1. Write a program for Recursive Binary Search.

#include<stdio.h>
int binarySearch(int[], int, int, int);
int binSearch(int[], int, int, int);
int main ()
{
int arr[10] = {16, 19, 20, 23, 45, 56, 78, 90, 96, 100};
int item, location=-1,location1=-1;
printf("Enter the item which you want to search: ");
scanf("%d",&item);
location = binarySearch(arr, 0, 9, item);
location1 = binSearch(arr, 0, 9, item);
printf("Using Recursive function!\n");
if(location != -1)
{
printf("Item found at location: %d",location);
}
else
{
printf("Item not found");
}
printf("\n\nUsing Non-Recursive function!\n");
if(location1 != -1)
{
printf("Item found at location: %d",location);
}
else
{
printf("Item not found");
}
return 0;
}
int binarySearch(int a[], int beg, int end, int item)
{
int mid;
if(end >= beg)
{
mid = (beg + end)/2;
if(a[mid] == item)
{
return mid+1;
}
else if(a[mid] < item)
{
return binarySearch(a,mid+1,end,item);
}
else
{
return binarySearch(a,beg,mid-1,item);
 }
}
return -1;
}
int binSearch(int a[], int beg, int end, int item)
{
int mid;
while(end >= beg)
{
mid = (beg + end)/2;
if(a[mid] == item)
{
return mid+1;
}
else if(a[mid] < item)
{
beg = mid + 1;
}
else
{
end = mid - 1;
}
}
return -1;
}

Output
2. Write a program to perform Heap Sort.
include <stdio.h>
include <time.h>
voidExch(int *p, int *q){
int temp = *p;
*p = *q;
*q = temp;
}
voidQuickSort(int a[], int low, int high){
int i, j, key, k;
if(low>=high)
return;
key=low;
i=low+1;
j=high;
while(i<=j){
while ( a[i] <= a[key] )
i=i+1;
while ( a[j] > a[key] )
j=j -1;
if(i<j)
Exch(&a[i], &a[j]);
}
Exch(&a[j], &a[key]);
QuickSort(a, low, j-1);
QuickSort(a, j+1, high);
}
void main(){
int n, a[1000],k;
clock_tst,et; double ts; clrscr();
printf("\n Enter How many Numbers: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("\nThe Random Numbers are:\n");
for(k=1; k<=n; k++){
a[k]=rand();
printf("%d\t",a[k]);
}
st=clock();
QuickSort(a, 1, n);
et=clock();
ts=(double)(et-st)/CLOCKS _PER_SEC;
printf("\nSorted Numbers are: \n ");
for(k=1; k<=n; k++)
printf("%d\t", a[k]);
printf("\nThe time taken is %e",ts);
}

Output
3. Write a program to perform Merge Sort.
#include <stdio.h>
#define max 10
int a[11] = { 10, 14, 19, 26, 27, 31, 33, 35, 42, 44, 0 };
int b[10];
void merging(int low, int mid, int high) {
int l1, l2, i;
for(l1 = low, l2 = mid + 1, i = low; l1 <= mid && l2 <= high; i++) {
if(a[l1] <= a[l2])
b[i] = a[l1++];
else
b[i] = a[l2++];
}
while(l1 <= mid)
b[i++] = a[l1++];
while(l2 <= high)
b[i++] = a[l2++];

for(i = low; i <= high; i++)

a[i] = b[i];
}
void sort(int low, int high) {
int mid;
if(low < high) {
mid = (low + high) / 2;
sort(low, mid);
sort(mid+1, high);
merging(low, mid, high);
} else {
return;
}
}
int main() {
int i;
printf("List before sorting\n");
for(i = 0; i <= max; i++)
printf("%d ", a[i]);
sort(0, max);
printf("\nList after sorting\n");
for(i = 0; i <= max; i++)
printf("%d ", a[i]);
}

Output
4. Write a program to perform Selection Sort.

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr[10]={6,12,0,18,11,99,55,45,34,2};
int n=10;
int i, j, position, swap;
for (i = 0; i < (n - 1); i++) {
position = i;
for (j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
if (arr[position] > arr[j])
position = j;
}
if (position != i) {
swap = arr[i];
arr[i] = arr[position];
arr[position] = swap;
}
}
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
printf("%d\t", arr[i]);
return 0;
}

Output
5. Write a program to perform Insertion Sort.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#define MAX 7
int intArray[MAX] = {4,6,3,2,1,9,7};
void printline(int count) {
int i;
for(i = 0;i < count-1;i++) {
printf("=");
}
printf("=\n");
}
void display() {
int i;
printf("[");

// navigate through all items

for(i = 0;i < MAX;i++) {
printf("%d ",intArray[i]);
}
printf("]\n");
}
void insertionSort() {

int valueToInsert;
int holePosition;
int i;

// loop through all numbers

for(i = 1; i < MAX; i++) {

// select a value to be inserted.

valueToInsert = intArray[i];

// select the hole position where number is to be inserted

holePosition = i;

// check if previous no. is larger than value to be inserted

while (holePosition > 0 && intArray[holePosition-1] > valueToInsert) {
intArray[holePosition] = intArray[holePosition-1];
holePosition--;
printf(" item moved : %d\n" , intArray[holePosition]);
}

if(holePosition != i) {
printf(" item inserted : %d, at position : %d\n" , valueToInsert,holePosition);
// insert the number at hole position
intArray[holePosition] = valueToInsert;
}
 printf("Iteration %d#:",i);
display();

}
}

void main() {
printf("Input Array: ");
display();
printline(50);
insertionSort();
printf("Output Array: ");
display();
printline(50);
}

Output
6. Write a program to perform Quick Sort.
#include<stdio.h>
void quicksort(int number[25],int first,int last){
int i, j, pivot, temp;
if(first<last){
pivot=first;
i=first;
j=last;
while(i<j){
while(number[i]<=number[pivot]&&i<last)
i++;
while(number[j]>number[pivot])
j--;
if(i<j){
temp=number[i];
number[i]=number[j];
number[j]=temp;
}
}
temp=number[pivot];
number[pivot]=number[j];
number[j]=temp;
quicksort(number,first,j-1);
quicksort(number,j+1,last);
}
}
int main(){
int i, count, number[25];
printf("How many elements are u going to enter?: ");
scanf("%d",&count);
printf("Enter %d elements: ", count);
for(i=0;i<count;i++)
scanf("%d",&number[i]);
quicksort(number,0,count-1);
printf("Order of Sorted elements: ");
for(i=0;i<count;i++)
printf(" %d",number[i]);
return 0;
}

Output
7. Write a program to perform Knapsack Problem using Greedy Solution
#include<stdio.h>
int max(int a, int b) {
if(a>b){
return a;
} else {
return b;
}
}
int knapsack(int W, int wt[], int val[], int n) {
int i, w;
int knap[n+1][W+1];
for (i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
for (w = 0; w <= W; w++) {
if (i==0 || w==0)
knap[i][w] = 0;
else if (wt[i-1] <= w)
knap[i][w] = max(val[i-1] + knap[i-1][w-wt[i-1]], knap[i-1][w]);
else
knap[i][w] = knap[i-1][w];
}
}
return knap[n][W];
}
int main() {
int val[] = {20, 25, 40};
int wt[] = {25, 20, 30};
int W = 50;
int n = sizeof(val)/sizeof(val[0]);
printf("The solution is : %d", knapsack(W, wt, val, n));
return 0;
}

Output
8. Write a program to Perform Travelling Salesman Problem.
#include <stdio.h>
int matrix[25][25], visited_cities[10], limit, cost = 0;
int tsp(int c)
{
int count, nearest_city = 999;
int minimum = 999, temp;
for(count = 0; count < limit; count++)
{
if((matrix[c][count] != 0) && (visited_cities[count] == 0))
{
if(matrix[c][count] < minimum)
{
minimum = matrix[count][0] + matrix[c][count];
}
temp = matrix[c][count];
nearest_city = count;
}
}
if(minimum != 999)
{
cost = cost + temp;
}
return nearest_city;
}
void minimum_cost(int city)
{
int nearest_city;
visited_cities[city] = 1;
printf("%d ", city + 1);
nearest_city = tsp(city);
if(nearest_city == 999)
{
nearest_city = 0;
printf("%d", nearest_city + 1);
cost = cost + matrix[city][nearest_city];
return;
}
minimum_cost(nearest_city);
}
int main()
{
int i, j;
printf("Enter Total Number of Cities:\t");
scanf("%d", &limit);
printf("\nEnter Cost Matrix\n");
for(i = 0; i < limit; i++)
{
printf("\nEnter %d Elements in Row[%d]\n", limit, i + 1);
 for(j = 0; j < limit; j++)
{
scanf("%d", &matrix[i][j]);
}
visited_cities[i] = 0;
}
printf("\nEntered Cost Matrix\n");
for(i = 0; i < limit; i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j = 0; j < limit; j++)
{
printf("%d ", matrix[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\n\nPath:\t");
minimum_cost(0);
printf("\n\nMinimum Cost: \t");
printf("%d\n", cost);
return 0;
}

Output
9. Write a program to find Minimum Spanning Tree using Algorithm.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int i,j,k,a,b,u,v,n,ne=1;
int min,mincost=0,cost[9][9],parent[9];
int find(int);
int uni(int,int);
void main()
{
printf("\n\tImplementation of Kruskal's Algorithm\n");
printf("\nEnter the no. of vertices:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter the cost adjacency matrix:\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&cost[i][j]);
if(cost[i][j]==0)
cost[i][j]=999;
}
}
printf("The edges of Minimum Cost Spanning Tree are\n");
while(ne < n)
{
for(i=1,min=999;i<=n;i++)
{
for(j=1;j <= n;j++)
{
if(cost[i][j] < min)
{
min=cost[i][j];
a=u=i;
b=v=j;
}
}
}
u=find(u);
v=find(v);
if(uni(u,v))
{
printf("%d edge (%d,%d) =%d\n",ne++,a,b,min);
mincost +=min;
}
cost[a][b]=cost[b][a]=999;
}
printf("\n\tMinimum cost = %d\n",mincost);
getch();
 }
int find(int i)
{
while(parent[i])
i=parent[i];
return i;
}
int uni(int i,int j)
{
if(i!=j)
{
parent[j]=i;
return 1;
}
return 0;
}

Output
10. Write a program to Implement N Queen Problem using Backtracking
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int board[20],count;
int main(){
int n,i,j;
void queen(int row,int n);
printf(" - N Queens Problem Using Backtracking -");
printf("\n\nEnter number of Queens:");
scanf("%d",&n);
queen(1,n);
return 0;
}
//function for printing the solution
void print(int n)
{
int i,j;
printf("\n\nSolution %d:\n\n",++count);
for(i=1;i<=n;++i)
printf("\t%d",i);
for(i=1;i<=n;++i)
{
printf("\n\n%d",i);
for(j=1;j<=n;++j) //for nxn board
{
if(board[i]==j)
printf("\tQ"); //queen at i,j position
else
printf("\t-"); //empty slot } }}
/*funtion to check conflicts If no conflict for desired postion returns 1 otherwise returns 0*/
int place(int row,int column)
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=row-1;++i) {
//checking column and digonal conflicts
if(board[i]==column)
return 0;
else
if(abs(board[i]-column)==abs(i-row))
return 0; } return 1; //no conflicts
}
//function to check for proper positioning of queen
void queen(int row,int n){
int column;
for(column=1;column<=n;++column) {
if(place(row,column)) {
board[row]=column; //no conflicts so place queen
if(row==n) //dead end
print(n); //printing the board configuration
else //try queen with next position
 queen(row+1,n); } }}
Output