YA VIDYALAYA D
DRI IPAT
EN OL
IK I
R
RA
SH
NC
PM
HI
SESSION: 2025-26
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
TRANSFORMER
Submitted to: Submitted by:
Shri. Shubham Shukla Ajit Kumar
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Ajit Kumar
has successfully completed his/her Physics
project titled
TRANSFORMER
under the supervision and guidance of
Shubham Shukla
in the partial fulfilment of the Physics practical
assessment conducted during the academic year
2025-2026.
EXTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN CHARGE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my immense gratitude to
my Physics teacher Shubham Shukla for the help
and guidance he provided for completing this
project.
I also thank my parents who gave their ideas and
inputs in making this project. Most of all I thank
our school management, for providing us the
facilities and opportunity to do this project.
Lastly, I would like to thanks my classmates who
have done this project along with me. Their
support made this project fruitful.
Student Name – Ajit Kumar
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INDEX
PAGE NO. CONTENT
02 Certificate
03 Acknowledge
05 Topic
06 Introduction
07 Principle
08 Construction
09-11 Theory
12 Working
14 Material Required
15 Procedure
16 Observation
18 Application
19 Conclusion
20 Precaution
21 Bibliography
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TOPIC
Investigatory project on Transformer
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INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating
voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage into
a low aberrating voltage. It is a static electrical device that transfers
energy by inductive coupling herween its winding circuits.
Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling
transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing
hundreds of tons used in power plant substations or to interconnect
portions of the power grid. All operate on the same basic principles.
although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have
eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits,
transformers are still found in many electronic devices. Transformers
are essential for high-voltage electric power transmission, which
makes long-distance transmission economically practical. A
transformer is most widely used device in both low and high current
circuit. In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one
circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up
transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is
called a step-down transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an
essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
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PRINCIPLE
The electric transformer works on the fundamental
principle of electromagnetic induction, a concept first
discovered by Michael Faraday in the 19th century. The
transformer consists of two coils of wire, known as the
primary and secondary windings, which are usually
wound around a common magnetic core. When an
alternating current (AC) flows through the primary
winding, it generates a changing magnetic field around
the coil. According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction, this changing magnetic field induces an
electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary
winding. The key principle here is that the transformer
relies on the mutual induction between the primary
and secondary windings through the magnetic flux
linkage.
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CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made
of laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two
coils P & P and 5 & 5zare wound on the same core, but are
well insulated with each other. Note that the both the coils
are insulated from the core. the source of alternating e.m.f is
connected to P₁P₂, the primary coil and a load resistance R is
connected to S₁ S₂, the secondary coil through an open switch
S. thus there can be no current through the sec. coil so long
as the switch is open. For an ideal transformer, we assume
that the resistance of the primary & secondary winding is
negligible. Further, the energy loses due to magnetic the iron
core is also negligible. For operation at low frequency, we
may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining
thin iron strips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce
energy losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is called
primary. And the output circuit is called secondary.
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THEORY
Let:
• 𝑁𝑝 = number of turns in primary
• 𝑁𝑠 = number of turns in secondary
• 𝑉𝑝 , 𝑉𝑠 = primary and secondary voltages
• 𝐼𝑝 , 𝐼𝑠 = primary and secondary currents
Voltage Transformation Ratio
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠
=
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
Current Relation
𝐼𝑠 𝑁𝑝
=
𝐼𝑝 𝑁𝑠
Power Relation (Ideal Transformer)
𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠
Efficiency
Output Power
𝜂= × 100
Input Power
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Types of Transformers
1. Step-Up Transformer
o 𝑁𝑠 > 𝑁𝑝
o Used in power transmission
2. Step-Down Transformer
o 𝑁𝑠 < 𝑁𝑝
o Used in adapters and chargers
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Energy Losses in Transformer
• Copper loss
• Hysteresis loss
• Eddy current loss
• Flux leakage
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WORKING
When AC is applied to the primary coil, an alternating
magnetic flux is produced in the iron core. This flux
continuously changes in magnitude and direction and
links the secondary coil.
According to Faraday’s law, this changing flux induces
an alternating emf in the secondary coil. When a load is
connected, current flows and electrical energy is
transferred efficiently from the primary to the
secondary circuit.
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MATERIAL REQUIRED
Laminated soft iron core
Insulated copper wire
AC power supply
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Load (bulb/resistor)
Connecting wires
Switch
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PROCEDURE
1. Wind the primary and secondary coils on the iron
core.
2. Connect the primary coil to an AC supply through
a switch.
3. Connect the secondary coil to a voltmeter and
load.
4. Switch on the AC supply carefully.
5. Measure the primary and secondary voltages.
6. Verify the voltage ratio with turns ratio.
OBSERVATION
(N_p) (N_s) (V_p) (V) (V_s) (V)
200 400 6 12
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APPLICATION
➢ Power transmission and distribution
➢ Electric substations
➢ Mobile chargers and adapters
➢ Audio systems
➢ Medical equipment
➢ Industrial power supplies
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CONCLUSION
Transformers are essential components of
electrical power systems. They operate on the
principle of mutual induction and allow efficient
transmission of electrical energy by minimizing
power losses. Their wide range of applications
makes them indispensable in modern technology.
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PRECAUTION
• Always use AC supply
• Avoid overloading
• Ensure proper insulation
• Do not touch live wires
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. NCERT Physics Class XII
2. Pradeep’s Physics
3. CBSE Physics Lab Manual
4. Educational reference websites
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