By:- Gyanendra Bharti (PET)
Answer Key - Class XII Physical Education
Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (18 Marks)
Q. Answer Explanation
No.
1. a) 2N(N−1) This formula gives the total number of matches in a League
tournament (Round Robin) for any number of teams (N).
2. d) Isometric Isometric is a type of muscle contraction, not a postural
deformity.
3. b) Iron Iron is an essential component of Haemoglobin, which transports
oxygen in the blood.
4. c) Agility The Eight Foot Up & Go Test measures Agility and Dynamic
Balance in senior citizens.
5. c) Isometric In Isometric contraction, the muscle exerts force but the length
contraction does not change (e.g., pushing against a wall).
6. c) A is true but R The Overload Principle is true, but high training load without
is false. proper rest can lead to injury, so R is false.
7. b) Relative These are the three core components of the current
Energy understanding of the Female Athlete Triad (now often termed
Deficiency, RED-S).
Menstrual
Dysfunction,
Low Bone
Density
8. d) Self-Efficacy Self-Efficacy is the belief in one's own capability to execute a
specific course of action to attain a goal.
9. c) Coaching in a Institutional careers are those related to formal educational
University bodies (schools, colleges, universities).
10. a) (i)-3, (ii)-2, (i) Tadasana - Helps reduce Obesity. (ii) Paschimottanasana -
(iii)-4, (iv)-1 Regulates pancreas function, beneficial for Diabetes. (iii)
Bhujangasana - Corrects Kyphosis(hunchback). (iv) Ardha
Matsyendrasana - Helps manage Asthma.
11. b) Bye A Bye is a privilege given to a team, usually in a Knock-out
tournament, to skip the first round.
12. c) Impacted In an Impacted fracture, the fragments of the fractured bone are
Fracture firmly wedged together.
13. c) Third Law Newton's Third Law states: "To every action, there is always an
equal and opposite reaction."
14. a) Beside or 'Para' means 'beside' or 'parallel to', signifying its parallel
Parallel existence to the Olympics.
15. c) Water Water and roughage/fibre are non-nutritive components of the
diet, as they don't provide energy/calories, but are essential for
health.
16. b) Openness to The Big Five (OCEAN) are: Openness, Conscientiousness,
Experience Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
17. b) To treat and Therapeutic careers (e.g., Physiotherapist, Athletic Trainer) focus
rehabilitate on recovery and physical treatment.
injuries through
physical means.
18. c) Agility Agility is the ability to change direction quickly and efficiently
while maintaining control.
Section B: Very Short Answer Type Questions (10 Marks)
19. Differentiate between a Sprain and a Strain.
a. Sprain: It is an injury to the ligament (tissue connecting two bones) due to
overstretching or tearing, often around a joint (e.g., ankle sprain).
b. Strain: It is an injury to the muscle or tendon (tissue connecting muscle to
bone) due to overstretching or tearing (e.g., hamstring strain).
20. Calculate the number of Byes to be given if 15 teams are participating in a Knock-
out tournament. Show the working.
a. Number of Teams (N) = 15
b. Next Power of Two (2n) greater than 15 is 16 (which is 24).
c. Number of Byes = Next Power of Two - Number of Teams
d. Byes = 16−15=1
21. What are the two main types of Aggression in sports? Briefly explain each.
a. Hostile Aggression: The primary aim is to inflict injury or harm on another
person. The intent is purely destructive, and there is no goal of improving
performance (e.g., intentionally tripping an opponent after being scored
against).
b. Instrumental Aggression: The intention is to achieve a non-aggressive goal,
such as winning or gaining an advantage. The harm inflicted is a means to an
end, not the primary objective (e.g., a hard, legal tackle in football to win the
ball).
22. Briefly explain any two advantages of Physical Activities for Children with Special
Needs (CWSN).
a. Improved Motor Skills and Physical Fitness: Regular physical activity helps
CWSN develop better balance, coordination, strength, and endurance, which
enhances their daily living skills.
b. Enhanced Social Interaction and Self-Esteem: Participation in sports allows
CWSN to interact with peers (both with and without disabilities), reducing
feelings of isolation and significantly boosting their self-confidence and self-
worth.
23. Write down any two functions of the Organising Committee (Pre-meet) for a
sports event.
a. Formation of Various Sub-Committees: Establishing and assigning duties to
sub-committees like the Boarding and Lodging Committee, Finance
Committee, and Technical Committee.
b. Budgeting and Financial Planning: Estimating the total expenditure and
arranging for funds well in advance to ensure the smooth conduct of the event.
24. Briefly explain any two strategies to make physical activities accessible for
Children with Special Needs (CWSN).
a. Modified Equipment and Rules: Using lighter balls, lower nets, wider goals, or
simplified rules can help CWSN participate successfully, making the activity
suitable for their abilities.
b. Providing Adaptive/Assistive Devices: Using wheelchairs, hearing aids,
orthotic devices, or providing support from a dedicated helper/buddy to enable
participation in activities that would otherwise be inaccessible.
Section C: Short Answer Type Questions (15 Marks)
25. Explain the importance of a Balanced Diet for an athlete's performance. A
balanced diet is crucial for an athlete as it provides all the necessary nutrients in the
right proportions, which directly impacts performance, recovery, and overall health:
a. Energy Supply: Carbohydrates (primary fuel) and Fats (secondary fuel)
provide the energy needed for training and competition. Proper timing of intake
ensures optimal fuel stores (glycogen).
b. Muscle Repair and Growth: Proteins are essential for repairing muscle tissue
damaged during intense exercise and for building new muscle mass. This is
vital for recovery.
c. Regulation and Protection: Vitamins and Minerals (micronutrients) regulate
bodily processes, enzyme function, and hormone production. For example,
Iron for oxygen transport and Calcium for bone health are critical for endurance
and injury prevention.
d. Hydration: Adequate water intake is necessary for temperature regulation,
joint lubrication, and nutrient transport, preventing fatigue and heat illness.
e. Immunity: A well-balanced diet strengthens the immune system, helping
athletes fend off illness that could disrupt their training schedule.
26. Briefly explain the procedure for administering the Rikli and Jones Chair Stand
Test for measuring lower body strength in senior citizens. The Chair Stand Test
measures the functional lower body strength and endurance of senior citizens:
a. Starting Position: The subject sits in the middle of a chair placed against a
wall, with their feet flat on the floor, shoulder-width apart. The arms are
crossed over the chest.
b. Execution: On the command "Go," the subject must stand up completely (full
extension of the hips and knees) and then sit back down. They must perform
the action smoothly and quickly.
c. Procedure: The subject performs as many full stands as possible within 30
seconds. If the subject is more than half-way up when the time is called, it
counts as a repetition.
d. Scoring: The total number of complete chair stands executed correctly within
the 30-second time limit is recorded.
27. Discuss the application of Newton's First Law of Motion in sports with a suitable
example. Newton's First Law of Motion, the Law of Inertia, states that an object will
remain in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an
external net force.
a. Application: In sports, this means a resting object (like a football on the
penalty spot) will not move unless a player kicks it (external force). Similarly, a
body moving with a certain velocity will continue to move in that direction
unless an external force (gravity, air resistance, an opponent, or friction) acts
upon it.
b. Example (Running/Sprinting): When a sprinter begins a race, they must
overcome their inertia (state of rest) by applying a large internal force (muscle
contraction) against the ground. The force applied by the ground (reaction
force) propels the runner forward. Once moving, the runner must continuously
apply force to counteract external forces like air resistance and friction to
maintain or increase their speed.
28. Describe the physiological effects of exercise on the Muscular System. Regular
exercise brings about significant physiological adaptations in the muscular system:
a. Muscular Hypertrophy: Exercise, especially resistance training, leads to an
increase in the size of muscle fibres (hypertrophy) and thus an increase in
muscle mass and strength.
b. Increased Storage of Energy Sources: Muscles increase their capacity to
store Glycogen (stored carbohydrates) and ATP/Creatine Phosphate
(immediate energy sources), allowing for prolonged and more intense activity
before fatigue sets in.
c. Increased Capillarization: The density of capillaries (small blood vessels)
around the muscle fibres increases. This allows for a more efficient supply of
oxygen and nutrients to the working muscles and a quicker removal of waste
products like carbon dioxide and lactic acid.
d. Increased Mitochondria: The number and size of Mitochondria (the
'powerhouses' of the cell) increase in trained muscles. This enhances the
muscle's ability to use oxygen to produce energy (aerobic respiration),
improving endurance.
29. Describe the role of Self-Talk and Goal Setting as techniques for enhancing
performance in sports psychology.
a. Self-Talk: This refers to the inner dialogue or thoughts an athlete has with
themselves. It can be positive (e.g., "I can do this," "Keep pushing") or negative
(e.g., "I'm too tired," "I'll fail").
i. Role in Performance: Positive self-talk helps to control anxiety,
maintain focus, increase self-efficacy (belief in one's ability), and
motivate the athlete during challenging moments in competition or
training. It helps replace negative, distracting thoughts with
constructive, performance-related cues.
b. Goal Setting: This involves establishing specific, measurable, achievable,
relevant, and time-bound (SMART) objectives for performance.
i. Role in Performance: Goals provide direction and purpose to training.
Long-term goals provide the vision, while short-term goals (e.g., daily
training targets) act as stepping stones, increasing motivation and
commitment. It helps an athlete focus energy, persist through
difficulties, and objectively monitor progress.
30. List the common postural deformities related to the spinal column. Suggest one
corrective asana for one of the deformities. The common postural deformities
related to the spinal column are:
a. Kyphosis (Hunchback): An exaggerated outward curve of the thoracic spine,
leading to a hunched posture.
b. Lordosis (Hollow Back): An exaggerated inward curve of the lumbar spine
(lower back), making the abdomen protrude.
c. Scoliosis: A lateral (sideways) curve or deviation of the spine, often forming an
'S' or 'C' shape.
Corrective Asana Suggestion:
d. Deformity: Kyphosis
e. Corrective Asana: Bhujangasana (Cobra Pose). This asana involves arching
the back (extension) while lying on the stomach, which helps strengthen the
extensor muscles of the back and counteracts the flexion that causes
Kyphosis.
Section D: Case Study Based Questions (12 Marks)
Case Study 1: Sports Management
31. I. Which method is generally preferred for calculating the fixture of a League
Tournament when time is a major constraint? (1)
a. Staircase Method (It is faster to draw and uses a diagonal pattern). II. What is
the total number of matches that will be played in this tournament? Use the
appropriate formula. (1)
b. Formula: Matches = 2N(N−1)
c. Matches = 28(8−1) =28×7 =28 matches III. What is the key advantage of
conducting a League Tournament over a Knock-out Tournament? (1)
d. The "True Winner" is decided because every team gets a chance to play
against every other team, eliminating the chance factor. IV. Which committee
is responsible for the overall maintenance and preparation of the courts/fields
during the tournament? (1)
e. Grounds and Equipment Committee
Case Study 2: Sports Nutrition
32. I. Why are carbohydrates considered the primary fuel for a marathon runner? (1)
a. Carbohydrates are efficiently broken down into Glucose, which is stored as
Glycogen in muscles and the liver, providing the most readily available
energy source for high-intensity and prolonged endurance activities like
marathons. II. Differentiate between Macro and Micro nutrients. Give one
example of each. (1+1)
b. Macronutrients: Are needed by the body in large quantities (grams) and
provide energy (calories). Example: Protein, Carbohydrates, or Fats.
c. Micronutrients: Are needed by the body in small quantities (milligrams or
micrograms) and do not provide energy, but are vital for regulating bodily
functions. Example: Vitamins (e.g., Vitamin C) or Minerals (e.g., Iron). III. Which
condition, often linked to unhealthy dieting habits, involves a psychological
preoccupation with healthy eating to the detriment of health? (1)
d. Orthorexia Nervosa
Case Study 3: Biomechanics and CWSN
33. I. The stability of an athlete is mainly dependent on their Centre of Gravity (COG).
State the condition for maximum stability in an object or person. (1)
a. Maximum stability is achieved when the Centre of Gravity (COG) is low and
the Base of Support (BOS) is wide. II. Differentiate between Static and
Dynamic Equilibrium. Give one example from a sport for each. (1+1)
b. Static Equilibrium: The body is at rest and remains at rest. Example: An archer
holding a steady aim before releasing the arrow.
c. Dynamic Equilibrium: The body is in motion and remains steady while
moving. Example: A cyclist maintaining balance while riding. OR II. Why is the
concept of Inclusion in Sports essential for Children With Special Needs
(CWSN)? (3)
d. Inclusion is essential as it promotes equal opportunities and social
acceptance for CWSN. It allows them to participate alongside non-disabled
peers, fostering sense of belonging, reducing stigma, and facilitating the
development of crucial social, emotional, and cognitive skills that are vital
for overall development. III. Cerebral Palsy is a common disability among
CWSN. Which type of disability does it fall under? (1)
e. Physical/Motor Disability
Section E: Long Answer Type Questions (15 Marks)
34. Explain the concept of Yoga and detail five preventive and management asanas
for controlling Obesity.
Concept of Yoga
Yoga is an ancient Indian practice encompassing physical, mental, and spiritual disciplines. It
literally means "to join" or "to unite", aiming for the union of the individual consciousness
with the universal consciousness. It is a holistic lifestyle that includes:
a. Asanas (Physical Postures): To maintain physical health and tone muscles.
b. Pranayama (Breathing Techniques): To regulate breathing and control the life
force (Prana).
c. Dhyana (Meditation): To achieve mental clarity and focus. The regular
practice of Yoga is instrumental in achieving a harmonious balance between
the body, mind, and soul, and serves as a powerful tool for preventing and
managing lifestyle diseases.
Asanas for Controlling Obesity
Obesity is the accumulation of excess body fat. Regular practice of these asanas helps in
reducing fat, improving metabolism, and increasing energy expenditure:
d. Tadasana (Mountain Pose):
* **Procedure:** Stand tall, feet slightly apart. Raise the arms above the head and interlock
fingers. Raise the heels, balancing on the toes, while stretching the entire body upwards. Hold
for a few seconds.
* **Benefit:** Tones the abdominal muscles, strengthens the spine, and improves overall
body posture, aiding in weight management.
2. **Katichakrasana (Waist Rotating Pose):**
* **Procedure:** Stand with feet shoulder-width apart. Raise the arms to shoulder level.
Twist the waist/trunk to the right, looking back over the shoulder. Repeat on the left side.
* **Benefit:** Helps reduce fat around the waist and hips by stretching and contracting the
abdominal region.
3. **Padahastasana (Hand to Foot Pose):**
* **Procedure:** Stand straight. Exhale and bend forward from the hips, keeping the back
straight, and try to touch the floor/feet with hands. Do not force the knees to lock.
* **Benefit:** Compresses the abdomen, stimulating the digestive organs and improving
digestion, which is crucial for managing weight.
4. **Ardha Matsyendrasana (Half Lord of the Fishes Pose):**
* **Procedure:** Sit with legs extended. Bend the right leg and place the foot outside the left
knee. Place the right hand behind the back and wrap the left arm around the right knee,
twisting the trunk to the right.
* **Benefit:** Stimulates the digestive fire and massages the abdominal organs (pancreas,
liver, kidneys), which improves metabolism and aids in detoxification, thereby supporting
weight loss.
5. **Vajrasana (Thunderbolt Pose):**
* **Procedure:** Kneel down, with the feet touching each other and the big toes crossed. Sit
back so the buttocks rest on the heels. Keep the spine erect.
* **Benefit:** The only asana that can be done immediately after a meal. It improves blood
circulation to the abdominal area, significantly aiding digestion and preventing the
accumulation of fat.
35. What is Motivation in sports? Describe in detail the two types of motivation
(Intrinsic and Extrinsic) with suitable examples.
Concept of Motivation
Motivation is the internal state or condition that activates and gives direction to an athlete's
behavior. It is the driving force that determines an athlete's desire to participate, train hard,
persist through challenges, and strive for excellence. It answers the question, "Why do I play
or train?"
Types of Motivation
1. Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation refers to motivation that comes from within the individual. The reward
for participation is the enjoyment, satisfaction, and inherent pleasure derived from the activity
itself.
a. Source: Internal desires, personal interest, and enjoyment of the task.
b. Characteristics: It is often more powerful and sustainable than extrinsic
motivation. It leads to greater persistence, creativity, and love for the sport.
c. Examples:
i. Playing basketball simply because the athlete enjoys the feeling of
movement and competition.
ii. A runner training every day because they find personal satisfaction in
improving their time and pushing their physical limits.
iii. The joy and sense of accomplishment derived from mastering a
difficult skill (e.g., a complex gymnastics routine).
2. Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation refers to motivation that comes from external sources or rewards. The
driving force is not the activity itself, but the tangible or intangible rewards received upon
successful performance.
d. Source: External rewards, pressure, or fear of punishment.
e. Characteristics: While effective in the short term, over-reliance on extrinsic
rewards can sometimes diminish intrinsic motivation.
f. Examples:
i. Winning a trophy, medal, or prize money.
ii. Receiving public praise, recognition, or media coverage.
iii. Playing well to avoid the coach's punishment or to earn a scholarship
for college.
Conclusion: Coaches and teachers should strive to build a balance, using extrinsic rewards
to encourage initial participation, while primarily focusing on fostering intrinsic motivation for
long-term commitment and sustained high performance.
36. Describe the procedure and scoring of the SAI Khelo India Fitness Test for the age
group of 9-18 years. Explain any three tests in detail. The SAI Khelo India Fitness
Assessment for the age group of 9-18 years aims to assess general fitness
components.
Procedure and Scoring
The test battery for this age group includes:
a. Body Composition: Body Mass Index (BMI)
b. Strength/Endurance: 50-Meter Dash, 600-Meter Run/Walk, Sit and Reach
Test, Partial Curl-up, Push-ups (Boys) / Modified Push-ups (Girls).
c. Agility: Plate Tapping Test.
d. Procedure: Each test has a specific protocol (start, execution, and finish) that
must be strictly followed. The testing is done in a set sequence, ensuring
proper recovery between tests.
e. Scoring: Results are recorded against national standards, and students are
given fitness grades (e.g., Excellent, Good, Average) based on their
performance in each component.
Explanation of Three Tests
1. Body Mass Index (BMI)
f. Component Measured: Body Composition (measures relative weight for
height).
g. Procedure: The student's weight (in kilograms) and height (in meters) are
measured.
h. Scoring: Calculated using the formula:
BMI=[Height (m)]2Weight (kg)
The resulting value is categorized as underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese.
2. 50-Meter Dash
i. Component Measured: Speed (and acceleration).
j. Procedure: The student takes a starting position behind a marked line. On the
command 'Go,' they run as fast as possible to the finish line, 50 meters away.
k. Scoring: The time taken from the start to crossing the finish line is recorded to
the nearest tenth of a second.
3. Partial Curl-up Test
l. Component Measured: Abdominal Strength and Endurance.
m. Procedure:
i. The student lies on their back on a mat with knees bent at 90∘ and feet
flat on the floor (unheld).
ii. Arms are extended along the sides, with fingertips touching a strip mark
10 cm away from the starting position.
iii. The student slowly curls up, sliding their fingers along the mat until they
touch the second mark (10 cm away), then slowly curls back down
until the shoulder blades touch the floor.
iv. The curl-ups are performed rhythmically (often guided by a cadence)
without pausing for a maximum of one minute.
n. Scoring: The total number of correct curl-ups completed in one minute is
recorded.
OR
Explain in detail the main Physiological Factors that determine the components of
physical fitness. The components of physical fitness (Speed, Strength, Endurance,
Flexibility) are determined by various underlying physiological factors:
Component Determining Physiological Factors Explanation
Strength Muscle Size and Cross-Sectional Type of Muscle Fiber: The
Area: The force a muscle can proportion of fast-twitch (FT) fibers
generate is directly proportional to (Type II) determines maximum force
its thickness (hypertrophy). and explosive power.
Tendon and Ligament Strength: Neural Activation: The ability of the
Determines the maximum force the nervous system to recruit a large
joint structure can withstand. number of motor units
simultaneously.
Speed Muscle Fiber Composition: A higher Flexibility/Mobility: Good range of
percentage of Fast-Twitch (FT) motion reduces resistance and
muscle fibers allows for faster allows for greater stride
contraction speed and greater power length/frequency.
output.
Nervous System Efficiency: Quick Biomechanical Efficiency: Proper
transmission of nerve impulses for technique (e.g., running form)
faster muscle contraction and reduces braking forces.
reaction time.
Endurance Aerobic Capacity (VO2 max): The Lactate Threshold: The ability to
maximum amount of oxygen the perform at a high intensity without
body can utilize during intense excessive lactic acid build-up
exercise. Higher VO2 max means (delayed fatigue).
greater endurance.
Cardio-Respiratory Efficiency: The Capillarization and
effectiveness of the heart (stroke Mitochondria:Increased density
volume, cardiac output) and lungs in allows for better oxygen and nutrient
transporting oxygen. exchange in muscles.
Flexibility Joint Structure: The type of joint Extensibility of Ligaments and
(e.g., ball and socket vs. hinge) Tendons:The ability of these tissues
dictates the range of motion. to stretch without tearing.
Muscle Length and Elasticity: The Internal Temperature: Warmer
length of the muscle and its capacity muscles and connective tissues are
to stretch (elasticity) influences the more pliable, increasing flexibility.
range of movement possible at a
joint.
37. Explain the Concept of Talent Identification and Talent Development in sports.
Describe the various stages or steps involved in a typical talent development
program.
Concept of Talent Identification (TI) and Talent Development (TD)
Talent Identification (TI): This is the process of recognizing individuals who possess innate
(natural) physical and mental abilities or characteristics (e.g., speed, strength, height, body
type, psychological toughness) that suggest they have the potential to excel in a specific sport
if given appropriate training. It often involves systematic testing and screening against criteria
for elite performance in a sport.
Talent Development (TD): This is the long-term, structured process of nurturing and refining
the abilities of the identified talented individuals. It involves providing them with high-quality
coaching, specialized training programs, psychological support, and competitive experiences
necessary to maximize their potential and achieve elite status.
Stages of a Typical Talent Development Program
A universally accepted model, such as the Long-Term Athlete Development (LTAD) model,
often divides the process into several stages:
Stage Focus & Goal Key Activities
1. FUNdamentals Focus: Learning basic Activities: Engaging in a wide variety of
(Ages 6-9) movement skills, running, organized sports and unstructured play;
jumping, throwing, developing ABCs (Agility, Balance,
catching, and agility. Coordination).
2. Learning to Focus: Developing Activities: Structured practice (often 3
Train (Ages 8-12) fundamental sport skills sessions/week); learning simple rules
specific to one or two and ethics; introducing basic warm-
sports. Goal: Introduction ups/cool-downs.
to basic training principles.
3. Training to Focus: Building an aerobic Activities: Increased volume and
Train (Ages 11- base and sport-specific intensity of training; structured
16) technical/tactical skills. periodization; introduction to strength
Goal: Develop general training (bodyweight); participation in
conditioning and learn regional competitions.
competitive skills.
4. Training to Focus: Maximizing Activities: High intensity and
Compete (Ages physical, technical, tactical, specialization in one sport; advanced
15-18+) and mental preparation. periodization; intensive physical
Goal: Optimal preparation conditioning; emphasis on mental
for high-level preparation and recovery strategies.
national/international
competition.
5. Training to Win Focus: Maintaining peak Activities: High-performance training
(Ages 18+) performance and environment; fine-tuning tactical skills;
consistent excellence. continuous monitoring and analysis;
Goal: Achieving focus on marginal gains.
competitive success at the
highest international level
(Olympic/World
Championships).