CHAPTER 4

PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND

VARIATION
SL QUESTIONS
NO MCQ
1 In a dihybrid cross, if you get 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
ratio it denotes that
(a) the alleles of two genes are interacting
with each other
(b) it is a multigenic inheritance
(c) it is a case of multiple allelism
(d) the alleles of two genes are
segregating independently.
ANS:(d) the alleles of two genes are
segregating independently.
2 Select the incorrect match from the
following;
Human Karyotype
Characters
(a)44+XO Ovaries
are rudimentary
(b)44+XXY
 Gynaecomastia
( c)45+XX Normal
female
(d)44+XY Normal
male
Ans:( c)45+XX Normal
female
3 A Snapdragon plant bearing pink colour
flowers is crossed with a Snapdragon
plant bearing white colour flowers. Their
F1 progeny will show :
a) 25% Red : 50% Pink : 25% White
b) 50% Red : 50% White
c) 50% Pink : 50% White
d) 25% Pink : 50% Red : 25% White
ANS:c) 50% Pink : 50% White
4 Which one of the following chromosomal
event will not cause genetic variation
amongst the off springs?
a)Mutation b) Crossing over
c)Linkage d)Independent
assortment
 ANS:(b)Linkage
5 What should be the genotype of the
indicated member?

a) AA
b) Aa
c) XY
d) aa
ANS:(d)aa
6 A single gene that can exhibit multiple
phenotypic expression.
a)Polygenic inheritance
b)Incomplete dominance
c)Pleiotropism
d)Multiple allelism
Ans: c)Pleiotropism
7 Failure of segregation of chomatids
during cell division cycle results in the
gain or loss of a chromosome(s) is called
a) Female heterogamety b)
 Male heterogamety
c) Aneuploidy d)
None of the above
ANS:c) Aneuploidy
8 Which of the following crosses will give
tall and dwarf pea plants in same
proportions ?
a) TT × tt
b) Tt × tt
c) TT × Tt
d) tt × tt
ANS: b) Tt × tt
9 What can be the blood group of
offspring when both parents have AB
blood group ?
(a) AB only
(b) A, B and AB
(c) A, B, AB and O
(d) A and B only
Ans:b) A, B and AB
10 A relevant portion of β-chain of
 haemoglobin of 4 human beings is given
[Link] the one who is suffering
from sickle cell anaemia

a) b)

b) d)
Ans:b)
11 What could be the percentage of
phenotypes in a typical dihybrid cross?
a)56.25%: 18.75%: 18.75%: 6.25%
b)50%:25%:18.75:6.25
c)43.75%:31.25%:18.75%:6.25
d)50%:18.75%:25%:6.25%
ANS:a)56.25%: 18.75%: 18.75%:
6.25%
12 The map distance between in certain
organism between gene A and B is 4
units, B and C is 2 units and between C
and D is 8 [Link] one of thses
 gene pairs will show more
recombination frequency.
a) Between A and B
b)Between C and D
c )Between B and C
d)None of the above
ANS:b)Between C and D
13 Which of the following conditions
correctly describes the manner of
determining the sex in the given
options?
a) Homozygous sex chromosomes
(ZZ)determine female sex in birds.
b) XO type of chromosomes
determine male sex in grasshoppers.
c) XO condition in human determines
female sex.
d) Homozygous sex
 chromosomes(XX)produce male in
Drosophila.
ANS: b)XO type of chromosomes
determine male sex in grasshoppers.
14 Match List I with List II :
List I List II
th
A Down’s I 11 chromosome
Syndrome
B Klinefelter’s II 16th chromosome
Syndrome
Cα III X chromosome
Thalassemia
st
DΒ I 21 Chromosome
Thalassemia V
Choose the correct answer from the
options given below :
a) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV b)A-II, B-III,
C-IV, D-I
b) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II d) A-IV, B-III,
C-II, D-I
 ANS:d) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I
15 What kind of sex-determination
system is present in honey bees?
a) Haplodiploid b)
Haploid
c) Diploid d) XY
type
ANS:a) Haplodiploid
ASSERTION REASONING
Question No. 1 to 10 consist of two
statements – Assertion (A) and
Reason (R). Answer these
questions selecting the appropriate
option given below:
a) Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true and R is not
the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
1 Assertion(A):In birds the sex of the
offspring is determined by females.
Reason(R):Female are heterogametic
while male are homogametic.
ANS:a) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A.
2 Assertion(A):Phenylketonuria is an
autosomal recessive genetic disorder.
Reason(R):It is caused due to lack of
an enzyme that converts
phenylalanine into tyrosine.
ANS:a) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A.
3

Assertion (A): In thalassemia, an

abnormal myoglobin chain is
synthesised due to a gene defect
Reason (R): α- thalassemia is
controlled by genes HBA1 and HBA2
on chromosome 16.
 ANS:d) A is false but R is true
4

Assertion(A): Sickle cell anemia is an

autosomal recessive trait.
Reason(R): It is transmitted from
parents to the offsprings even when one
partner is the carrier for the disease.
ANS:c) A is true but R is false.
5 Assertion(A):Test cross is the cross
between unknown genotype with
recessive parent.
Reason(R):It has no significance.
ANS:c) A is true but R is false.
6 Assertion(A):ABO Blood grouping in
human is an example for multiple
allelism.
Reason(R):Blood grouping in human is
controlled by a single gene I and it has
2 alleles IA and IB.
ANS:c) A is true but R is false.
7 Assertion(A):In Antirrhinum,selfing of
F1 pink flower plant produces same
phenotypic and genotypic ratio.
Reason(R):Flower colour shows
incomplete dominance.
ANS:a) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A.
8 Assertion(A):Pairing and separation of
pair of chromosomes would lead to
segregation of a pair of factors they
carried.
Reason(R):Two alleles of a gene pair
are located on similar sites on non-
homologous chromosomes.
ANS:c) A is true but R is false.
9 Assertion(A):The law of Independent
Assortment can be studied by means
of Dihybrid cross.
Reason(R):The law of Independent
assortment is applicable only to
linkages.
 ANS:c) A is true but R is false.
10 Assertion: Down’s syndrome is the
genetic disorder caused due to the
presence of additional copy of X
chromosome.
Reason: The affected individual is
short statured with small round
head,furrowed tongue and partially
opened mouth.
ANS:d) A is false but R is true.
2
MARKS
1 Mendel Conducted mono hybrid
crosses in Garden pea plants with
contrasting characters and he reached
in some principles related to the
inheritance of one gene.
a)Name the laws of inheritance
postulated by Mendel based on his
observations on monohybrid crosses.
b)List out the main concepts in the
 first law of inheritance.
ANS:a)Law of dominance and law of
segregation
[Link] are controlled by a
discrete unit called factor.
Factors always occur in a pair.
In a dissimilar pair, the dominant allele
suppress the recessive one and
express itself.
2 Study the figures given below and
answer the question.

Identify in which of the crosses is the

strength of linkage between the genes
higher.
Give reasons in support of your
answer.
ANS:In CrossA
 Because the genes are closely placed.
Lesser the distance
3 Why are sex linked recessive traits
more common in males than in
females?Explain with an example.
● ANS:Sex-linked traits are more
common in males than in females
because males have only one X
chromosome, meaning any
recessive allele on that
chromosome will be expressed. In
contrast, females have two X
chromosomes and require two
copies of a recessive allele to
express the trait.
For example colourblindness is a sex
linked recessive [Link] gene for
colour blindness is located on the X
[Link] a female even if one X
chromosome carries the allele for
colour blindness,she will be a
 [Link] male has only one X
chromosome so he will be affected.
4 The diagram below shows the
sequence of amino acids in part of a
haemoglobin molecule.

a)If the base T* was substituted with

A, how would it affect the
haemoglobin chain?
b) Name the condition and the effects
associated with the above
substitution.
ANS;
CTT would become CAT which codes
for valine.
Thus ,valine would replace glutamic
acid at that point and causes point
 mutation.
5 Name one trait each in humans & in
drosophila whose genes are located
on sex chromosome.
Ans. Humans – Colorblindness
Drosophila – Eye colour
6 By using a Punnett square depict the
genotype and phenotype of test
crosses(where green pod colour(G) is
dominant over yellow pod colour(g)in
garden pea with unknown genotype.
Case 1 (Hetrozygous dominant)
(Male)Green pod * Yellow Pod
(Female)
ANS: Gg * gg Female
♂ Gg
♀
g Gg
g g
 Phenotype: 50%
green & 50%
yellow colour pod

Case 2(Homozygous Dominant)

♂ G
♀
g G
g
Phenotype:All green pods.
7 Study the given figure and answer the
questions that follow.

a)Name disorder that is shown in the

figure.
 b) How is this disorder inherited?
c)What is the cause of this disease?
d)What are the possible phenotypes of
children born to a couple of Carrier
woman and sickle celled man.
ANS:
(a) Sickle cell anemia.
(b) Inherited as Autosome linked
recessive trait.
(c) Substitution of Glutamic acid by
Valine at the sixth position of the beta
globin chain of the hemoglobin
molecule.
d) Carrier and Sickle celled children.
8 Two children one with blood group
‘AB’ and other with blood group ‘O’
are born to parents,
where the father has blood group ‘A’
and the mother has blood group ‘B’.
Work out
a cross to show how is it possible ?
 ANS:

9 Thalassemia is an autosomal recessive

disorder that causes anaemic
conditions in an individual. A blood
smear from a heterozygous individual
shows blood cells that are small, pale
and irregularly shaped along with
normal RBCs.
(a) State the genotypic and phenotypic
ratios of offspring born to a carrier
mother and
a thalassemic father.
(b) Does the allele for thalassemia
exhibit codominance? Justify.
ANS:(a)Genotypic ratio: 1:1 ratio of
 carriers:affected
- Phenotypic ratio: 50% will not show
major symptoms while 50% will show
the symptoms.
(b)Yes
Since both proteins are
produced/both types of RBCs are
visible, it is codominance.
10 Although Haemophilia and sickle cell
anemia are two blood related
Mendelian disorders, yet, they differ in
their pattern of inheritance. State any
two differences.
ANS:
S HAEMOPHILIA SICKLE CELL
N ANEMIA
O
1 It is sex linked It is an autosomal
 recessive linked recessive
disorder. disorder.
2 Haemophilia Sickle cell affects
predominantly both the sexes
affects male. equally.
3
MARK
1. Given below is the pedigree of a family
for a trait.

Identify the mode of inheritance of the

trait. Give a reason(s) to support your
answer.
Choose the correct answer to
complete the following sentence:
Colour blindness is a sex-linked
 condition. However, a
(heterozygous/homozygous)
(male/female) will always have normal
vision.
ANS:(a) X-linked recessive disorder
The affected mother has all affected
male children but female children are
not affected.
(b) heterozygous, female
2 A woman with O blood group marries
a man with AB blood group
(i) work out all the possible
phenotypes and genotypes of the
progeny.
(ii) Describe the kind of dominance in
the parents and the progeny in this
case.
ANS:(i) ♀‘O’ * AB ♂
ii IAIB
♂ IA IB
 ♀
i IAi IB
i
Phenotype of progeny A group and B group

Genotype A
I i and IBi
ii)Female exhibits recessive
[Link] exhibits codominance.
Progenies show complete
dominance.
3 (a) State two points of difference
between aneuploidy and polyploidy.
(b) Failure in which phase of cell
division can cause the conditions
mentioned in (a)?
ANS:Aneuploidy is the loss or gain of
an extra chromosome whereas
polyploidy is
the gain of an entire chromosome
set(s).
- Aneuploidy is common in humans
whereas polyploidy is common in
 plants.(1M)
(b)Aneuploidy - anaphase .
4 With reference to flower colour two
independent crosses were made, one
between true breeding garden pea
plants and another between true
breeding Antirrhinum plants. Write
the phenotypes of their F1-progeny.
Justify your answer giving reason.

ANS:

5 Three crosses were carried out in pea

plants with respect to flower colour
violet/white (V/v) and flower position
axial/terminal (A/a). Study in the table
the crosses ‘a’ ‘b’and ‘c’ where
parental phenotypes and their
F1progeny phenotypes are given.
Parental F1 Progeny
plants(Phenotype) (Phenotypes)
(a) Violet, terminal 1/4 white, axial
white, axial 1/4 white, terminal
1/4violet, terminal
1/4 violet, axial
(b) Violet, axial 1/4 violet, axial
white, terminal 1/4 violet, terminal
1/4 white, axial
1/4 white, terminal
(c) Violet, axial 3/4 violet, axial
violet, axial 1/4 white, axial
Find the genotypes of each of the
parental pairs of crosses ‘a’ ‘b’ and’c’.
Ans:
a)Vvaa × vvAa
b)Violet, axial × White, terminal
 Parents are heterozygous dominant
× homozygous recessive.
VvAa × vvaa
c )Violet, axial × Violet, axial
heterozygous for flower colour and
homozygous dominant for flower
position VvAA × VvAA
6 Differentiate between Dominance, Codominance
and Incomplete dominance.
Ans;Dominance – In heterozygous pair of gene
dominant allele is expressed over the recessive
allele/ F1 progeny resemble either of the two
parents which is dominant.
Codominance – In a pair of genes when both
alleles express themselves/ F1generation(one of
the progeny) resembles both the parents.
Example AB blood group in human
Incomplete dominance – When in heterozygous
state none of the allele is able to express itself
completely and phenotype is in between/
Phenotype of F1 progeny is in between the two
parent.
Example: Flower colour in Antirrhinum plant.
7 Answer the following questions with respect to
the sex determining mechanism observed in
honey bees.
(a) Name the type of sex determination system
observed in honey bees.
(b) Fill in the blanks (i), (ii) and (iii) in the given
question.
(c )What will be the sex and chromosome number
of the progeny formed from the unfertilised eggs
of honey bee ?
Parant Male
Type of cell division
---------------------------------
involved during
------
gamete formation in
males
Number of (ii)------------------------------
chromosomes in the --------------
gametes
Number of (iii)-----------------------------
chromosomes in the ---------------
diploid
cell of the progeny
ANS:(a) Haplo-diploid sex determination
mechanism
(b)
(i) Mitosis
(ii) 16
(iii) 32
(c) Sex: Male
 Chromosome Number: 16
8 Thomas Hunt Morgan carried out several dihybrid
crosses in Drosophila melanogaster to study
genes that were sex linked.
(a) Give four major reasons for using the tiny fruit
flies by Morgan for his experiments.
(b) How did Morgan and his group explain the
physical association of
the two genes on a chromosome to the
frequency of recombination
between gene pairs on the same chromosome ?
ANS:Can be grown on simple synthetic medium in
the laboratory
– Complete their life cycle in about two weeks /
short life cycle
– Single mating could produce a large number of
progeny
– There is a clear differentiation of the sexes/ the
male and female flies are easily
distinguishable/show sexual dimorphism
– It shows many heritable variations
– Inheritable variations can be observed under
low power microscope easily
(b) The tightly linked genes show very low
recombination frequencies whereas, loosely
linked genes show higher recombination
frequencies
9 Sickle cell anemia (allele a) is a disorder where
the RBCs stretch out and become thin as opposed
to the round normal (allele A) RBCs. A person
who is homozygous for normal RBCs marries a
person who is heterozygous for sickle cell RBCs.
What is the probability of the off-springs to be
homozygous for the sickle cell trait?
Blood from one of the off-springs was checked
and the microscopic image of its RBCs is shown
below.

What is the genotype of this individual?

(c) Based on the image shown, explain the type of
dominance exhibited by the sickle cell allele?
ANS:Probability of offspring being homozygous
 for sickle cell anemia - 0%
Heterozygous (HbAHbs) for sickle cell anemia.
co-dominance - as both parental alleles are
expressed in the offspring
10 (a) What is the mode of inheritance of traits
causing haemophilia?
(b) What would be the possibility of a female and
male child having haemophilia in the following
scenarios?
(i) the mother is a unaffected and the father is
affected
(ii) the mother is a carrier and the father is
unaffected.
ANS:
(a) X-linked recessive transmission.
(b)(i) male child: all will be unaffected
female child: all will be carriers
(ii) male child: half will be affected and half will be
unaffected
female child: half will be carriers and half will be
unaffected.
5 MARK
1 In shorthorn cattle, the coat colours red or white
are controlled by a single pair of alleles. A calf
which receives the allele for red coat from its
mother and the allele for white coat from its
father is called a 'roan'. It has an equal number of
red and white hairs in its coat.
a) Is this an example of codominance or of
incomplete dominance?
b) Give a reason for your answer.
c) With the help of genetic cross explain what will
be the consequent phenotype of the calf when
i. red is dominant over white
ii. red is incompletely dominant.
ANS:
a)Co dominance
b) Because both red and white alleles are equally
expressed in the heterozygous condition,
resulting in a roan coat (a mix of both red and
white hairs), rather than a blend or intermediate
color.
c)i Red is dominant over white
Let:
R = red allele (dominant)
r = white allele (recessive)
Cross:
Red (RR) × White (rr)
Punnett Square:
♂ R
♀
r Rr
Phenotype: red
 ii. Red is incompletely dominant over white
Let
R = red allele
r = white allele
In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous
condition (RR) produces a blended/intermediate
phenotype (e.g., pink or light red, not roan).
Cross: Red(Rr) × white(rr)
Punnett Square:
♂ R
♀
r R
r
2 (i)Why is sickle-cell anaemia, a human blood
disorder so named ?
(ii) Explain the genetic basis that results in the
expression of this disorder.
(iii) Work out a cross to explain how normal
parents may have a sickle cell anaemic child.
ANS:(i) The RBC in such patients takes up a sickle
shape instead of biconcave .
(ii) The defect is caused by the substitution of
Glutamic acid (Glu) by Valine(Val),at the Sixth
position of the beta globin chain of the
haemoglobin [Link] substitution of amino
acid in the globin protein results due to the single
 base substitution at the sixth codon of the beta
globin gene, from GAG to GUG.
(iii) Phenotype ♀ carrier * carrier♂
Genotype Hb A Hb s Hb A Hb s
Gametes Hb A Hb s
Hb A Hb A Hb A Hb A Hb s
Hb s Hb A Hb sHb s Hb s
Genotypes Hb A Hb A Hb A Hb s Hb s Hb s
Unaffected Carrier for Sickle cell anaemia
It is an autosomal recessive disorder.
3 Work out a dihybrid cross upto F2 generation
between pea plants bearing violet coloured axial
flowers and white coloured terminal flowers
using Punnet’s square. Give their F2 phenotypic
ratio.
State the Mendel’s law of inheritance that was
derived from such a cross.

Ans:

Violet and axial : Violet and terminal : White and

 axial : White and terminal
9 : 3 : 3
: 1
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment, when
two pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid
segregation of one pair of character is
independent of the other pair of characters.
CASE
BASED QUESTION
1 Organisms have fixed number of chromosomes.
where as any abnormality in the chromosome
number of an organism results into abnormal
[Link] example in humans 46 is the fixed
number of chromosomes both in male and
[Link] male it is 44+XY and in female it is
44+[Link] the human male is
[Link] produces 2 different types
gametes one withh 22+X chromosome and the
other with 22+Y chromosome [Link]
human females are [Link] eggs have
22+Xchromosome only.
Some times during meiosis non disjunction of
chromatis [Link] leads to chromosomal
[Link] fertilization it causes the
formation of abnormal individuals.
a)What is Aneupliody?
(1)
b)During spermatogenesis,if non disjunction of
chromatids occur during meiosis write the
different types of gametes with altered number
of chromosome that can be produced? (1)
c) A normal sperm (22+Y)is fertilized by an ovum
with with22+XX [Link] the genetic
disorder the offspring produced would suffer
from?Mention 2 symptoms of the disorder.(2)
(OR)
Name a common autosomal aneuploidy in
[Link] any 2 symptoms of this disorder.
(2)
ANS:
a) Gain or loss of chromosome due to failure of
segregation of chromatids during cell division
cycle is known as aneuploidy.
b) 22 + XY, 22 + 0
c) Klinefelter’s syndrome
Gynacomastia/ feminine development, sterile
individual, tall stature, overall masculine
development (Any two)
(OR)
Down’s Syndrome:
Short statured with small round head , furrowed
tongue , partially open mouth , broad palm with
 palm crease , physical/ psychomotor/mental
retardation , flat back of head , loops on finger
tips , congenital heart disease , big and wrinkled
tongue , broad flat face.(Any two)
2 Mendel’s studies mainly described those traits
that have distinct alternate forms such as flower
colour which are either purple or white. But if you
look around you will find that there are many
traits which are not so distinct in their occurrence
and are spread across a gradient. For example
human skin [Link] traits are generally
controlled by 3 or more genes and are called
polygenic traits. In a polygenic trait the
phenotype reflects the addictive effect of alleles.
When the relative frequency of the phenotypes in
the F2 generation of a polygenic cross is plotted,
a bell shaped curve appears as given below.
a)How many genes are involved in the trait
shown in the graph and how many phenotypes
have appeared?(1)
b)Mention the number of individuals with the
parental genotypes in the F2 generation.(1)
c)How does polygenic inheritance differ from
pleiotropy?(2)
(OR)
d)How does polygenic inheritance differ from
multiple allelism?(2)
ANS:a)3 Genes are involved and phenotypes
involved are 7.
b) Number of individuals with parental
genotypes in F₂ = 1 + 1 = 2 out of 64 individuals
c)Differences between polygenic inheritance
and pleiotropy
Polygenic inheritance Pleiotropy
A single trait is controlled A single gene affects
by multiple genes. multiple traits.
Example: Human skin Example: In pea plants,
color is influenced by the gene for starch
several genes. synthesis also affects
seed shape.
In Human
phenylketonuria

d) (OR)
Polygenic inheritance Multiple Allelism
A single trait is controlled Single gene having more
by multiple genes. than 2 alleles.
Traits show continuous Traits may show co-
variation (not just one or dominance or
a few distinct forms). dominance-recessive
Common examples: relationships.
Height, skin color, eye The ABO blood group
color in humans. system in humans is
determined by one gene
with three alleles: IA, IB,
and i.
3 Mala's family consists of her grandparents,
brother, sister and parents. Her parents are the
only offspring of her paternal and maternal
grandparents. She is the only one in her family
who has thalassemia. Of her 4 grandparents, her
maternal grandmother had thalassemia.
a)State the method she can use to analyse the
inheritance of thalassemia in her family.(1M)
b)What does the following symbol represent?
1(M)

c) Draw an illustration to show the pattern of

inheritance.(2M)
(OR)
d)What is the mode of inheritance? Justify your
answer.(2M)
ANS:(a) Pedigree analysis can be done to analyse
the inheritance of thalassemia in her
family.
b)Consanguineous mating.
c)

d)Autosome linked recessive trait

4 A gardener has been planting white flowers that
grow on the terminal ends of the plant in a
garden for several months. One day, a purple
flower along the terminal end of the plant grows.
The
Gardener wants to know if these flowers would
give rise only to purple terminal flowers if
pollinated.
She knows that purple axial alleles are recessive
over white terminal ones.
a) What are the possible genotypes of the new
purple flower that sprouted?
b) If she wants to use only one generation to
determine its genotype, what should she do?
c) With the help of a Punnett grid/s, help her
make inferences to arrive at the conclusion she
desires.
(OR)
d)What is a test cross?State its significance
ANS:
(a) wwTT - wwTt
(b) She will need to perform a test cross with a
purple axial flower that is homozygous recessive
for both alleles.
(c) Possibility 1: wwTt x wwtt

♂ wT wt
 ♀
wt wwTt ww
tt
- Inference: If the genotype of the unknown
flower is wwTt then only 50% progeny will have
purple terminal flowers.
Possibility 2: wwTT x wwtt
♂ wT
♀

wt wwTt
Inference: If the genotype of the unknown flower
is wwTT only then all progeny will have purple
terminal flowers.
d)It is the cross between unknown genotype with
recessive [Link] helps to find out the genotype
of an unknown organism.
5 Cystic fibrosis is a condition in which a defective
gene (consider allele c) produces faulty transport
channels that causes mucus to build up in the
ducts of different organs leading to vitamin
deficiency diseases, respiratory infections and
excessive loss of salt through sweat. Given below
is a pedigree chart for a family. The great-
grandmother, represented as I- 1, suffers from
cystic fibrosis.
a)Identify the type of expression of the cystic
fibrosis gene.
b)Give a reason to support your answer.
c)From the pedigree, deduce the pattern of
inheritance exhibited by the gene. Justify your
answer.
d)Identify the genotypes of II-2 and III-2
ANS:
a)Pleiotropy
b)One gene is affecting multiple organs and
therefore contributing to multiple phenotypes.
c) Recessive disorder. Expression of the trait is
skipping generations so it cannot be dominant.
(OR)
d) II-2 - Cc III-2 - Cc