / PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

G. CONCLUSION

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LABORATORY EXERCISE 5
DATE………………………
TITLE: UNDERSTAND NUMBER SYSTEMS AND IP ADDRESSING

A: THEORY

Computers communicate through electrical signals. At the core of this communication are transistors,
which are tiny switches that can be either on or off, depending on whether electricity is flowing.

To represent this on/off behavior, computers use the binary number system, which relies on just two
digits: 0 and 1.

The hexadecimal number system is a base-16 system. That means each digit in a hexadecimal number
represents a value from 0 to 15.

In base 10 (decimal), we use digits 0 through 9. But base 16 needs 16 unique symbols to represent the
values 0 through 15, and we only have 10 digits (0 through 9). So, to fill in the remaining values,
hexadecimal uses letters:

A = 10
B = 11
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C = 12
D = 13
E = 14
F = 15
This is done in order to obtain 16 unique digits that represent hexadecimal.

B: EQUIPMENT(S) USED
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D: PROCEDURE
Network devices use IP addresses and subnets to identify the source and destination of
communications and manage network addresses respectively.
IP addresses contain two parts: a network identifier and a host identifier. The network ID specifies an
area of the network where a device resides, much like an area code identifies a section of a telephone
network. The host ID labels a specific device in that network section, similar to how a telephone
number identifies a specific phone within an area code.
Most business networks still rely on IP version 4 (IPv4) addresses, which offer about 4.3 billion
unique variations. Internet identities use most of these, but the newer IP version 6 ( IPv6) standard
provides more addresses and other benefits.
Computers work with IPv4 addresses as 32-bit binary strings. Humans usually convert binary to a
dotted decimal address, which is easier to write and understand. For example, the binary string
11000000.00000000.00000010.00000010 converts to the IP address [Link]. Its associated subnet
mask converts from 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 to [Link].
Subnet masks clarify which part of the address is the network ID and which is the host ID. Routers,
computers and network troubleshooters use IP addresses and subnet masks to manage network traffic,
which ensures information sent from one system arrives at its destination.
IP address fundamentals

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Network devices typically have the following three identities:

 Physical address. MAC address.
 Logical address. IP address.
 Hostname. Useful for humans to recognize the device.

 IP addresses are numerical identifiers assigned to devices on a network for data transmission.

 They serve as unique identifiers for devices on both local and internet networks.

 They function like street addresses for digital devices, allowing data packets to travel
accurately.

E: CLASS ACTIVITY/ TASK

1. Analyse the characteristics and uses of the unicast, broadcast and multicast IPv4 addresses.
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2. Explain the structure of an IPv4 address including the network portion, the host portion, and
the subnet mask.
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3. Contrast types of IPv6 network addresses.
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4. What is subnetting?

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F. OBSERVATION / PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

G. CONCLUSION

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LABORATORY EXERCISE 6
DATE……………………
TITLE: UNDERSTAND BASIC SWITCH CONFIGURATION

A: THEORY:

The switch is a network device that is used to segment the networks into different subnetworks called
subnets or LAN segments. It is responsible for filtering and forwarding the packets between LAN
segments based on the MAC address.

In this practical lab, we will see the switch configuration in the Cisco packet tracer.

Steps to Configure the Switch:

Step 1. Open the packet tracer desktop and take a switch (PT-Switch) from the devices.

Step 2: Configure the Host name of the swicth0.

 Click on switch0 and go to Command Line Interface.

 Then change the hostname to "sh"

Command:

switch>

switch>en

switch#conf t

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switch(config)#hostname sh

sh(config)exit

Step 3: Set a message of the day (MOTD) banner for the users.

Command:

sh(config)#banner motd $

 Then, enter MOTD and end it with '$' to exit.

Step 4: Set up line control password and enable secret password.

To configure the Line Control password and Enable secret follow the below commands:

sh#conf t

sh(config)#

sh(config)#line con 0

sh(config-line)#password GFG123

sh(config-line)#login

sh(config-line)#exit

sh(config)#enable secret GFG@123

sh(config)#exit
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Step 5: Verify the password

 When you try to log in first, it will ask for the line control password.

 Then, to configure the terminal it will ask to enable a secret password.

To save the configuration use the below command:

Command: sh#copy run startup-config

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D: PROCEDURE

User EXEC Mode:

• Allows access to only a limited number of basic monitoring commands

• Identified by the CLI prompt that ends with the > symbol

Privileged EXEC Mode:

Allows access to all commands and features

Identified by the CLI prompt that ends with the # symbol

Basic Device Configuration

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• The first configuration command on any device should be to give it a unique hostname.

• By default, all devices are assigned a factory default name. For example, a Cisco IOS
switch is "Switch.”

• Guideline for naming devices:

• Start with a letter

• Contain no spaces

• End with a letter or digit

• Use only letters, digits, and dashes

• Be less than 64 characters in length

Save Configurations Files

 There are two system files that store the device configuration:

• startup-config - This is the saved configuration file that is stored in

NVRAM. It contains all the commands that will be used by the device
upon startup or reboot. Flash does not lose its contents when the device is
powered off.

• running-config - This is stored in Random Access Memory (RAM). It

reflects the current configuration. Modifying a running configuration
affects the operation of a Cisco device immediately. RAM is volatile
memory. It loses all of its content when the device is powered off or
restarted.

To save changes made to the running configuration to the startup configuration file, use
the copy running-config startup-config privileged EXEC mode command

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E: CLASS ACTIVITY/ TASK

1. Explain how to access IOS or VRP device for configuration purposes.

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3. Explain IOS or VRP commands to save the running configuration

F. OBSERVATION / PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

G. CONCLUSION

LABORATORY EXERCISE 7
DATE……………………………..
TITLE: UNDERSTAND BASIC ROUTER CONFIGURATION

A: THEORY:

Routing is the method of selecting a network packet path over the Internet or between or through
multiple networks. Routing is conducted on many kinds of networks, including circuit-switched
networks, such as public switched telephone networks (PSTN), and computer networks, such as the
Internet.

In this article, we will see configure the router in Cisco Packet Tracer.

Steps to Configure the Router:

Step 1. Open the packet tracer desktop and take a Router (2911) and PC0 from the devices.

 Connect the router0 with PC0 with the help of a console cable.

 Then, click on PC0 and go to the terminal, and type y.

 Finally, we can configure the router with the help of a PC.

Step 2: Configure the Host name of the router0.

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 Click on PC0 and go to the terminal.

 Then change the hostname to "r1"

router>
router>en
router#conf t
router(config)#hostname r1

r1(config)exit

Step 3: Set a message of the day (MOTD) banner for the users.

r1(config)#banner motd $

then, enter MOTD and end it with '$' to exit.

r1(config)#banner motd $

Enter TEXT message. End with the character '$'.

Unauthorised access is strictly prohibited

Step 4: setting up line control password and enable secret password

To configure the Line Control password and Enable secret follow the below commands:

r1#conf t

r1(config)#

r1(config)#line con 0

r1(config-line)#password GFG123

r1(config-line)#login

r1(config-line)#exit

r1(config-line)#enable password cisco

r1(config)#enable secret GFG@123

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r1(config)#service password-encryption

sh(config)#exit

Step 5: Verifying password

 When you try to log in first, it will ask for the line control password.

 Then, to configure the terminal it will ask to enable a secret password.

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To save the configuration use the below command:

r1#copy run startup-config

B: EQUIPMENT USED
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C: OBJECTIVE(S)
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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE NCC 311

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38

D: PROCEDURE

Router(config)# hostname hostname

Router(config)# enable secret password

.
Router(config)# line console 0
Router(config-line)# password password
Router(config-line)# login
Router(config)# line vty 0 4
Router(config-line)# password password
Router(config-line)# login
Router(config-line)# transport
Router(config)# service input
password {ssh | telnet}
encryption

Router(config)# banner motd # message #

Router(config)# end
Router# copy running-config startup-config

Basic Router Configuration Steps

• Configure the device name.

• Secure privileged EXEC mode.

• Secure user EXEC mode.

• Secure remote Telnet / SSH access.

• Encrypt all plaintext passwords.

• Provide legal notification and save the configuration.

E: CLASS ACTIVITY/ TASK

1. Explain how to access IOS or VRP device for configuration purposes.
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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE NCC 311
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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE NCC 311
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40

2. Explain IOS or VRP device using CLI.

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE NCC 311

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41

3. Describe how you could use the CLI to configure a router.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE NCC 311

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42

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4. Describe how you could use the CLI to configure a switch

F. OBSERVATION / PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

G. CONCLUSION

LABORATORY EXERCISE 8
DATE……………………………..
TITLE: UNDERSTAND NETWORK SECURITY FUNDAMENTALS

A: THEORY:

Attacks on a network can be devastating and can result in a loss of time and money due to damage,
or theft of important information or assets. Intruders can gain access to a network through software
vulnerabilities, hardware attacks, or through guessing someone's username and password. Intruders
who gain access by modifying software or exploiting software vulnerabilities are called threat
actors.
After the threat actor gains access to the network, four types of threats may arise:
• Information Theft
• Data Loss and manipulation
• Identity Theft
• Disruption of Service
Vulnerability is the degree of weakness in a network or a device. Some degree of vulnerability is
inherent in routers, switches, desktops, servers, and even security devices. Typically, the network
devices under attack are the endpoints, such as servers and desktop computers.
There are three primary vulnerabilities or weaknesses:
Technological Vulnerabilities might include TCP/IP Protocol weaknesses, Operating System
Weaknesses, and Network Equipment weaknesses.
Configuration Vulnerabilities might include unsecured user accounts, system accounts with easily
guessed passwords, misconfigured internet services, unsecure default settings, and misconfigured
network equipment.
Security Policy Vulnerabilities might include lack of a written security policy, politics, lack of
authentication continuity, logical access controls not applied, software and hardware installation
and changes not following policy, and a nonexistent disaster recovery plan.
All three of these sources of vulnerabilities can leave a network or device open to various attacks,
including malicious code attacks and network attacks.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE NCC 311

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D: PROCEDURE

Network Attack Mitigations

To mitigate network attacks, you must first secure devices including routers, switches, servers, and
hosts. Most organizations employ a defense-in-depth approach (also known as a layered approach) to
security. This requires a combination of networking devices and services working in tandem.
Several security devices and services are implemented to protect an organization’s users and assets
against TCP/IP threats:
• VPN • ASA Firewall
• IPS
• ESA/WSA
• AAA Server

E: CLASS ACTIVITY/ TASK

1. Explain why basic security measures are necessary on network device

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE NCC 311
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2. List and explain general security mitigation techniques.

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE NCC 311

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3. Explain network devices with device hardening features to mitigate security threats.

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4. Configure secure passwords and SSH on network devices

F. OBSERVATION / PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

G. CONCLUSION

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE NCC 311

NETWORKING ESSENTIALS
50

LABORATORY EXERCISE 9
DATE……………………………..
TITLE: KNOW HOW TO BUILD SMALL NETWORKS

A: THEORY:

Device Selection for a Small Network

Like large networks, small networks require planning and design to meet user requirements.
Planning ensures that all requirements, cost factors, and deployment options are given due
consideration. One of the first design considerations is the type of intermediary devices to use to
support the network.
Factors that must be considered when selecting network devices include:
• cost
• speed and types of ports/interfaces
• expandability
• operating system features and services
When implementing a network, create an IP addressing scheme and use it. All hosts and devices
within an internetwork must have a unique address. Devices that will factor into the IP addressing
scheme include the following:
• End user devices - The number and type of connections (i.e., wired, wireless, remote
access)
• Servers and peripherals devices (e.g., printers and security cameras)
• Intermediary devices including switches and access points
It is recommended that you plan, document, and maintain an IP addressing scheme based on device
type. The use of a planned IP addressing scheme makes it easier to identify a type of device and to
troubleshoot problems.

C: OBJECTIVE
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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE NCC 311
NETWORKING ESSENTIALS
51

D: PROCEDURE

Whether your network is small and new, or you are scaling an existing network, you will always want to be
able to verify that your components are properly connected to each other and to the internet.

• The ping command, available on most operating systems, is the most effective way to quickly
test Layer 3 connectivity between a source and destination IP address.
The ping command uses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo (ICMP Type 8) and
echo reply (ICMP Type 0) messages

The Cisco IOS offers an "extended" mode of the ping command.

Extended ping is entered in privileged EXEC mode by typing ping without a destination IP address.
You will then be given several prompts to customize the extended ping.

Note: Pressing Enter accepts the indicated default values. The ping ipv6 command is used for IPv6
extended pings.

E: CLASS ACTIVITY/ TASK

1. Explain the devices used in a small network.
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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE NCC 311
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2. Explain the protocols and applications used in a small network

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE NCC 311

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3. Design a small network, and use ping and traceroute to test for latency and connectivity.
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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE NCC 311

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F. OBSERVATION / PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

G. CONCLUSION

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE NCC 311
NETWORKING ESSENTIALS

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