Engineering Mathematics - II

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS -II

SUBJECT CODE: MA8251

(Regulation 2017)
Common to all branches of B.E

UNIT-V
LAPLACE TRANSFORM

Laplace Transform Page 1

Engineering Mathematics - II

UNIT-V
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
5.1 INTRODUCTION
A transformation is an operation which converts a mathematical expression to a different but
equivalent form. The well known transformation logarithms reduce multiplication and division to a simpler
process of addition subtraction.
The Laplace transform is a powerful mathematical technique which solves linear equations
with given initial conditions by using algebra methods. The Laplace transform can also be used to solve
systems of differential equations, Partial differential equations and integral equations. In this chapter, we
will discuss about the definition, properties of Laplace transform and derive the transforms of some
functions which usually occur in the solution of linear differential equations.
5.2 LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Let 𝑓(𝑡) be a function of t defined for all 𝑡 ≥ 0 .then the Laplace transform of𝑓(𝑡), denoted by
𝐿[ 𝑓(𝑡)] is defined by
∞
𝐿[ 𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
Provided that the integral exists, “s” is a parameter which may be real or complex. Clearly 𝐿[ 𝑓(𝑡)]is a
function of s and is briefly written as 𝐹(𝑠) (𝑖. 𝑒. ) 𝐿[ 𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)
Piecewise continuous function
A function 𝑓(𝑡) is said to be piecewise continuous is an interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏, if the interval can be sub
divided into a finite number of intervals in each of which the function is continuous and has finite right and
left hand limits.
Exponential order
A function 𝑓(𝑡) is said to be exponential order if lim 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) is a finite quantity, where 𝑠 >
𝑡→∞

0(exists).
𝟑
Example: 5. 1 Show that the function 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒆𝒕 is not of exponential order.
Solution:
3 3 3 −𝑠𝑡
lim 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 =lim 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡+𝑡 = lim 𝑒 𝑡
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞
∞
= 𝑒 = ∞, not a finite quantity.
3
Hence 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 is not of exponential order.
Sufficient conditions for the existence of the Laplace transform
The Laplace transform of 𝑓 (𝑡) exists if
i) 𝑓 (𝑡) is piecewise continuous in the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏
ii) 𝑓 (𝑡) is of exponential order.

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Note: The above conditions are only sufficient conditions and not a necessary condition.
𝟐
Example: 5.2 Prove that Laplace transform of 𝒆𝒕 does not exist.
Solution:
2 2 2 −𝑠𝑡
lim 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 =lim 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡+𝑡 = lim 𝑒 𝑡
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞
∞
= 𝑒 = ∞ ,not a finite quantity.
2
∴ 𝑒 𝑡 is not of exponential order.
2
Hence Laplace transform of 𝑒 𝑡 does not exist.
5.3 PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Property: 1 Linear property
𝑳[𝒂𝒇(𝒕) ± 𝒃𝒈(𝒕)] = 𝒂𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] ± 𝒃𝑳[𝒈(𝒕)] , where a and b are constants.
Proof:
∞
𝐿[𝑎𝑓(𝑡) ± 𝑏𝑔(𝑡)] = ∫0 [𝑎𝑓 (𝑡) ± 𝑏𝑔(𝑡)] 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞ ∞
=𝑎 ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ± 𝑏 ∫0 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝐿[𝑎𝑓(𝑡) ± 𝑏𝑔(𝑡)] = 𝑎 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] ± 𝑏 𝐿[𝑔(𝑡)]

Property: 2 Change of scale property.

𝟏 𝒔
If 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔), then 𝑳[𝒇(𝒂𝒕)] = 𝒂 𝑭 (𝒂) ; 𝒂 > 0

Proof:
Given 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)
∞
∴ ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹 (𝑠) ⋯ ⋯ (1)
By the definition of Laplace transform, we have
∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑎𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑎𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 ⋯ ⋯ (2)
𝒙 𝑑𝑥
Put at= 𝑥 𝑖𝑒. , 𝑡 = 𝒂 ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎
∞ −𝒔𝒙
𝑑𝑥
(2) ⇒ 𝐿[𝑓(𝑎𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 𝒂 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑎
∞ −𝒔𝒙
𝟏
= 𝒂 ∫0 𝑒 𝒂 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∞ −𝑠𝑡
1
Replace 𝑥 by t, 𝐿[𝑓(𝑎𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑎

𝟏 𝒔
𝑳[𝒇(𝒂𝒕)] = 𝑭( ) ;𝒂 > 0
𝒂 𝒂
Property: 3 First shifting property.
If 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔), then i) 𝑳[𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔 + 𝒂)
ii) 𝑳[𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔 − 𝒂)
Proof:
(i) 𝐿[𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎)

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Given 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)

∞
∴ ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹 (𝑠) ⋯ (1)
By the definition of Laplace transform, we have
∞
𝐿[𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑎𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
= 𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎) by (1)
∞
(ii) 𝐿[𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑎𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
= 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎) by (1)
Property: 4 Laplace transforms of derivatives 𝑳[𝒇′ (𝒕)] = 𝒔𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] − 𝒇(𝟎)
Proof: 𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
∞ ∞
𝐿[𝑓 ′ (𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑢𝑑𝑣 ∴ 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= [𝑢𝑣]∞0 − ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
∞
= [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)]∞0 − ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) (−𝑠)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∴ 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡

= 0 − 𝑓(0) + 𝑠𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑓(𝑡)

= 𝑠𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑓(0)
𝑳[𝒇′ (𝒕)] = 𝒔𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] − 𝒇(𝟎)
Property: 5 Laplace transform of derivative of order n
𝑳[𝒇𝒏 (𝒕)] = 𝒔𝒏 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] − 𝒔𝒏−𝟏 𝒇(𝟎) − 𝒔𝒏−𝟐 𝒇′ (𝟎) ⋯ − 𝒔𝒏−𝟑 𝒇′′ (𝟎) − ⋯ 𝒇𝒏−𝟏 (𝟎)
Proof:
We know that 𝐿[𝑓 ′ (𝑡)] = 𝑠𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑓(0) ⋯ ⋯ (1)
𝐿[𝑓 𝑛 (𝑡)] = 𝐿[[𝑓 ′ (𝑡)]′ ]
= 𝑠𝐿[𝑓 ′ (𝑡)] − 𝑓 ′ (0)
= 𝑠[𝑠𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑓(0)] − 𝑓 ′ (0)
= 𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑓 (0) − 𝑓 ′ (0)
Similarly, 𝐿[𝑓 ′′′ (𝑡)] = 𝑠 3 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] − 𝑠 2 𝑓(0) − 𝑠𝑓 ′ (0) − 𝑓 ′′ (0)
In general, 𝑳[𝒇𝒏 (𝒕)] = 𝒔𝒏 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] − 𝒔𝒏−𝟏 𝒇(𝟎) − 𝒔𝒏−𝟐 𝒇′ (𝟎) ⋯ − 𝒔𝒏−𝟑 𝒇′′ (𝟎) − ⋯ 𝒇𝒏−𝟏 (𝟎)
Laplace transform of integrals
𝒕 𝑭(𝒔)
Theorem: 1 If𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔), then 𝑳 [∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕] = 𝒔

Proof:
𝑡
Let 𝑔(𝑡) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
∴ 𝑔′ (𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡)
0
And 𝑔(0) = ∫0 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 0

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Now𝐿[𝑔′ (𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]

𝑠𝐿[𝑔(𝑡)] − 𝑔(0) = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]
𝑠𝐿[𝑔(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] ∴ 𝑔(0) = 0
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]
𝐿[𝑔(𝑡)] = 𝑠
𝒕 𝑭(𝒔)
∴ 𝑳 [∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕] = 𝒔
𝒅
Theorem: 2 If𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔), then 𝑳[𝒕𝒇(𝒕)] = − 𝒅𝒔 𝑭(𝒔)

Proof:
Given 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠)
∞
∴ ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠) ⋯ ⋯ (1)
Differentiating (1) with respect to s, we get
𝑑 ∞ −𝑠𝑡 𝑑
∫ 𝑒 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑠 𝐹 (𝑠)
𝑑𝑠 0
∞ 𝜕 𝑑
∫0 (𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 )𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)
𝜕𝑠
∞ 𝑑
∫0 (−𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)
∞ 𝒅
− ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝒅𝒔 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑑
−𝐿[𝑡𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑑𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)
𝒅
∴ 𝑳[𝒕𝒇(𝒕)] = − 𝒅𝒔 𝑭(𝒔)
𝒅𝒏
Note: In general 𝑳[𝒕𝒏 𝒇(𝒕)] = (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒅𝒔𝒏 𝑭(𝒔)
𝒔𝟐 −𝒔+𝟏
Example: 5.3 If 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = (𝟐𝒔+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒔−𝟏) then find 𝑳[𝒇(𝟐𝒕)].

Solution:
𝑠 2 −𝑠+1
Given 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = (2𝑠+1)2 (𝑠−1) = 𝐹(𝑠)
1 𝑠
𝐿[𝑓(2𝑡)] = 2 𝐹 (2)
𝑠 2 𝑠
1 ( ) − +1
2 2
=2 𝑠 2 𝑠
(2 +1) ( −1)
2 2

𝑠2 𝑠
1 [ − +4]
4 2
=2 𝑠−2
(𝑠+1) 2 ( )
2

𝑠 2−2𝑠+1
= 4(𝑠+1)2 (𝑠−2)

Laplace transform of some Standard functions

𝚪(𝒏+𝟏)
Result: 1 Prove that 𝑳[𝒕𝒏 ] = 𝒔𝒏+𝟏

Proof:

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∞
We know that 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 Let 𝑠𝑡 = 𝑢 ⋯ ⋯ (1)
∞ 𝑢
𝐿[𝑡 𝑛 ] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑡 𝑡= 𝑠
𝑑𝑢
∞ 𝑢 𝑛 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑡 =
𝐿[𝑡 𝑛 ] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑢 ( 𝑠 ) 𝑠
𝑠
∞ 𝑢𝑛 When 𝑡 → 0(1) => 𝑢 → 0
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑠 𝑛+1 𝑑𝑢
,
1 ∞
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑢𝑛
𝑠 𝑛+1 0
𝑑𝑢
𝑡 → ∞, (1) => 𝑢 → ∞
𝚪(𝒏+𝟏) ∞
∴ 𝑳[𝒕𝒏 ] = ∵ ∫0 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢
𝒔𝒏+𝟏

Note: If n is an integer, then Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛!

n!
∴ 𝐿[𝑡 𝑛 ] = 𝑠 𝑛+1 if n is an integer
1
If 𝑛 = 0 , then 𝐿[1] = 𝑠
1
If 𝑛 = 1 , then 𝐿[𝑡] = 𝑠 2
2!
Similarly 𝐿[𝑡 2 ] = 𝑠 3
3!
𝐿 [𝑡 3 ] = 𝑠 4
𝟏
Result: 2 Prove that 𝑳(𝒆𝒂𝒕 ) = 𝒔−𝒂 , 𝒔 > 𝒂

Proof:
∞
We know that 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
∴ 𝐿(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑡(𝑠−𝑎) 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝑒 −𝑡(𝑠−𝑎)
= [ −(𝑠−𝑎) ]
0
1
= − [0 − (𝑠−𝑎)]
1
∴ 𝐿(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ) = 𝑠−𝑎
𝟏
Result: 3 Prove that 𝑳(𝒆−𝒂𝒕 ) = 𝒔+𝒂 , 𝒔 > 𝒂

Proof:
∞
We know that 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
∴ 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑡(𝑠+𝑎) 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝑒 −𝑡(𝑠+𝑎)
= [ −(𝑠+𝑎) ]
0
1
= − [0 − (𝑠+𝑎)]
1
∴ 𝐿(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ) = 𝑠+𝑎

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𝒂
Result: 4 Prove that 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕] = 𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐

Proof:
∞
We know that 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝒂 ∞ 𝒃
∴ 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡] = 𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐 , 𝑠 > |𝑎| [∵ ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝟐 𝟐 ]
𝒂 +𝒃
𝒔
Result: 5 Prove that 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕] = 𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐

Proof:
∞
We know that 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 ∞ 𝒂
∴ 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡] = 𝑠 2+𝑎2 , 𝑠 > |𝑎| ∵ ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐
𝒂
Result: 6 Prove that 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕] = 𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 , 𝒔 > |𝒂|

Proof:
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
We have 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑡] = 𝐿 [ ]
2
1
= 2 [𝐿(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ) − 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 )]
1 𝟏 𝟏
= 2 [𝒔−𝒂 − 𝒔+𝒂]
1 𝒔+𝒂−𝒔+𝒂
= 2[ ]
𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐
1 𝟐𝒂
= 2 [𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 ]
𝒂
∴ 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑡] = 𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 , 𝑠 > |𝑎|
𝒔
Result: 7 Prove that 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒕] = 𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 , 𝒔 > |𝒂|

Proof:
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 +𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
We have 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑡] = 𝐿 [ ]
2
1
= 2 [𝐿(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ) + 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 )]
1 𝟏 𝟏
= 2 [𝒔−𝒂 + 𝒔+𝒂]
1 𝒔+𝒂+𝒔−𝒂
= 2[ ]
𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐
1 𝟐𝒔
= 2 [𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 ]
𝒔
∴ 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑡] = , 𝑠 > |𝑎 |
𝒔𝟐−𝒂𝟐
𝟏
Example: 5.4 Find 𝑳 [𝒕𝟐 ]

Solution:
Γ(𝑛+1)
We have 𝐿[𝑡 𝑛 ] =
𝑠 𝑛+1

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𝟏
Put 𝑛 = 𝟐
𝟏
𝟏 Γ( +1)
∴ 𝐿 [𝑡 𝟐 ] = 𝟐
𝟏 ∵ Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛Γ𝑛
+1
𝑠𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
Γ( ) 𝟏
= 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 ∵ Γ ( 𝟐) = √ 𝜋
+1
𝑠𝟐

√𝜋
= 𝟑
2𝑠 𝟐
𝟏
√𝜋
∴ 𝐿 [𝑡 𝟐 ] =
2𝑠 √𝑠
𝟏
𝟏
Example: 5.5 Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕 − 𝟐 or
√𝑡

Solution:
Γ(𝑛+1)
We have 𝐿[𝑡 𝑛 ] = 𝑠 𝑛+1
𝟏
Put 𝑛 = − 𝟐
𝟏
𝟏 Γ(− +1)
∴ 𝐿 [𝑡 − 𝟐 ] = 𝟐
𝟏 ∵ Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛Γ𝑛
− +1
𝑠 𝟐
𝟏
Γ( ) 𝟏
= 𝟐
𝟏 ∵ Γ ( 𝟐) = √ 𝜋
𝑠 𝟐

√𝜋
=
√𝑠

𝟏 𝜋
∴ 𝐿 [ 𝑡] = √ 𝑠
√

FORMULA
𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔) 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑭(𝒔)
𝟏 𝒂
𝑳[𝟏] = 𝒔 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕] = 𝟐
𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐
𝟏
𝑳[𝒕] = 𝒔𝟐 𝒔
𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕] = 𝟐
𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐
𝚪(𝒏+𝟏)
𝑳[𝒕𝒏 ] = if n is not an integer 𝒔
𝒔𝒏+𝟏
𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒕] = 𝟐
𝐧! 𝒔 − 𝒂𝟐
𝑳[𝒕𝒏 ] = 𝒔𝒏+𝟏 if n is an integer 𝒂
𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕] = 𝟐
𝑳(𝒆𝒂𝒕 ) = 𝒔−𝒂
𝟏 𝒔 − 𝒂𝟐

𝟏
𝑳(𝒆𝒂𝒕 ) = 𝒔+𝒂

Problems using Linear property

Example: 5.6 Find the Laplace transform for the following
i. 𝟑𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏 v. 𝒔𝒊𝒏√𝟐 𝒕 ix. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕
ii. ( 𝒕 + 𝟐) 𝟑 vi. 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒂𝒕 + 𝒃) x. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒕
iii. 𝒂𝒕 vii. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝟐𝒕 xi. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕

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iv. 𝒆𝟐𝒕+𝟑 viii. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒕

Solution:
(i) Given 𝑓 (𝑡) = 3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 1
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 1]
= 𝐿[3𝑡 2 ] + 𝐿[2𝑡] + 𝐿[1]
= 𝐿[3𝑡 2 ] + 𝐿[2𝑡] + 𝐿[1]
= 3𝐿[𝑡 2 ] + 2𝐿[𝑡] + 𝐿[1]
2 1 1
= 3 𝑠3 + 2 𝑠2 + 𝑠
6 2 1
∴ 𝐿[3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 1] = 𝑠 3 + 𝑠 2 + 𝑠

(ii) Given 𝑓 (𝑡) = (𝑡 + 2)3 = 𝑡 3 + 3𝑡 2 (2) + 3𝑡22 + 23

𝐿[𝑓 (𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑡 3 + 3𝑡 2 (2) + 3𝑡22 + 23 ]
= 𝐿[𝑡 3 ] + 𝐿[6𝑡 2 ] + 𝐿[12𝑡] + 𝐿[8]
= 𝐿[𝑡 3 ] + 6𝐿[𝑡 2 ] + 12𝐿[𝑡] + 8𝐿[1]
6 12 12 12
= 𝑠4 + 𝑠3 + 𝑠2 + 𝑠
𝑡
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Given 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑎
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑎𝑡 ] = 𝐿[𝑒 𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 ]
1
𝐿[𝑎𝑡 ] = 𝑠−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎

(iv)Given 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑒 2𝑡+3

𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑒 2𝑡+3 ] = 𝐿[𝑒 2𝑡 . 𝑒 3 ]
= 𝑒 3 𝐿[𝑒 2𝑡 ]
1
= 𝑒 3 [𝑠−2]
1
∴ 𝐿[𝑒 2𝑡+3 ] = 𝑒 3 [ ]
𝑠−2

√2
(v) 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛√2𝑡] = 𝑠 2+2

(vi)Given 𝑓 (𝑡) = sin(𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏

𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[sin(𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏)]
= 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏]
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 𝐿[sin𝑎𝑡] + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏 𝐿[cos𝑎𝑡]
𝑠 𝑠
𝐿[sin(𝑎𝑡 + 𝑏)] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 𝑠 2+𝑎2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2
1
(vii) Given 𝑓(𝑡) = cos 3 2𝑡 = [3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑡]
4 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃
1 ∵ cos 3 𝜃 =
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 4 𝐿[3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑡] 4
1
= 4 [3𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡) + 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑡)]
1 𝑠 𝑠
= [3 + ]
4 𝑠 2 +4 𝑠 2 +36

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1 𝑠 𝑠
𝐿[cos 3 2𝑡] = 4 [3 𝑠 2+4 + 𝑠 2+36 ]
1
(viii) Given 𝑓 (𝑡) = sin3 𝑡 = 4 [3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡]
1
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 4 𝐿[3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡]
1
= 4 [3𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡)]
1 1 3
= 4 [3 𝑠 2 +1 − 𝑠 2 +9 ]
3 1 1
𝐿[sin3 𝑡] = 4 [𝑠 2+1 − 𝑠 2+9 ]
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
(ix) Given 𝑓 (𝑡) = sin2 𝑡 = 2
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿 [ ]
2
1
= 2 [𝐿(1) − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡)]
1 1 𝑠
= 2 [𝑠 − 𝑠 2 +4 ]
1 1 𝑠
𝐿[cos 2 2𝑡] = 2 [𝑠 − 𝑠 2+4 ]
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡
(x) Given 𝑓 (𝑡) = cos 2 2𝑡 = 2
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿 [ ]
2
1
= 2 [𝐿(1) + 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡)]
1 1 𝑠
= 2 [𝑠 + 𝑠 2+16 ]
1 1 𝑠
𝐿[cos 2 2𝑡] = 2 [ 𝑠 + 𝑠 2+16 ]

(xi) Given 𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡

𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡]
1
= 2 [𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠9𝑡) + 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)]
1 𝑠 𝑠
= 2 [𝑠 2 +81 + 𝑠 2+1 ]

Problems using First Shifting theorem

𝑳[𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]𝒔→𝒔+𝒂
𝑳[𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]𝒔→𝒔−𝒂
Example: 5.7 Find the Laplace transform for the following:
i. 𝒕𝒆−𝟑𝒕 vii. 𝒕𝟐 𝟐𝒕
ii. 𝒕𝟑 𝒆𝟐𝒕 viii. 𝒕𝟑 𝟐−𝒕
iii. 𝒆𝟒𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 ix. 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕
iv. 𝒆−𝟓𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 x. 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕
v. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 xi. 𝒆𝟒𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕

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vi. cosh3tsin2t

(i) 𝒕𝒆−𝟑𝒕
𝐿[𝑡𝑒 −3𝑡 ] = 𝐿[𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+3
1 1
= (𝑠 2 ) ∵ 𝐿 (𝑡 ) = 𝑠 2
𝑠→𝑠+3
1
∴ 𝐿[𝑡𝑒 −3𝑡 ] = (𝑠+3)2

(ii) 𝒕𝟑 𝒆𝟐𝒕
𝐿[𝑡 3 𝑒 2𝑡 ] = 𝐿[𝑡 3 ]𝑠→𝑠−2
3! 3!
= (𝑠 4 ) ∵ 𝐿(𝑡) = 𝑠 3+1
𝑠→𝑠−2
6
∴ 𝐿[𝑡 3 𝑒 2𝑡 ] = (𝑠−2)4

(iii) 𝒆𝟒𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕

𝐿[𝑒 4𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠−4
2
= (𝑠 2+22 )
𝑠→𝑠−4
2
= (𝑠−4)2 +4
2
= 𝑠 2−8𝑠+16+4
2
∴ 𝐿[𝑒 4𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = 𝑠 2−8𝑠+20

(iv) 𝑳[𝒆−𝟓𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕]

𝐿[𝑒 −5𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+5
𝑠
= (𝑠 2+32 )
𝑠→𝑠+5
𝑠+5
= (𝑠+5)2 +9
𝑠+5
= 𝑠 2+10𝑠+25+9
𝑠+5
∴ 𝐿[𝑒 −5𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡] = 𝑠 2+10𝑠+34

(v) 𝑳[𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕]
𝑒 2𝑡 −𝑒 −2𝑡
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡] = 𝐿 [( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡]
2
1
= [𝐿(𝑒 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡) − 𝐿(𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡)]
2
1
= [𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡)𝑠→𝑠−2 − 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡)𝑠→𝑠+2 ]
2
1 𝑠 𝑠
= [( ) −( ) ]
2 𝑠 2+32 𝑠→𝑠−2 𝑠 2+32 𝑠→𝑠+2

1 𝑠−2 𝑠+2
∴ 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡] = 2 [(𝑠−2)2 +9 − (𝑠+2)2+9]

(vi) 𝑳[𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟑𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕]
𝑒 3𝑡 +𝑒 −3𝑡
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = 𝐿 [( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡]
2

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Engineering Mathematics - II

1
= [𝐿(𝑒 3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡) + 𝐿(𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡)]
2
1
= [𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡)𝑠→𝑠−3 + 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡)𝑠→𝑠+3 ]
2
1 2 2
= [( ) + (𝑠 2+22 ) ]
2 𝑠 2+22 𝑠→𝑠−3 𝑠→𝑠+3
1 2 2
∴ 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = 2 [(𝑠−3)2 +4 + (𝑠+3)2+4]

(vii) 𝒕𝟐 𝟐𝒕
𝑡
𝐿[𝑡 2 2𝑡 ] = 𝐿[𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ]
= 𝐿[𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ] = 𝐿[𝑡 2 ]𝑠→𝑠−𝑙𝑜𝑔2
2!
= (𝑠 3 )
𝑠→𝑠−𝑙𝑜𝑔2
2
= (𝑠−𝑙𝑜𝑔2)3
2
∴ 𝐿[𝑡 2 2𝑡 ] = (𝑠−𝑙𝑜𝑔2)3

(viii) 𝒕𝟑 𝟐−𝒕
−𝑡
𝐿[𝑡 3 2−𝑡 ] = 𝐿[𝑡 3 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ]
= 𝐿[𝑡 3 𝑒 −𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ] = 𝐿[𝑡 3 ]𝑠→𝑠+𝑙𝑜𝑔2
3!
= (𝑠 4 )
𝑠→𝑠+𝑙𝑜𝑔2
6
= (𝑠+𝑙𝑜𝑔2)4
6
∴ 𝐿[𝑡 3 2−𝑡 ] = (𝑠+𝑙𝑜𝑔2)4

(ix) 𝑳[𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕]

𝐿[𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+2
1
= 2 𝐿[sin(3𝑡 + 2𝑡) + sin(3𝑡 − 2𝑡)]𝑠→𝑠+2
1
= 2 𝐿[sin 5𝑡 + sin 𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+2
1
= 2 [L(sin 5𝑡) + 𝐿(sin 𝑡)]𝑠→𝑠+2
1 5 1
= 2 [𝑠 2 +52 + 𝑠 2+12 ]
𝑠→𝑠+2
1 5 1
= 2 [(𝑠+2)2 +25 + (𝑠+2)2+1]
1 5 1
∴ 𝐿[𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] == 2 [(𝑠+2)2 +25 + (𝑠+2)2 +1]

(x) 𝑳[𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕]

𝐿[𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+3
1
= 2 𝐿[cos(4𝑡 + 2𝑡) + cos(4𝑡 − 2𝑡)]𝑠→𝑠+3
1
= 2 𝐿[cos6t + cos2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+3

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1
= 2 [L(cos6 𝑡) + 𝐿(cos2 𝑡)]𝑠→𝑠+3
1 𝑠 𝑠
= 2 [𝑠 2 +62 + 𝑠 2+22 ]
𝑠→𝑠+3
1 𝑠+3 𝑠+3
= [(𝑠+3)2 + (𝑠+3)2 ]
2 +36 +4
1 𝑠+3 𝑠+3
∴ 𝐿[𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡] = 2 [(𝑠+3)2 +36 + (𝑠+3)2 +4]

(xi) 𝑳[𝒆𝟒𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕]

𝐿[𝑒 4𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠−4
1
= 2 𝐿[sin(3𝑡 + 2𝑡) − sin(3𝑡 − 2𝑡)]𝑠→𝑠−4
1
= 2 𝐿[sin 5𝑡 − sin 𝑡]𝑠→𝑠−4
1
= 2 [L(sin 5𝑡) − 𝐿(sin 𝑡)]𝑠→𝑠−4
1 5 1
= 2 [𝑠 2 +52 − 𝑠 2+12 ]
𝑠→𝑠−4
1 5 1
= 2 [(𝑠−4)2 +25 + (𝑠−4)2+1]
1 5 1
∴ 𝐿[𝑒 4𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] = 2 [(𝑠−4)2 +25 + (𝑠−4)2+1]

Exercise: 5.1
Find the Laplace transform for the following
𝟏 𝟑𝒔 𝒔
1. cos 2 3𝑡 Ans: 𝟒 [𝒔𝟐 +𝟗 + 𝒔𝟐+𝟖𝟏]
𝟏 𝟕 𝟏
2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 Ans: 𝟒 [𝒔𝟐 +𝟒𝟗 − 𝒔𝟐+𝟏]
𝟏
3. 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 Ans: (𝒔−𝟐)𝟐
𝟒!
4. 𝑡 4 𝑒 −3𝑡 Ans:(𝒔−𝟑)𝟓
𝟐
5. 𝑒 4𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 Ans:(𝒔−𝟒)𝟐 +𝟒
𝒔+𝟓
6. 𝑒 −5𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 Ans:(𝒔+𝟓)𝟐 +𝟗
𝟑!
7. 𝑡 3 3𝑡 Ans:(𝒔−𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑)𝟒
𝟓!
8. 𝑡 5 4−𝑡 Ans:(𝒔+𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟒)𝟔
𝟓 𝟏
9. 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 Ans: (𝒔+𝟐)𝟐 +𝟐𝟓 + (𝒔+𝟐)𝟐 +𝟏
𝒔+𝟑 𝒔+𝟑
10. 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 Ans: (𝒔+𝟑)𝟐 +𝟑𝟔 + (𝒔+𝟑)𝟐 +𝟒
𝟒 𝟒
11. 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡 Ans: (𝒔−𝟏)𝟐 +𝟏𝟔 − (𝒔+𝟏)𝟐 +𝟏𝟔
1 𝑠−2 𝑠+2
12. 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 Ans: 2 [(𝑠−2)2+4 − (𝑠+2)2 +4]

Laplace Transform Page 13