Question 1
What is heat? State its S.I. unit.
Answer
Heat is a form of energy which flows from a hot body to a cold body when
they are kept in contact. This process of heat transfer continues till the
temperature of both the bodies becomes equal. The S.I. unit of heat is
joule(J).
Question 2
What is meant by the term temperature?
Answer
Temperature is a quantity which tells us the degree of hotness or coldness
of a body. When a body is heated its temperature rises and when it is
cooled its temperature falls.
Question 3
State the three units of temperature.
Answer
The three units of temperature are degree Celsius (°C), degree Fahrenheit
(°F) and Kelvin (K).
Question 4
Name the instrument used to measure the temperature of a body.
Answer
Thermometer is used to measure the temperature of a body.
Question 5
What is the Celsius scale of temperature?
Answer
On the Celsius scale the ice point is 0°C and the steam point is 100°C. The
interval between the ice point and steam point is divided into 100 equal
parts.
Question 6
What is the Fahrenheit scale of temperature?
Answer
On the Fahrenheit scale the ice point is 32°F and the steam point is 212°F.
The interval between the ice point and steam point is divided into 180 equal
parts.
Question 7
What is the Kelvin scale of temperature?
Answer
On Kelvin scale ice point is marked as 273 K and steam point is marked as
373 K. The interval between the ice point and steam point is divided into
100 equal parts. 0 K is the lowest possible temperature on this scale when
no molecular motion can occur.
Question 8
How are the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales inter-related?
Answer
°C/5 = (°F - 32)/9
Question 9
How is the size of a degree defined on a Celsius scale?
Answer
The interval between the ice point and steam point is divided into 100 equal
parts and each division is called a degree on a Celsius scale (1°C).
Question 10
How is the size of a degree defined on a Fahrenheit scale?
Answer
The interval between the ice point and steam point is divided into 180 equal
parts and each division is called a degree on a Fahrenheit scale (1°F).
Question 11
State the temperature of:
(i) ice point
(ii) steam point, on the Celsius scale.
Answer
(i) On the Celsius scale the ice point is 0°C.
(ii) On the Celsius scale the steam point is 100°C.
Question 12
Write down the temperature of:
(i) lower fixed point
(ii) upper fixed point, on the Fahrenheit scale.
Answer
(i) On the Fahrenheit scale, lower fixed point is 32°F.
(ii) On the Fahrenheit scale, upper fixed point is 212°F.
Question 13
The figure shows a glass tumbler containing hot milk which is placed in a
tub of cold water. State the direction in which heat will flow.
Answer
The heat will flow from hot milk glass tumbler to tub of cold water
Question 14
Write down the body temperature of a healthy person?
Answer
The body temperature of a healthy person is 37°C or 98.6°F.
Question 15
What do you understand by thermal expansion of a substance?
Answer
The expansion of a substance when heated is called thermal expansion.
Question 16
Why do telephone wires sag in summer?
Answer
Telephone wires sag in summer because they expand due to rise in
temperature during summer.
Question 17
Why are gaps left between successive rails on a railway track?
Answer
A little gap is left between successive rails on a railway track to allow
expansion of rails during summer otherwise rails will bend sideways.
Question 18
Why is a cement floor laid in small pieces with gaps in between?
Answer
In summer when temperature rises cement expand. So a cement floor is
laid in small pieces with gaps in between to allow expansion in summer and
contraction in winter, otherwise the cement floor will crack.
Question 19
State one application of thermal expansion of liquids.
Answer
Thermal expansion of liquids is used in the working of mercury
thermometer.
Question 20
State which expands more, when heated to the same temperature: solid,
liquid or gas?
Answer
Gas will expand more as compared to solid and liquid when heated to the
same temperature.
Question 21
Name the three modes of transfer of heat.
Answer
The three modes of transfer of heat are:
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
Question 22
Name the mode of transfer of heat in the following:
(a) solid
(b) liquid
(c) gas
(d) vacuum.
Answer
(a) conduction
(b) conduction and convection
(c) conduction and convection
(d) radiation
Question 23
Name a liquid which is a good conductor of heat.
Answer
Mercury
Question 24
Name a solid which is a good conductor of heat.
Answer
Copper
Question 25
Select good and bad conductors of heat from the following:
copper, mercury, wood, iron, air, saw-dust, cardboard, silver, plastic, wool.
Answer
Good conductors- copper, mercury, iron, silver,
Bad conductors- wood, sawdust, air, cardboard, plastic, wool.
Question 26
Why is an oven made of double walls with the space in between filled with
cork?
Answer
An oven is made of double walls with the space in between filled with cork
because cork is insulator of heat and prevent the heat of the oven to
escape.
Question 27
Why do we use cooking utensils made up of copper?
Answer
We use cooking utensils made up of copper because it is a very good
conductor of heat and gets heated up rapidly.
Question 28
Why is a tea kettle provided with an ebonite handle?
Answer
Ebonite is an insulator of heat. It does not pass heat from the tea kettle to
our hand, so we can hold the tea kettle comfortably by the handle.
Therefore, the tea kettle is provided with an ebonite handle.
Question 29
In summer, ice is kept wrapped in a gunny bag. Explain the reason.
Answer
The air filled in the fine pores of the gunny bag is insulator of heat. The air
does not allow heat from outside to pass through it to the ice thus
preventing the ice from melting rapidly. So in summer, ice is kept wrapped
in a gunny bag.
Question 30
State the direction of heat transfer by way of convection.
Answer
The transfer of heat is always vertically upwards in the process of
convection.
Question 31
Why is a ventilator provided in a room?
Answer
Ventilator is provided in a room for proper ventilation because when we
breathe out in a room it becomes warm and air inside the room becomes
impure. The warm air is less dense and rises up and moves out through the
ventilator. So cold, fresh air comes inside the room through windows to
take its place. Thus, the continuous circulation of fresh air keeps the air in
the room fresh.
Question 32
Why are chimneys provided over furnaces in factories?
Answer
Chimneys are provided over furnaces in factories because the hot gases
are less dense and rises up and comes out through the chimneys. Smoke,
fumes etc. around the furnace rush in to take their place and they are
sucked out. Thus chimneys remove undesired smoke, fumes from the
premises.
Question 33
Give one example of heat transfer by radiation.
Answer
We feel warm when we sit near fire. Heat from fire reaches us by radiation
process.
Long answer type question
Question 1
Draw a neat labelled diagram of a laboratory thermometer.
Answer
Labelled diagram of a laboratory thermometer is shown below:
Question 2
What do you understand by thermal expansion of a substance?
Answer
The expansion of a substance when heated is called thermal expansion.
Question 3
Iron rims are heated before they are fixed on the wooden wheels. Explain
the reason.
Answer
The iron rims are made slightly smaller in diameter than the wheel. So they
are heated because iron expands and is slipped over the wheel easily, so
that on cooling it contracts and makes a tight fit on the wheel.
Question 4
A glass stopper stuck in the neck of a bottle can be removed by pouring hot
water on the neck of the bottle. Explain why?
Answer
When hot water is poured on the neck of the bottle, the neck expands and
the glass stopper stuck in it gets space to loosen and then can be easily
removed.
Question 5
Describe one experiment to show that liquids expand on heating.
Answer
The following experiment demonstrates that liquids expand on heating:
1. Take an empty bottle with a tight fitting cork with a hole drilled in its
middle, a drinking straw, two bricks, a wire gauze and a burner.
2. Fill the bottle completely with water. Add few drops of ink to make it
coloured.
3. Fix the cork in the mouth of the bottle. Pass the drinking straw
through the cork. Put some molten wax around the hole to avoid
leakage of water.
4. Pour some more water in the drinking straw so that water level in the
straw can be seen. Mark the water level in the straw as shown in
figure.
5. Place the bottle on the wire gauze kept over the two bricks. Heat the
bottle using a burner as shown in figure.
6. Look at the level of water in the straw.
Conclusion — When water is heated more and more, the level of water in
the drinking straw rises. This shows that water expands on heating.
Question 6
Describe an experiment to show that air expands on heating.
Answer
The following experiment demonstrates that air expands on heating:
1. Take an empty bottle. The empty bottle contains air.
2. Attach a rubber balloon to its neck as shown in figure.
3. The balloon is deflated initially.
4. Place the bottle in a water bath containing boiling water. It heats the
air present in bottle.
5. After sometime it is noticed that the balloon gets inflated as shown in
figure.
Conclusion — This shows that on heating, air present inside bottle expands
and fills the balloon. So the balloon gets inflated. This shows that air
expands on heating.
Question 7
An empty glass bottle is fitted with a narrow tube at its mouth. The open
end of the tube is kept in a beaker containing water. When the bottle is
heated, bubbles of air are seen escaping into the water. Explain the reason.
Answer
The empty glass bottle is filled with air. When the bottle is heated, the air
inside the bottle expands and it escapes out through the tube into water
which is seen in the form of bubbles.
Question 8
What are good and bad conductors of heat? Give two examples of each.
Answer
The substances which allow heat to pass through them easily are called
good conductors of heat. Examples — silver, copper.
The substances which do not allow heat to pass through them easily are
called bad conductors of heat or insulators. Examples — wood, plastic.
Question 9
Explain why:
(a) we wear woollen clothes in winter?
(b) the water pipes are covered with cotton during very cold weather?
Answer
(a) Woollen clothes have fine pores which are filled with air and both wool
and air are insulators of heat. They do not allow the heat to escape through
them and keep us warm. So we wear woollen clothes in winter.
(b) Cotton has air trapped in its fine pores. Both cotton and air are
insulators of heat which do not pass heat from the water inside the pipes to
the outside atmosphere and prevents the water from freezing. So the water
pipes are covered with cotton during very cold weather
Question 10
What are land and sea breezes? Explain their formation.
Answer
During summer in places near the sea a breeze blows from land to sea
during night which is called land breeze and during the day time a breeze
blows from sea to land known as sea breeze. They are formed by the
process of convection.
Sea breeze — During day time, land becomes more warmer than sea. So
air above the land is warmer, less dense and rises up. Cold air from the sea
blows towards the land to take its place. This is called sea breeze.
Land breeze — During night, land cools much faster than sea. So sea
water is warmer than land and air above sea is also warmer. It rises up
being less dense and cold wind from land blows towards sea to take its
place. This is called land breeze.
Question 11
Explain briefly the process of heat transfer by radiation.
Answer
Radiation is the process of heat transfer in which heat directly passes from
one body at high temperature to another body at low temperature without
affecting the medium. In vacuum heat transfer occurs by radiation process.
We get heat from the sun by radiation.
Question 12
Draw a labelled diagram of a thermos flask. Explain how the transfer of
heat by conduction, convection and radiation is reduced to a minimum in it.
Answer
Labelled diagram of a thermos flask is shown below:
The vacuum present between the walls of
the bottle prevents transfer of heat by
conduction and convection. The shining
surface on the outer side of the inner wall
and inner side of the outer wall reduces
the transfer of heat by radiation. The cork
stopper prevents the transfer of heat by
convection. In this way the transfer of
heat by conduction, convection and
radiation is reduced to a minimum in it.
Think and answer.
Question 1
One end of a steel girder in a bridge is not fixed, but is kept on rollers. Give
the reason.
Answer
One end of a steel girder in a bridge is kept on rollers instead of fixing it in a
pillar because in summer or in winter when there is rise or fall in
temperature, the girder may expand or contract freely without affecting the
pillar or bridge.
Question 2
Why are quilts filled with fluffy cotton?
Answer
Cotton has air trapped in its fine pores. Both cotton and air are insulators of
heat which prevent heat from our body to escape and thus keep us warm.
So quilts are filled with fluffy cotton.
Question 3
Why is the freezing chest in a refrigerator fitted near its top?
Answer
The freezing chest in a refrigerator is fitted near its top because air in the
top when contact with the freezing chest gets cooled and become denser
and descends down. The hot air from lower part rises up thus convection
currents are [Link] cold air coming down from the cooling chest cools
the entire space along with the things present in the refrigerator.
Question 4
The bottom of a cooking utensil is painted black. Give the reason.
Answer
Black surface absorbs more heat and the contents inside cooking utensil
gets cooked rapidly, so the bottom of a cooking utensil is painted black.
Question 5
Why do we prefer to wear white or light coloured clothes in summer and
black or dark coloured clothes in winter?
Answer
We prefer to wear white or light coloured clothes in summer because white
clothes reflect most of the sun's heat and absorb very little of it, thus
keeping our body cool. But we wear black or dark coloured clothes in winter
because they absorb most of the heat of the sun and keep us warm.
Numericals
[Link] temperature of a body rises by 1°C. What is the corresponding rise
on the:
(a) Fahrenheit scale
(b) Kelvin scale?
Q2. The temperature rises by 18°F. What is the rise on the Celsius scale?
[Link] 5°F to the Celsius scale.
Q4. Convert 40°C to the:
(a) Fahrenheit scale
(b) Kelvin scale
Q5. Convert -40°F to the Celsius scale.