CHEMISTRY PROJECT
On
STERILIZATION OF WATER USING
BLEACHING POWDER WHICH IS USED
TO PURIFY WATER AND MAKES IT FIT
FOR DRINKING.
PROJECT PREPARED BY:
________________________
Class : XII
Session : ________
Board’s Roll Number :
School name :
AIM
STERILIZATION OF WATER USING BLEACHING
POWDER WHICH IS USED TO PURIFY WATER
AND MAKES IT FIT FOR DRINKING.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr/Ms.........................................................................
of class twelve, ........................................................................................
has satisfactorily completed the project in Chemistry for the AISSCE as
prescribed by CBSE in the year ______________.
Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner
_______________________ _______________________
Acknowledgement
I thank my chemistry teacher................................ and .............................
for their guidance and support. I also thank my Principal
.............................. . I would also like to thank my parents and my sister
for encouraging me during this course of this project. Finally I would like
to thank CBSE for giving me this opportunity to undertake this project.
Signature of Student
_________________
INDEX
1. AIM
2. CERTIFICATE
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
4. INTRODUCTION
-Need of Water
-Purification of Water
-Need for a stable purification technique
5. THEORY
6. EXPERIMENT
-Aim
-Requirements
-Pre-Requisite Knowledge
-Procedure
7. RESULT
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Need of water
Water is an important and essential ingredient in our quest for survival on
this planet. It is very essential for carrying out various metabolic
processes in our body and also to carry out Hemoglobin throughout the
body. A daily average of 1 gallon per man is sufficient for drinking and
cooking purposes. A horse, bullock, or mule drinks about 11 gallons at a
time. standing up, an average allowance of 5 gallons should be given for
a man, and 10 gallons for a horse or a camel. An elephant drinks 25
gallons, each mule or ox drinks 6 to 8 gallons. These are minimum
quantities.
One cubic foot of water = 6 gallons (a gallon = 10 lbs.).
In order to fulfill such a huge demand of water, it needs to be purified and
supplied in an orderly and systematic way.
But with the increasing world population, the demand for drinking water
has also increased dramatically and therefore it is very essential to
identify resources of water from which we can use water for drinking
purposes. Many available resources of water do not have it in drinkable
form. Either the water contains excess of Calcium or Magnesium salts or
any other organic impurity or it simply contains foreign particles which
make it unfit and unsafe for Drinking.
Purification of Water
There are many methods for the purification of water. Some of them are
1. Boiling
2. Filtration
3. Bleaching powder treatment
4. SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection)
Boiling is perhaps the most commonly used water purification technique
in use today.
While in normal households it is an efficient technique; it cannot be used
for industrial and large scale purposes. It is because in normal
households, the water to be purified is very small in quantity and hence
the water loss due to evaporation is almost negligible. But in Industrial or
large scale purification of water the water loss due to evaporation will be
quite high and the amount of purified water obtained will be very less.
Filtration is also used for removing foreign particles from water. One
major drawback of this purification process is that it cannot be used for
removing foreign chemicals and impurities that are miscible with water.
Need for a stable purification technique
Therefore we need a purification technique which can be used anytime and
anywhere, and that it does not require the use of any third party content and
which is also economically feasible on both normal scale and large scale.
Hence we look at the method of purification of water using the technique of
treatment by bleaching powder commonly known as “Chlorination”.
THEORY
In 1854 it was discovered that a cholera epidemic spread through water. The
outbreak seemed less severe in areas where sand filters were installed. British
scientist John Snow found that the direct cause of the outbreak was water pump
contamination by sewage water. He applied Chlorine to purify the water, and this
paved the way for water disinfection. Since the water in the pump had tasted and
smelled normal, the conclusion was finally drawn that good taste and smell alone do
not guarantee safe drinking water. This discovery led to governments starting to
install municipal water filters (sand filters and chlorination), and hence the first
government regulation of public water.
Use of Bleaching Powder
Bleaching powder is a Calcium Hypochlorite. It is widely used for water
treatment and as a Bleaching agent. This chemical is considered to be
relatively stable and has greater availability chlorine than sodium Hypochlorite
(liquid bleach).
EXPERIMENT
Aim: To Determine the dosage of bleaching powder required for sterilization or
disinfection of different samples of water.
Requirements: Burette, titration flask, 100ml graduated cylinder, 250ml
measuring flask, weight box, glazed tile, glass wool. Bleaching Powder, Glass
wool, 0.1 N Na2S2O3 solution, 10% KI solution, different samples of water,
starch solution.
Pre-Requisite Knowledge:
1. A known mass of the given sample of bleaching powder is dissolved in water
to prepare a solution of known concentration. This solution contains dissolved
chlorine, liberated by the action of bleaching powder with water
CaOCl2 + H20 Ca(OH)2 + Cl2
2. The amount of Chlorine present in the above solution is determined by
treating a known volume of the above solution with excess of 10%
potassium iodide solution, when equivalent amount of Iodine is liberated. The
Iodine, thus liberated is then estimated by titrating it against a
standard solution of Sodium thiosulphate, using starch solution as
indicator.
2KI + CI2 2KCl + I2
2Na2S2O3 + I2 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
3. A known Volume of one of the given samples of water is treated with a
known volume of bleaching powder solution. The amount of residual
chlorine is determined by adding excess potassium iodide solution and
then titrating against standard sodium thiosulphate solution.
4. From the readings in steps 2 and 3, the amount of chlorine and hence
bleaching powder required for the disinfection of a given volume of the
given sample of water can be calculated.
Procedure:
1. Preparation of bleaching powder solution. Weigh accurately 2.5g of the
given sample of bleaching powder and transfer it to a 250ml conical
flask. Add about 100-150ml of distilled water. Stopper the flask and
shake it vigorously. The suspension thus obtained is filtered through
glass wool and the filtrate is diluted with water (in a measuring flask) to
make the volume 250ml. The solution obtained is 1% bleaching powder
solution.
2. Take 20ml of bleaching powder solution in a stoppered conical flask and
add it to 20ml of 10% KI solution. Stopper the flask and shake it
vigorously. Titrate this solution against 0.1N Na2S2O3 solution taken in
the burette. When the solution in the conical flask becomes light yellow in
color, add about 2ml starch solution. The solution now becomes blue in
colour. Continue titrating till the blue color just disappears. Repeat the
titration to get a set of three concordant readings.
3. Take 100ml of the water sample in a 250ml stoppered conical flask and
add it to 10ml of bleching powder solution. Then add 20ml of KI
solution and stopper the flask. Shake vigorously and titrate against
0.1N Na2S2O3 solution using starch solution as indicator as described
in step 2.
4. Repeat the step 3 with other samples of water and record the
observations.
Conclusion :
This is the convenient method of sterilizing water. It leaves no impurities and
there is no harmful effect if bleaching powder is taken in right amount. In this
way we can calculate the amount of bleaching powder required for any sample
of water and then take it in large amount if the water is to be disinfected in
large scale as in water works.
RESULT
This chemical can be used for sterilizing water by Using 5 drops of bleach per
each half gallon of water to be purified, and allowing it to sit undisturbed for
half an hour to make it safe for drinking.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. “Chemistry Projects”
[Link]
2. Calcium Hypochlorite
[Link]
3. Water Treatment
[Link]
4. Bleach
[Link]
Water Treatment:Continuous Chlorination
TEACHER’S REMARKS