Engineering Mathematics - II

lim𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 𝑎, finite quantity.

𝑡→0

Hence Laplace transform exists

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 ∞
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
𝑡
∞ 𝑎
= ∫𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑠 2+𝑎 2

𝑠 ∞
= [tan−1 𝑎]
𝑠
𝑠
= [tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 𝑎]
𝜋 𝑠
= [ 2 − tan−1 𝑎]
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑠
∴ 𝐿[ ] = 𝑐𝑜t −1
𝑡 𝑎

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒕
Example: 5.18 Find 𝑳 [ ]
𝒕

Solution:
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕
=
𝒕 𝟒𝒕
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒕 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕
lim = lim
𝑡→0 𝒕 𝑡→0 𝟒𝒕
0−0 0
= =0 (by applying L−Hospital rule)
0
3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡−𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
= lim =0
𝑡→0 4𝑡

Hence Laplace transform exists

𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑡 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡−𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
𝐿[ ] = 𝐿[ ]
𝑡 4𝑡
1 ∞
= 4 ∫𝑠 𝐿[(3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
1 ∞ 1 3
= 4 ∫𝑠 (3 𝑠 2+1 − 𝑠 2+9) 𝑑𝑠
1 𝑠 ∞
= 4 [3tan−1 𝑠 − tan−1 3 ]
𝑠
1 𝑠
= 4 [3(tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 𝑠) − (tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 3)]
1 𝜋 𝜋 𝑠
= 4 [( 2 − tan−1 𝑠) − ( 2 − tan−1 3) ]
1 𝑠
= 4 [cot −1 𝑠 − 𝑐𝑜t −1 3]
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕
Example: 5.19 Find 𝑳 [𝒆−𝟐𝒕 ]
𝒕

Solution:
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕
𝐿 [𝑒 −2𝑡 ] = 𝐿[ ]
𝒕 𝒕 𝑠→𝑠+2
1 ∞
= [∫𝑠 𝐿(sin(3𝑡 + 2𝑡) − sin(3𝑡 − 2𝑡))𝑑𝑠]
2 𝑠→𝑠+2
1 ∞
= [∫𝑠 𝐿((sin 5𝑡) − 𝐿(sin 𝑡))𝑑𝑠]
2 𝑠→𝑠+2

Laplace Transform Page 19

Engineering Mathematics - II

1 ∞ 5 1
= 2 [ ∫𝑠 [𝑠 2+52 − 𝑠 2+12 ]]
𝑠→𝑠+2
1 𝑠 ∞
= 2 [[tan−1 5 −tan−1 𝑠] ]
𝑠 𝑠→𝑠+2

1 𝑠
= 2 [[(tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 5) − (tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 𝑠)] ]
𝑠→𝑠+2
1 𝜋 𝑠 𝜋
= 2 [( 2 − tan−1 5) − ( 2 − tan−1 𝑠) ]
𝑠→𝑠+2
1 𝑠
= 2 [cot −1 5 − 𝑐𝑜t −1 𝑠 ]
𝑠→𝑠+2
1 (𝑠+2)
= 2 [cot −1 − 𝑐𝑜t −1 (𝑠 + 2)]
5

𝒆−𝒂𝒕−𝒆−𝒃𝒕
Example: 5.20 Find the Laplace transform for 𝒕

Solution:
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 𝑒 0 −𝑒 0 1−1 0
lim = lim = =0 (use L− Hospital rule)
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 0 0

−𝑎𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 +𝑏𝑒 −𝑏𝑡

= lim
𝑡→0 1

= −𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 − 𝑎 = a finite quantity
Hence Laplace transform exists.
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 ∞
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 ]𝑑𝑠
𝑡
∞
= ∫𝑠 [𝐿(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ) − 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 )]𝑑𝑠
∞ 1 1
= ∫𝑠 (𝑠+𝑎 − 𝑠+𝑏) 𝑑𝑠

= [log(𝑠 + 𝑎) − log(𝑠 + 𝑏)]∞

𝑠

𝑠+𝑎 ∞
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠+𝑏 ]
𝑠
𝑎 ∞
𝑠(1+ )
𝑠
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 ]
𝑠(1+ )
𝑠 𝑠
𝑠+𝑎 𝑠+𝑎
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠+𝑏 = 0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠+𝑏 ∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 0
𝑠+𝑎
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠+𝑏
𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕
Example: 5.21 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕

Solution:
𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 0 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 0
lim = lim = =0 (use L− Hospital rule)
𝑡→0 𝒕 0 𝑡→0 𝟏 1
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝐿[ ] exists.
𝑡
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 ∞
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
𝑡
∞ 1 𝑠
= ∫𝑠 ( 𝑠 − 𝑠 2+1) 𝑑𝑠

Laplace Transform Page 20

Engineering Mathematics - II

1 ∞
= [log 𝑠 − 2 log(𝑠 2 + 1)]
𝑠
∞
= [log 𝑠 − log√𝑠 2 + 1]𝑠
𝑠 ∞
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
√𝑠 2+1 𝑠
𝑠
= 0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 √𝑠 2
+1

√𝑠 2+1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒕
Example: 5.22 Find the Laplace transform for 𝒕

Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 1−1 0
lim = =0 (use L− Hospital rule)
𝑡→0 𝑡 0
−𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡+𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
= lim = 0 = a finite quantity
𝑡→0 1

Hence Laplace transform exists.

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 ∞
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡]𝑑𝑠
𝑡
∞
= ∫𝑠 [𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
∞ 𝑠 𝑠
= ∫𝑠 (𝑠 2+𝑎2 − 𝑠 2 +𝑏2 ) 𝑑𝑠
1 1 ∞
= [2 log(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 ) − 2 log(𝑠 2 + 𝑏2 )]
𝑠
∞
1 𝑠 2+𝑎 2
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
2 𝑠 2+𝑏2 𝑠

𝑎2
∞
1 𝑠 2(1+ 2 )
𝑠
= 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏2
]
𝑠 2(1+ 2 )
𝑠 𝑠

𝑎2
∞
1 (1+ 2 )
𝑠
= 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏2
]
(1+ 2 )
𝑠 𝑠
1 𝑠 2+𝑎 2 1 𝑠 2+𝑎 2
= 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2+𝑏2 ] = − 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2 +𝑏2 ] [∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 0]
1 𝑠 2+𝑏2
= 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2+𝑎2 ]
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕
Example: 5.23 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕

Solution:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
=
𝑡 2𝑡
𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 0
lim =
𝑡→0 𝟐𝒕 0
𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 0
lim = =0 (use L− Hospital rule)
𝑡→0 𝟐 1

Laplace transform exists.

Laplace Transform Page 21

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 1 ∞
𝐿[ ] = 𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
𝑡 2𝑡 2
1 ∞
= ∫𝑠
[𝐿(1) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
2
1 ∞ 1 𝑠
= ∫𝑠 ( − 2 ) 𝑑𝑠
2 𝑠 𝑠 +4

1 1 ∞
= 2 [log 𝑠 − 2 log(𝑠 2 + 4)]
𝑠
1 ∞
= 2 [log 𝑠 − log√𝑠 2 + 4]
𝑠
1 𝑠 ∞
= 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 √𝑠 2 ]
+4 𝑠

1 𝑠
= 2 [0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 √𝑠 2 ]
+4

1 √𝑠 2+4
= 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓𝒕
Example: 5.24 Find the Laplace transform for 𝒕

Solution:
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑡 ∞
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑡]𝑑𝑠
𝑡
∞1
= ∫𝑠 [𝐿(cos(−3𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝑡)]𝑑𝑠
2
1 ∞
= 2 ∫𝑠 [𝐿(cos(3𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝑡)]𝑑𝑠 [∵ cos(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]
1 ∞ 𝑠 𝑠
= 2 ∫𝑠 (𝑠 2+9 − 𝑠 2+49) 𝑑𝑠
1 1 1 ∞
= 2 [2 log(𝑠 2 + 9) − 2 log(𝑠 2 + 49)]
𝑠
∞
1 𝑠 2+9
= 4 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2+49]
𝑠
9 ∞
1 𝑠 2 (1+ 2 )
𝑠
= 4 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 49 ]
𝑠 2 (1+ 2 )
𝑠 𝑠
9 ∞
1 (1+ 2 )
𝑠
= 4 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 49 ]
(1+ 2 )
𝑠 𝑠

1 𝑠 2+9 1 𝑠 2 +9
= 4 [𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2+49] = − 4 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2+49] [∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 0]
1 𝑠 2+49
= 4 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
𝑠 2+9
𝒕
Problems using 𝑳 [∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕] = 1𝑠 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]
𝒕 𝒕
Example: 5.25 Find the Laplace transform for (i) ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕 (ii) ∫𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕𝒅𝒕
𝒕 𝒕
(iii) ∫𝟎 𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕𝒅𝒕 (iv) 𝒕 ∫𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒅𝒕
Solution:
𝑡 1 1 1
(i) 𝐿 [∫0 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑒 −2𝑡 ] = ( )
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+2

Laplace Transform Page 22

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑡 1
∴ 𝐿 [∫0 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡] = 𝑠(𝑠+2)
𝑡 1 1 𝑠
(ii) 𝐿 [∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡𝑑𝑡] = 𝑠 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = 𝑠 (𝑠 2+4)
𝑡 1
∴ 𝐿 [∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡𝑑𝑡] =
𝑠 2 +4
𝑡 1
(iii) 𝐿 [∫0 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡] = 𝑠 𝐿[𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡]
1 −𝑑
= 𝑠 [ 𝑑𝑠 [𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡]]]

−1 𝑑 3
= [𝑑𝑠 [𝑠 2+9]]
𝑠

−1 −6𝑠
= [ ]
𝑠 (𝑠 2+9)2
𝑡 6
∴ 𝐿 [∫0 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡] = (𝑠 2+9)2
𝑡 −𝑑 𝑡
(iv) 𝐿 [𝑡 ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡] = 𝐿 [∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡]
𝑑𝑠
−𝑑 1 𝑠
= [ ( 2 )]
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 +1
𝑑 1
= − 𝑑𝑠 [𝑠 2+1]
−2𝑠
= − [(𝑠 2+1)2 ]
𝑡 2𝑠
∴ 𝐿 [∫0 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡] = (𝑠 2+1)2
𝒕
Example: 5.26 Find the Laplace transform for 𝒆−𝒕 ∫𝟎 𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕𝒅𝒕
Solution:
𝑡 𝑡 −1 𝑑
𝐿 [𝑒 −𝑡 ∫0 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑑𝑡] = 𝐿 [∫0 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑑𝑡] =[𝑠 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡)]
𝑠→𝑠+1 𝑑𝑠 𝑠→𝑠+1
1 𝑑 𝑠
= − (𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2+16)
𝑠→𝑠+1
−1 (𝑠 2+16)1−𝑠(2𝑠)
=[𝑠 ]
(𝑠 2+16)2 𝑠→𝑠+1
−1 (𝑠 2+16−2𝑠 2)
=[𝑠 ]
(𝑠 2+16)2 𝑠→𝑠+1
−1 (−𝑠 2+16)
=[ ]
𝑠 (𝑠 2+16)2 𝑠→𝑠+1

1 (𝑠 2−16)
= [ 𝑠 (𝑠 2+16)2]
𝑠→𝑠+1
𝑡 1 (𝑠+1)2 −16
∴ 𝐿 [𝑒 −𝑡 ∫0 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑑𝑡] = 𝑠+1 [((𝑠+1)2 +16 )2 ]
𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
Example: 5.27 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒆−𝒕 ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒕
𝒕

Solution:
𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝐿 [𝑒 −𝑡 ∫0 𝑑𝑡] = 𝐿 [∫0 𝑑𝑡]
𝑡 𝑡 𝑠→𝑠+1

Laplace Transform Page 23

Engineering Mathematics - II

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
= [𝑠 𝐿 ( )]
𝑡 𝑠→𝑠+1
1 ∞
= [ 𝑠 ∫𝑠 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)𝑑𝑠]
𝑠→𝑠+1
1 ∞ 1
= [ ∫𝑠 2 ]
𝑠 𝑠 +1 𝑠→𝑠+1

1
= [ 𝑠 [tan−1 𝑠 ]∞
𝑠 ]
𝑠→𝑠+1
1
= [ 𝑠 (tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 𝑠) ]
𝑠→𝑠+1
1 𝜋
= [ 𝑠 ( 2 − tan−1 𝑠) ]
𝑠→𝑠+1
1
= [ 𝑠 cot −1 𝑠 ]
𝑠→𝑠+1
𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 1
∴ 𝐿 [𝑒 −𝑡 ∫0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡] = 𝑠+1 𝑐𝑜t −1 (𝑠 + 1)

Exercise: 5.3
Find the Laplace transform of
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑠
1. Ans: cot −1 2
𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
2. 𝑒 −2𝑡 Ans: 𝑐𝑜t −1 (𝑠 + 2)
𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡 𝑠 𝑠
3. Ans: cot −1 𝑎 − cot −1 𝑏
𝑡

𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 √𝑠 2 +𝑏2

4. Ans: 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑡 𝑠+𝑎
1−𝑒 −𝑡 s+1
5. Ans: 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑡 𝑠
𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 1
6. 𝑒 −𝑡 ∫0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Ans: 𝑠+1 𝑐𝑜t −1 (𝑠 + 1)
𝑡 1 𝑠 2 +2𝑠
7. 𝑒 −𝑡 ∫0 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡 Ans: 𝑠+1 [(𝑠 2+2𝑠+2 )2]
𝑡 1 2(𝑠+1)
8. 𝑒 −𝑡 ∫0 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡 Ans: 𝑠 [𝑠 2+2𝑠+2]

Evaluation of integrals using Laplace transform

∞
Note: (i) ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]
∞
(ii) ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = [𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]]𝑠=𝑎
∞
(iii) ∫0 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]]𝑠=0
𝒔+𝟐 ∞
Example: 5.28 If 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝒔𝟐+𝟒, then find the value of ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕

Solution:
𝑠+2
Given 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑠 2+4
∞
We know that ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]]𝑠=0
𝑠+2 2
= [𝑠 2+4] =4
𝑠=0

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Engineering Mathematics - II

∞ 1
∫0 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 2
𝟓𝒔+𝟒 ∞
Example: 5.29 If 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = , then find the value of ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕
𝒔𝟐 −𝟗

Solution:
5𝑠+4
Given 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑠 2−9
∞
We know that ∫0 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]]𝑠=2
5𝑠+4 14
= [𝑠 2 −9 ] = −5
𝑠=2
∞ −14
∴ ∫0 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 5

Example: 5.30 Find the values of the following integrals using Laplace transforms:
∞ ∞ ∞ 𝒆−𝒕 −𝒆−𝟐𝒕
(i) ∫𝟎 𝒕𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕𝒅𝒕 (ii) ∫𝟎 𝒕𝟐 𝒆−𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒅𝒕 (iii) ∫𝟎 ( 𝒕
) 𝒅𝒕
∞ 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 ∞ 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒕
(iv) ∫𝟎 ( ) 𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕 (v) ∫𝟎 ( ) 𝒅𝒕
𝒕 𝒕

Solution:
∞ −𝑑
(i) ∫0 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿[𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡]𝑠=2 = [ 𝑑𝑠 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)]
𝑠=2
−𝑑 𝑠
= (𝑠 2+4)
𝑑𝑠 𝑠=2
(𝑠 2+4)1−𝑠(2𝑠)
= −[ ]
(𝑠 2+4)2 𝑠=2
(4−𝑠 2)
= − [(𝑠 2+4)2 ]
𝑠=2
(4−4)
= − (4+4)2 = 0
∞ 𝑑2
(ii) ∫0 𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿[𝑡 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡]𝑠=1 = 𝑑𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡]𝑠=1
𝑑2 1
= 𝑑𝑠 2 (𝑠2+1)
𝑠=1
𝑑 −1(2𝑠)
= 𝑑𝑠 [(𝑠 2+1)2 ]
𝑠=1
𝑑 𝑠
= −2 𝑑𝑠 [(𝑠 2+1)2 ]
𝑠=1
2
[(𝑠 2+1) (1)−𝑠.2(𝑠 2+1)(2𝑠))]
= −2 [ (𝑠 2+1)4
]
𝑠=1

[(𝑠 2+1)[(𝑠 2+1)−4𝑠 2)]]

= −2 [ (𝑠 2+1) 4
]
𝑠=1
(1−3𝑠 2 )
= −2 [(𝑠 2+1)3 ]
𝑠=1
6𝑠 3−2 4 1
= [(𝑠 2+1)3 ] =8=2
𝑠=1
∞ 𝑒 −𝑡 −𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 −𝑒 −2𝑡 ∞
(iii) ∫0 ( ) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿 [ ] = ∫𝑠 [𝐿[𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 ]𝑑𝑠]𝑠=0
𝑡 𝑡 𝑠=0

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Engineering Mathematics - II

∞
= ∫𝑠 [[𝐿(𝑒 −𝑡 ) − 𝐿(𝑒 −2𝑡 )]𝑑𝑠]𝑠=0
∞ 1 1
= ∫𝑠 [(𝑠+1 − 𝑠+2) 𝑑𝑠]
𝑠=0

= {[log(𝑠 + 1) − log(𝑠 + 2)]∞

𝑠 }𝑠=0

𝑠+1 ∞
= {[𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠+2] }
𝑠 𝑠=0
1 ∞
𝑠(1+ )
𝑠
= {𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 }
𝑠(1+ )
𝑠 𝑠
𝑠=0
𝑠+1
= [0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠+2] ∵ 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 = 0
𝑠=0
𝑠+2
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠+1] = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
𝑠=0
∞ 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
(iv) ∫0 ( ) 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
∞ 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 ∞
∫0 ( ) 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿 [ ] = ∫𝑠 [𝐿[(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)]𝑑𝑠]𝑆=1
𝑡 𝑡 𝑆=1
∞
= ∫𝑠 [[𝐿(1) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)]𝑑𝑠]𝑆=1
∞ 1 𝑠
= ∫𝑠 [( 𝑠 − 𝑠 2 +1) 𝑑𝑠]
𝑆=1
1 ∞
= {[log 𝑠 − 2 log(𝑠 2 + 1)] }
𝑠 𝑆=1
∞
= {[log 𝑠 − log√𝑠 2 + 1]𝑠 }
𝑆=1
𝑠 ∞
= {[𝑙𝑜𝑔 ] }
√𝑠 2+1 𝑠
𝑆=1
𝑠
= [0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 √𝑠 2 ]
+1 𝑠=1

√𝑠 2+1
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
𝑠
𝑠=1

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔√2
∞ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡
(v) ∫0 ( ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
∞ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 ∞
∫0 ( ) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿 [ ] = ∫𝑠 [𝐿[(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡)]𝑑𝑠]𝑆=0
𝑡 𝑡 𝑆=0
∞
= ∫𝑠 [[𝐿(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡)]𝑑𝑠]𝑆=0
∞ 1 𝑠
= ∫𝑠 [(𝑠+𝑎 − 𝑠 2+𝑏2 ) 𝑑𝑠]
𝑆=0
1 ∞
= {[log( 𝑠 + 𝑎) − 2 log(𝑠 2 + 𝑏2 )] }
𝑠 𝑆=0
∞
= {[log(𝑠 + 𝑎) − log√𝑠 2 + 𝑏2 ]𝑠 }
𝑆=0
𝑠+𝑎 ∞
= {[𝑙𝑜𝑔 √𝑠 2 ] }
+𝑏2 𝑠 𝑆=0

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Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑠+𝑎
= [0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 √𝑠 2 ]
+𝑏2 𝑠=0

√𝑠 2+𝑏2
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ]
𝑠+𝑎
𝑠=0

√𝑏 2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎
𝑏
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎

Exercise: 5.4
Find the values of the following integrals using Laplace transforms
∞ 3
1. ∫0 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡 Ans: 25
∞ 13
2. ∫0 𝑡𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡 Ans: 250
∞ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 𝑏
3. ∫0 ( ) 𝑑𝑡 Ans: 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑡 𝑎
∞ sin2 𝑡 1
4. ∫0 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Ans: 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
𝑡 4
∞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 𝑎
5. ∫0 ( ) 𝑑𝑡 Ans: 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏
𝑡

Laplace transform of Piecewise continuous functions

∞
∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒕)𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]
𝒆−𝒕 ; 𝟎 < 𝑡 < 𝜋
Example: 5.31 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = {
𝟎;𝒕 > 𝜋
Solution:
∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋 ∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝜋 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 0𝑑𝑡
𝜋
= ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑠+1)𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋 0
𝑒 −(𝑠+1)𝑡 𝑒 −(𝑠+1)𝜋−𝑒
= [ −(𝑠+1) ] =
0 −(𝑠+1)

1−𝑒 −(𝑠+1)𝜋
∴ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = −(𝑠+1)

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕; 𝟎 < 𝑡 < 𝜋

Example: 5.32 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = {
𝟎;𝒕 > 𝜋
Solution:
∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝝅 ∞
= ∫𝟎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝜋 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 0𝑑𝑡
𝜋
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝝅
𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝑒 −𝑠𝜋 𝑒0
= [(−𝒔)𝟐+𝟏 (−𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)] = 𝑠 2+1 [−𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋] − 𝑠 2 +1 [−𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛0 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0]
𝟎
𝑒 −𝑠𝜋 1 𝑒 −𝑠𝜋 +1
= 𝑠 2+1 (0 + 1) − 𝑠 2+1 (−1) = 𝑠 2+1

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Engineering Mathematics - II

𝒆−𝒔𝝅 +𝟏
∴ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝒔𝟐+𝟏
𝒕; 𝟎 < 𝑡 < 1
Example: 5.33 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = {
𝟎;𝒕 > 1
Solution:
∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 ∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑑𝑡 + ∫1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 0𝑑𝑡
1
= ∫0 𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝒆−𝒔 𝒆−𝒔 𝟏
= [𝑡 − (1) (−𝑠)2 ] = − − 0 + 𝒔𝟐
−𝑠 0 −𝒔 𝒔𝟐

𝒆−𝒔 𝒆−𝒔 𝟏
∴ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = − − + 𝒔𝟐
𝒔 𝒔𝟐

Exercise: 5.5
0; 0 < 𝑡 < 2 𝟑𝒆−𝟐𝒔
1. Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = { Ans:
3 ;𝑡 > 2 𝒔

𝑒𝑡; 0 < 𝑡 < 1 𝟏−𝒆−(𝒔−𝟏)

2. Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = { Ans:
0 ;𝑡 > 1 𝒔−𝟏

1; 0 < 𝑡 < 1 𝟏−𝒆−𝒔

3. Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = { Ans:
0 ;𝑡 > 1 𝒔

Unit step function

0; 𝑡 < 𝑎
The unit step function 𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎) is defined as 𝑈 (𝑡 − 𝑎) = {
0 ;𝑡 > 𝑎
Example: 5.34 Find the Laplace transform of unit step functions.
Solution:
∞
𝐿[𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = ∫0 𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 ∞ ∞
= ∫0 0𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝑎 (1)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎
= [ −𝑠 ] = 0 − =
𝑎 −𝑠 𝑠

𝑒 −𝑠𝑎
𝐿[𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = 𝑠

Second Shifting theorem

Statement: If 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠), then 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)
Proof:
0; 𝑡 < 𝑎
𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎) = {
𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎) ; 𝑡 > 𝑎
By the definition of Laplace transform,
∞
𝐿[𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = ∫0 𝑈 (𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 ∞
= ∫0 0𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝐿[𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠(𝑎+𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

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Engineering Mathematics - II

∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
∞
Let 𝑡 − 𝑎 = 𝑥 ⋯ (1)
= 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑡 = 𝑎+𝑥
Replace x by t
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥
−𝑠𝑎 ∞
𝐿[𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = 𝑒 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 When 𝑡 = 𝑎, (1) => 𝑥 = 0
= 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 𝐹(𝑠) When 𝑡 = ∞, (1) => 𝑥 = ∞
−𝑠𝑎
𝐿[𝑈(𝑡 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = 𝑒 𝐹(𝑠)
5.5 PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
Definition: A function 𝑓(𝑡) is said to be periodic if 𝑓(𝑡 + 𝑇) = 𝑓(𝑡) for all values of t and for certain values
of T. The smallest value of T for which 𝑓(𝑡 + 𝑇) = 𝑓(𝑡) for all t is called periodic function.
Example:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 = sin(𝑡 + 2𝜋) = sin(𝑡 + 4𝜋) ⋯
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 is periodic function with period 2𝜋.
Let 𝒇(𝒕) be a periodic function with period T. Then
𝑻
𝟏
𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = ∫ 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕
𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒔𝑻 𝟎

Problems on Laplace transform of Periodic function

𝝅
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕; 𝟎 < 𝑡 < 𝝎 𝟐𝝅
Example: 5.35 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = { 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝒇 (𝒕 + ) = 𝒇(𝒕)
𝝎
𝟎;𝝎 < 𝑡 < 𝝎

Solution:
2𝜋
The given function is a periodic function with period 𝑇 = 𝜔
1 𝑇
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = −𝑠𝑇 ∫0
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1−𝑒
𝝅 𝟐𝝅
1 −𝑠𝑡
= −𝟐𝝅𝒔 [∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑒
𝝎 𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝝅𝝎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (0)𝑑𝑡]
1−𝑒 𝝎 𝝎
𝜋
1
= −2𝜋𝑠 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜔
1−𝑒 𝜔
𝜋
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝜔
= −2𝜋𝑠 [ (−𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝜔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡)]
(−𝑠)2+𝜔2 0
1−𝑒 𝜔
−𝑠𝜋
1 𝑒 𝜔 𝜔
= −2𝜋𝑠 {𝑠 2+𝜔2 [−𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋 − 𝜔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋] + 𝑠 2+𝜔2 }
1−𝑒 𝜔
−𝑠𝜋
1 𝑒 𝜔 𝜔+𝜔
= −2𝜋𝑠 [ ]
𝑠 2+𝜔2
1−𝑒 𝜔
−𝑠𝜋
1 𝜔(𝑒 𝜔 +1)
= −𝜋𝑠 2
[ ]
𝑠 2+𝜔2
12 −(𝑒 𝜔 )

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Engineering Mathematics - II

−𝑠𝜋
1 𝜔(𝑒 𝜔 +1)
= −𝜋𝑠 −𝜋𝑠 [ ]
(1−𝑒 𝜔 )(1+𝑒 𝜔 ) 𝑠 2+𝜔2

𝜔
∴ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = −𝜋𝑠
(1−𝑒 𝜔 )(𝑠 2+𝜔2 )

𝑬; 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝒂
Example: 5.36 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = { given that 𝒇(𝒕 + 𝟐𝒂) = 𝒇(𝒕).
−𝑬 ; 𝒂 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝒂
Solution:
The given function is a periodic function with period 𝑇 = 2𝑎
1 𝑇
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1 2𝑎
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1 𝑎 2𝑎
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 [∫0 𝐸𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝑎 −𝐸𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
1 𝑎 2𝑎
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 [𝐸 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − 𝐸 ∫𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
𝑎 2𝑎
𝐸 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 [[ −𝑠 ] − [ −𝑠 ] ]
0 𝑎
𝐸 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 1 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 [ +𝑠− − ]
−𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝐸 1−2𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 +𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 [ ]
𝑠
𝐸 (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )2
= 12 −(𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )2 [ ]
𝑠

𝐸 (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )2
= (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠)(1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠) [ ]
𝑠

𝐸 (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠)
= 𝑠 (1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠)

𝐸 𝑎𝑠
∴ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑠 tanh ( 2 )
𝒂
𝟏; 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤
𝟐
Example: 5.37 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = { 𝒂 given that 𝒇(𝒕 + 𝒂) = 𝒇(𝒕).
−𝟏 ; 𝟐 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝒂

Solution:
The given function is a periodic function with period 𝑇 = 𝑎
1 𝑇
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1 𝑎
= 1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑎
1 𝑎
= 1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 [∫0 (1)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝑎 (−1)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
2
2
𝑎
1 𝑎
= 1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 [∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − ∫𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
2
2
𝑎
2𝑎
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 [[ −𝑠 ] − [ −𝑠 ]𝑎 ]
0
2

Laplace Transform Page 30