Topic 10: Underlined Purpose 74 Questions DIE I Must Know Tips: # Try to find the purpose of the underlined part, as well as all other sentences around it. « Different options tell the purpose of different sentences in the passage * Pay attention to the words before, alter, and following the underlined part in the options. # Don’t read the question prompt (it's static) Recommended time per question in this section: min: 45 see, max: 1 min 25 sec, avg: 1 min 5 sec. (*Exam level) ‘The following text is adapted from Matthew Amold’s 1869 nonfiction book "Culture and Anarchy" ‘The Times [a British newspaper], replying to Some foreign strictures on the dress, looks, and behavior of the English abroad, urges that the English ideal is that everyone should be free to do and to look just as he likes. But culture indefatigably tries, not to make what each raw person may like the rule by which he fashions himself; but to draw ever nearer to a sense of what is indeed beautiful, graceful, and becoming, and to get the raw person to like that, ‘The following text is Rainer Maria Rilke's 1897 poem "Evening" (translated by Jessie Lamont in 1918) ‘The bleak fields are asleep, The evening in the harbour Down his red sails takes, Night, guardian of dreams, Now wanders through the land; ‘The moon, a lily white, Blossoms within her hand. Jcatashkent. oe) Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? A) It suggests that opinions regarding culture change over time B) It asserts that the English are not as well known for their sense of taste as they ought to be. C) It details an example that supports the author's primary claim. D) It presents an opinion with which the author disagrees, Which choice best states the function of the undeclined portion in the text as a whole? A) It conveys the speaker's sense that he is alone while experiencing the evening. B) It shows that the speaker would rather look at the ficlds than at the water. C) It indicates the speaker's disappointment that other people dislike rural settings. D) It explains why the speaker has woken up from sleeping, 403‘The following text is fom Mark Twnin's 881 | novel, The Prince and the Pauper Which choice best states the function of the “In the ancient city of London, on a certain underlined sentence in the text as a whole? autumn day in the second quarter of the sixteenth century, a boy was born to a poor A) It establishes a contrast with the previous family of the name of Canty, who did not want character description. him. On the same day another English child was born to a rich family of the name of Tudor, who did want him. All England wanted him too. England had so longed for him, and hoped for C) It demonstrates the setting that is him, and prayed God for him, that, now that he explored in the rest of the paragraph. was really come, the people went nearly mad for joy. Mere acquaintances hugged and kissed each other and cried.” B) It introduces a character description continued in the following sentences. D) It expands upon the characterization in the former sentence Known for the albums Quiet Nights and Miles Ahead, jazz trumpeter Miles Davies collaborated several times with pianist Gil Evans. Their 1958 adaptation of George Greshwin’s opera Porgy and Bliss bears little resemblance to the 1935 ‘A) It shows how two artists benefited from original. Davies and Evans felt no desire to seating carfath conventions, please listeners expecting an exact duplication of the opera. They omitted parts, such as the aria |B) It proposes a reason why one work of art is “T got plenty of Nuthin’,” and sometimes made widely thought to be more successful than ‘auly brief gestures toward Gitehwin'enmelociles another Which choice best describes the function of the underlined part? only brief gestures toward Greshwin's melodies. But Davies and Evans’ willingness to recompose |) Jt underlines an assertion made later in Greshwin’s work led to one of the most enduring the text albums in Davis's catalog. D) It presents examples to support a claim made earlier in the text, @ecatashkent 404In Hoocak, an Indigenous language from the Mid-Atlantic region of what is now the United States, okaycke means "bad," whereas ati okayeye'tesel means "bad houses." This phenomenon, in which an element of a root word is repeated, sometimes with modification, within another word that is related to the root word, is called reduplication. In this case, the Jement "ye" in okayake gets repeated in ati okayeye'tesel. There are many examples of this type of reduplication in Hoocak. Mexican textile artist Victoria Villasana weaves stories of triumph, using her unique method of applying colorful yarn to photographs of people. In some works, Villasana focuses on celebrating cultural icons who are people of color, as she does in her depiction of activist Ryu Gwansun, However, in other works, Villasana honors ordinary people, as she docs in her captivating portrayal of young git sitting on a sidewalk. Villasana sees both of these approaches as ways of depicting the power and interconnectedness of all people @ecatashkent Which choice best describes the function of the underlined part? A) It elaborates on the description of reduplication by exampling how it works in the specific Hoocgk word mentioned earlier. B) It provides English translation of the Hoocak word mentioned earlier. C) It acknowledges that Hoocak has some important exceptions to the general pattern described earlier. D) It emphasizes how frequently reduplication occurs in Hoocak. Which choice best states the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) To emphasize that Villasana prefers to focus on famous figures in her work B) To offer an overview of Villasana’s artistic style, C) To demonstrate that the Villasana collaborates frequently with other artists. D) To provide an example of an everyday individual whom Villasana has portrayed in her work‘The following text is from Lady Gregory's 1904 play Spreading the News. Mrs. Tarpey, Bartley, and Mrs. Fallon have been buying and selling goods at the local fair. MRS. TARPEY: Good morrow, Bartley Fallon; good morrow, Mrs. Fallon. Well, Bartley, yow'l find no cause for complaining to-day; they are all saying it was a good fair BARTLEY: (Raising his voice.) It was not a good fair. Mrs. Tarpey. It was a scattered sort of a fair. If wo didn't expect more, we got less. ‘That's the way with me always; whatever I have to sell goes down and whatever I have to buy goes up. If there’s ever any misfortune coming to this world, it’s on myself it pitches, like a fiock of crows on sced potatoes When people think of dinosaurs with feathers, they typically think of winged dinosaurs, such as the four-winged Microraptor. However, many dinosaurs that didn’t have wings also had feathers on their bodies. For instance, research indicates that the wingless, speedy Ornithomimus likely had feathers Jcatashkent. ea) Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It presents a vivid image to emphasize a claim that Bartley makes. B) It describes an event that Bartley observed at the fair. ©) It expresses doubt about the truth of a claim that Bartley made. D) It indicates the degree to which Mrs. Tarpey doubts a certain event will occur Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? A) It points ont several weaknesses in the theory presented in the previous sentence. B) It provides a specific example of the dinosaurs described in the previous sentence. ) It identifies the researchers who made the discovery mentioned in the previous sentence. D) It explains the scientific debate about the finding discussed in the previous sentence. 406‘The novel “My Heart Is a Chainsaw” confirmed that Stephen Graham Jones is one of the most talented writers of horror fiction today. Bs featuring main characters who are Blackfeet, like novel also helped to ensur ‘that Indigenous people have a place within the horror genre. But Jones is hardly the onl Indigenous voice in horror: Métis author Cherie Dimaline has also written in the genre. Her acclaimed 2019 novel Empire of Wild is set in a Métis community in southern Canada Dubautia waialealae is a species in a family of plants known collectively as the silversword alliance, all of which grow only on the Hawaiian Islands. Members of this alliance exhibit an extraordinary range of phenotypes, with some species maturing into vines and others into shrubs and trees. All species in the alliance descended from a single ancestral tarweed plant that arrived on the islands around 5 million years ago. The tarweed’s descendants diversified into distinct species as they adapted to live in the wide variety of habitats found on the Hawaiian Islands @ecatashkent a) Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence? A) It highlights the significance of the portrayal of Indigenous people in My Heart Is a Chainsaw. B) It challenges the widely held view that Stephen Graham Jones based My Heart Is a Chainsaw on events in his own life. ) It asks why so many readers who don’t enjoy the horror genre have purchased My Heart Is a Chainsaw. D) It predicts that non-Indigenous authors will include more Indigenous characters in their work. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined phrase in the text as a whole? A) It lists species from a family of plants found only on the Hawaiian Islands. B) The sentence explains the unique nature of the researchers’ hypothesis, C) The sentence summarizes the debate presented in the text. D) The sentence identifies the location of a bone in felines. 407‘The Card Game is a painting by Jacob Lawrence, dated 1953. It’s part of the full collection of the SCAD Muscum of Art in Savannah, Georgia. A digital image of it can also be found in an online collection. In a paper, a student claims that people usually spend more tim a. work of art ina museun they do online. views than In Hoocak, an Indigenous language from the Midwest region of what is now the United States, paras means "Bat," whereas paraparaé square." This phenomenon, in which an element of a root word is repeated, sometimes with modification, within another word that is related to the root word, is called reduplication. In ase, the element "para" in paras gets repeated in paraparaé. There are many examples of this type of reduplication in Hoocak. means " @ecatashkent Which finding, if true, would most directly support the underlined claim? A) B) D) Most people spend abont three minutes viewing The Card Game at the museum and only about one minnte viewing it online. The Card Game isn’t the only work of art by Jacob Lawrence that has been put online. Most people who go to museums in Savannah are visiting from other places. More than one museum has works of art. by Jacob Lawrence in its full collection, Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? A) B) 9 D) Tt emphasizes how frequently reduplication oceurs in Hoocak. Tt acknowledges that Hoocak has some important exceptions to the gencral pattern described earlier It elaborates on the discussion of reduplication by explaining how it works in the specific Hoocak words introduced carlier It provides English translations of the Hoocak words mentioned earlier A408Ina study by Mika R. Moran, Daniel A. Rodriguez, and colleagues, residents of Mexico City, Mexico, and Buenos Aires, Argentina, were surveyed about parks in their cities. Of the 562 respondents from Mexico City, 77.6% indicated that they use the city’s parks, and of the 683 respondents from Buenos Aires, 60.9% indicated using city parks. Given that the percentage of Mexico City respondents who reported living. within a 10-minute walk of a park was much lower than that of reported by Buenos Aires respondents, greater proximity alone can't explain the difference in park use ‘The Paul Laurence Dunbar House in Dayton, Ohio, is the house where Paul Laurence Dunbar lived for two years and wrote his later poetry collections. Now the house is a museum dedicated to Dunbar’s life and writings, visitors ‘travel to this museum to feel more connected to an author they admire. To encourage that sense of connection, the museums cnrators have set up exhibits with furnishings owned by Dunbar Such exhibits help visitors understand day-to-day life in the house where Dunbar felt inspired @ecatashkent Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It marks a shift from a discussion of the researchers’ conclusion to a discussion of their methods, B) It identifies the nature of a relationship that is significant to the text’s conclusion. C) It provides context to help readers understand the scope of the researchers’ survey. D) It introduces a counterexample to the scenario described carlicr in the text. Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? A) It states the current purpose of a building mentioned in the previous sentence. B) It summarizes the career of an author mentioned in the previous sentence. ) It recommends the works of an author mentioned in the previous sentence. D) It recounts the history of a place mentioned in the previous sentence. 409On painter William H. Johnson's return to the United States in 1938 after a decade in Europe, his style underwent an abrupt transformation. ‘Turning away from landscapes painted in an sub ‘experience of reality—Johnson began painting portraits of Black Americans in a bold new Evocative of African sculpture and American and Scandinavian folk art, these portraits feature flat, deliberately oversimplified figures in a vibrant but limited color palette. When people think of dinosaurs with feathers, they typically think of winged dinosaurs, such as the four-winged Microraptor. However, many dinosaurs that didn’t have wings also had Teath heir bodies. For instance, res indicates that the wingless, speedy Ornithomimus likely had feathers. ‘arch @ecatashkent Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? A) It elaborates on the previous sentence’s statement abont a transitional moment in Johnson's artistic carcer B) It provides information about Johnson’s travels in support of a claim about his artistic influences, which is advanced in the following sentence, ©) It recounts a moment in Johnson's personal life that enabled the success of his subsequent career, which is summarized in the following sentence D) It presents evidence that calls into question the previous sentence’s characterization of Johnson's artistic development. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It reveals that the dinosaurs mentioned carlier in the text used their feathers for an important purpose. B) It gives an example of a dinosaur with the characteristics mentioned earlier in the text. ) It defines a term related to the type of dinosaur feathers mentioned earlier in the text. D) It indicates that the dinosaurs mentioned earlier in the text weren't the only ones that had feathers. 410‘The following text is from Annie Dillard’s 1987 autobiographical novel An American Childhood, The narrator is a young git! living in Pittsburgh. | Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? I walked. My mother had given me the freedom of the streets as soon as I could say our telephone number. I walked and memorized the neighborhood. I made a mental map and located myself upon it. At night in bed, I rehearsed the |B) It provides examples of what the narrator small world’s scheme and set challenges: find thinks about at night. the store using backyards only; imagine a route from the school to my friend's house. A) It describes the narrator trying to memorize her telephone number. ©) It gives directions to the narrator's favorite local store. D) It portrays the narrator's relationship with her mother Researchers Narclle Haworth and Amy Schramm agroapieune ee duit | Which survey response from a bike rider in Wbsierduawtions aboulfier level of Queensland would best support the underlined ? experiendll reasons for ridingla bisend ste | Glas preferences. The researchers claim that experienced riders who mainly bike to work tend {o prefer rontes that reduce their travel time. A) "Thave a bike, but I don’t ride it very often. When the weather is nice, I sometimes use my bike to go into town to do some shopping.” B) "I usually bike to work, but I'm taking the bus now because my bike has a broken part that needs to be fixed." C) "I just got a new bike, and I’m looking forward to going on rides with my friends soon," D) "I bike to my job every day. There's a nice bike path that goes through a park, but I use the bike lane on the main road because it’s faster." Jcatashkent. AllAmsterdam has high pedestrian traffic, but simply replicating a feature of Amsterdam associated with walkability-c.g., its high number of relatively short blocks-may be insufficient to induce increased walking in other cities. As urbanist Mariela Alfonzo argues, our understanding of individuals’ decision-making about whether to walk is insufficiently robust: the role of amenities, and so on, but walking decisions are made in complex contexts in which multiple conditions and needs inform individuals’ choices. ‘The following text is from Anne Spencer’s 1922 poem "Translation." We trekked into a far country, My friend and L (Our deeper content was never spoken, But each kanew all the other said He told me how calm his soul was laid By the lack of anvil and strife "The wooing kestrel," I said, "mutes his mating-note To please the harmony of this sweet silence.” @ecatashkent Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It illustrates a scholarly disagreement described earlier in the sentence B) It summarizes the findings of studies whose methods are discussed earlier in the sentence. C) It acknowledges a potential objection to the argument presented earlier in the sentence. D) It elaborates on a claim presented earlier in the sentence. Which choice best describes the function of the reference to the "wooing kestrel" (a type of bird) in the text asa whole? A) It emphasizes the speaker's belief that her friend is not sharing his true feelings with her. B) It suggests that nature has secrets that humans are fundamentally incapable of discovering C) It illustrates the assertion that peace is a subjective state rather than an objective one. D) It presents the natural world as aligning with the experience of the speaker and her friend. 412Why do ocelots purr but jaguars roar? Researchers hypothesize that this difference between the two feline species may be partly due to a U-shaped bone in their throats. This bone is called the id. Ocelots, which are much smaller than jaguars, have a rigid hyoid that rumbles when the cat’s larynx vibrates, resulting in a pur. By contrast, jaguars have a somewhat flexible hyoid, and the bone is attached to the skull with a stretchy ligament that ocelots lack. ‘These traits allow jaguars and most other species of hig cats to roar. The same traits may also prevent most big cats from purring, Humans aren't the only ones who use tools. Other animals also find tools helpful. Octop use two halves of a seashell to provide protection or a place to hide, and despite sometimes being. thought of as simple, many birds make clever use of tools as well. Striated herons have been observed using breadcrumbs and other lures to attract fish to the water's surface, making it casier for the herons to catch them. @ecatashkent Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? A) The sentence explains the unique nature of the researchers” hypothesis, B) The sentence identifies the location of a bone in felines. ©) The sentence introduces a term that is used in the discussion that follows. D) The sentence summarizes the debate presented in the text. au) Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? A) It explains that humans use tools for many different tasks. B) It argues that octopuses use tools more often than other animals do. c) It provides one example of tool use in a nonhuman animal. It emphasizes that octopuses are smarter than birds. D) 413.‘The food industry has long used thermal technologies to preserve food in large batches. Recent advancements in infrared heating were made through research in Mexico on the preservation of bean flour. Infrared heating is generally considered to be an improvement over more conventional thermal preservation methods: whereas conventional methods transfer energy from the surface of a food to its terior, infrared he: Historians have argued that a crucial component of the Civil Rights Movement's success in the 1960s was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's Citizen Education Program (CEP), which invited promising activists from across the South to its one-week training sessions in Dorchester, Georgia. Led by experienced organizers such as Dorothy Cotton and Septima Clark, CEP attendees~ more than 7.000 in all~ participated in workshops on topics ranging from public speaking to legal doctrine before returning home and using their newly acquired knowledge to spearhead local civil rights initiatives. @ecatashkent Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? A) It emphasizes the simplicity of infrared heating technologies. B) It explains why conventional heating methods are popular in commercial applications and proposes a shift away from these methods. C) It suggests that there are possible flaws in infrared heating technologies that have not yet been well researched D) It identifies an advantage that infrared heating has over conventional thermal preservation methods. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? A) It establishes that criticism of the CEP was limited to a few individuals in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. B) It underscores the extent of the CEP" impact on the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, C) Iv illustrates the CEP organizers’ efforts to educate participants on a wide varicty of topics, D) It suggests that CEP attendees held a diverse array of opinions about the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's political philosophy. A414Shedding light on the thermal biology of fungi, research by Radamés Cordero ot al. indicates that certain mushrooms (including Marasmius capillaris and species from the genus Russula) can achieve a hypothermic state through evaporative cooling. Effects of this thermoregulation were not limited to the fungi's fruiting bodies and root-like hyphae: temperature reductions were observed in the immediately surrounding the mushrooms: Though slight, the reductions inspired an air-cooling device; using approximately 400 grams of mushrooms, the team’s prototype lowered the air temperature in a controlled environment by 10°C in forty minntes. ‘The following text is from Virginia Woolf's 1919 novel Night and Day. The text describes a gathering of young artists and intellectuals One person after another rose, and, as with an ill-balanced axe, attempted to hew out his conception of art a little more clearly, and sat down with the feeling that, for some reason which he could not grasp, his strokes had gone away. As they sat down they turned almost invariably to the person sitting next them, and rectified and continued what they had just said in public. @ecatashkent Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? a) B) °) D) It presents a tangential finding about thermoregulation in certain fungal species that the experiment described later in the text was designed to explain. It provides empirical evidence to bolster the claim made earlier in the text that certain fungal species maintain a hypothermic state. It identifies an unexpected observation that motivated the study of evaporative cooling in fungi that is discussed earlier in the text It establishes a finding central to the text's discussion of a practical application resulting from the team’s study of fungal thermal biology. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) B) 9 D) To reveal individuals’ uncertainty about the meaning of a particular artwork. To emphasize the extent of individuals? struggles to articulate thoughts on art To highlight the physical effort involved in individuals’ construction of large-scale works of art To draw attention to individuals’ discontent with the group's conversation about artIn Egypt, use of solid fuel (e.g., coal, wood) as a share of total household fuel use fell by more than 90 percent between 2000 and 2015; such | Which choice best describes the function of the shifts are typically explained by appeal to the _ | 8aderlined portion in the text as a whole? energy ladder, a model holding that fuel choice is mediated mainly by household income (specifically, high-technology fuels displace solid A) It anticipates a potential objection to the description of a model that the text provides. fuels as incomes rise). Alemu Mekonnen and Gunnar Kdhlin’s study of fuel use in Ethiopia B) It admits the superficial plausibility of an shows how reductive this model is, however: assumption that the text presents as although income of course constrained fuel lacking any empirical support. choice, several circumstances, including the local |, availability of different fuel sources, influenced decisions. It acknowledges the role played by a factor whose importance the text suggests has been overstated. D) It concedes that a finding may not appear to support the main view that the text advances. In Nana, on Indigenous language from the | (QQ) Pacific Northwest region of what are now the United States and Canada, wats’ means "a dog," whereas wawats'ii means "a small or cute dog." This phenomenon, in which an clement of a root word is repeated, sometimes with modification, within another word that is yelated to the root word, is called reduplication. B) It provides English translations of the Tn this case, the element "wa" in wats’ gets Nuxalk words discussed in the text. repeated in wawats’ii, There are many examples of this type of reduplication in Nuxalk. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? A) It explains where the language discussed in the text is from. ©) It contrasts the language discussed in the text with other languages. D) It provides a general definition of the phenomenon discussed in the text. @ecatashkent A1GJoseph A. Walker's award-winning play The River Niger was produced in 1972 by the groundbreaking Negro Ensemble Company (NEC). NEC cofounder Douglas Turner Ward, who worked as an actor, director, and playwright, had met actor and producer Robert Hooks while they were performing in a 1960 touring production of Lorraine Hansberry’s play A Raisin in the Sun. Together, they envisioned a theater company that would nurture and showcase the work of Black theater professionals. Since NEC's founding in 1967, its workshops and performances have given Black playwrights, including Walker, a forum for their compelling stories. In 2023 literary scholar Jeremy Douglass cautioned technology investors and enthusiasts who predict conventional books’ ultimate displacement by newer forms of media. Douglass observed that the concept of an “interactive” text is much older than technologists assume, extending back to the first time readers Seratched notes into a text's margins. In addition, newer media, such as video games, haven't replaced older forms of entertainment, such as comic books, but rather exist alongside them, Douglass believes that rather than supplanting books, technology is simply making new forms of expression possible. @ecatashkent Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It illustrates the importance of an organization mentioned in the text. B) It compares the achievements of two people discussed later in the text. ©) It angnes against the claim made earlier in the text D) It provides additional information about person discussed in the text. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It explains the basis for the claim made by the technologists mentioned in the text. B) It suggests that academics are better suited than investors to see the potential uses of contemporary interactive texts. It challenges the stance of the investors and enthusiasts who are mentioned earlier in the text It provides a historical anecdote about the technological challenges involved in reading the earliest interactive texts. AIT‘The following text is from Sarojini Naidu’s 1896 poem "Alabaster." Like this alabaster box whose art Is frail as a cassia-flower, is my heart, Carven with delicate dreams and wrought With many a subtle and exquisite thought. ‘The Reckoning and Resilience (2022) exhibition at Duke University’s Nasher Museum of Art in Durham, North Carolina, is dedicated to the work of thirty North Carolina artists, including Juan Logan, Cornell Watson, and Stephen Hayes. Although the Nasher Museum has focused exhibitions entirely on North Carolina artists before, as it did previously in the photography exhibition Across County Lines, the breadth of disciplines in Reckoning and Resilience sets it apart. @ecatashkent Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) They indicate potential reactions, one hoped for and one feared, to a decision the speaker considers throughout the text. B) They provide examples, one literal and one figurative, of a change that the speaker describes throughout the text. C) They describe the subjects, one physical and one abstract, of a comparison that extends throughout the text. D) They symbolize two viewpoints, one cautious and one impulsive, that are contrasted throughout the text. ea) Which finding, if true, would most directly support the underlined claim? A) Reckoning and Resilience and Across County Lines were curated to emphasize works that are not owned by the Nasher Museum. B) The Nasher Museum has a world-class collection of contemporary art that includes many paintings and sculptures from artists both inside and outside North Carolina, C) Logan is a painter, Watson is a photographer, and Hayes is a sculptor. D) Watson is a North Carolina photographer, as wore all of the artists featured in Across County Lines. A1RWhen people think of dinosaurs with feathers, |) they typically think of winged dinosaurs, such as the bat-like Yi gi. However, many dinosaurs | Which choice best describes the function of the that didn’t have wings also had feathers on their | "8derlined portion in the text as a whole? bodies. For instance, research indicates that the wingless, peacock-sized Caudipteryx likely had feathers. A) It gives an example of a dinosaur with the characteristics mentioned earlier in the sentence. B) It states the main argument about dinosaurs presented in the text. ) It contrasts the two dinosaurs discussed in the text. D) It describes features of the feathers of the dinosaurs mentioned earlier in the sentence ‘The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse is a 2001 novel by Ojibwe writer Louise Erdrich. It explores how historical events affect families on a reservation in rural North Dakota. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? ‘The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No A) It recommends that readers avoid a. Horse is typical of Erdrich’s work, Her writing particular novel by Erdrich. usually focuses on portrayals of everyday life in Ojibwe communities. Yet some of her novels B) It lists the many similarities between two have fantastical plots and take place outside novels by Erdrich. Ojibwe communities, For example, her 1991 It offers an example of a novel that differs novel The Crown of Columbus is essentially from most of Erdrich’s work adventure fiction, and the thrilling events in its plot are set largely on a Caribbean island. D) It discusses what inspired Erdrich to write one of her novels. @ecatashkent 419‘The Far Side of the World, first published in 1984, is a novel in Patrick O’Brian’s Aubrey/Maturin series, which includes twenty books plus an unfinished fragment of a twenty-first. Like the rest of the books in the ‘The Far Side of the World has a rather abrupt ending, but the following book, The Reverse of the Medal, picks up neatly where The Far Side of the World leaves off. Thus, the sudden ending is only an issue if one considers seri the books as independent texts—the Aubrey/Maturin series is best thought of as a single incredibly long work, similar to other multivolume stories, such as John Galsworthy's ‘The Forsyte Saga. ‘The following text is adapted from Adib Khorram’s 2018 novel Darius the Great Is Not Okay, The narrator, Darius, is a teenager visiting family in Iran, He and his friend Sohrab are at the entrance of the rnins of the ancient city of Persepolis. “The Gate of All Nations,” Sohrab said. He gestured to the lamassus [sculptures] and pillars surrounding us. “That’s the name in English.” It wasn’t much of a gate anymore, since anyone of any nation could have easily stepped around it instead of walking through. But it was still amazing. Behind the lamasst., more columns sprouted from the ground like ancient trees i petrified forest, forty fect tall, spindly but still miraculously upright. Giant stone slabs formed. the remains of what must once have been a breathtaking structure. a @ecatashkent Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It offers a detail that helps explain why it is not necessarily the case that a certain characteristic of The Far Side of the World should be considered a flaw. B) It presents a reason The Far Side of the World and The Reverse of the Medal are considered to be two of O'Brian’s most engaging novels. C) It argues that the Aubrey/Maturin series deserves the critical renown of works like The Forsyte Saga. D) It demonstrates that those readers who most enjoy reading The Reverse of the Medal will be those who have just finished reading The Far Side of the World Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It presents an image to illustrate what one part of the ruins looks like B) It emphasizes that the narrator already knows a lot about the city. C) It suggests that the narrator had expected to visit a forest. D) Iv indicates the specific time in the past when the buildings became ruins, 420Puerto Rico is an island in the Caribbean Sea. Indigenous people there started raising guinea pigs about 1,700 years ago. Guinea pigs had originally been domesticated much earlier in both Colombia and Peru. So were guinea pigs brought to Puerto Rico from Colombia or from Peru? Ancient Caribbean trade routes connected Puerto Rico with Colombia but not with Peru. Therefore, guinea pigs in Puerto Rico probably came from Colombia and descended from Colombian guinea pigs. Known for the albums Someday My Prince Will Come and Milestones, jazz trumpeter Miles Davis collaborated several times with pianist Gil Evans. Their 1958 adaptation of George Gershwin’s opera Porgy and Bess bears little resemblance to the 1935 original. Davis and Evans felt no desire to please listeners expecting an exact duplication of the opera, They omitted parts, such as the aria “I Got Plenty of Nothin’ ‘and sometimes made only brief gestures toward Gershwin’s melodies. But Davis and Evans's ‘willingness to recompose Gershwin’s work led to one of the most enduring albums in Davis's catalog. @ecatashkent a) Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the underlined claim? A) Guinea pigs are common in ancient Puerto Rican art, especially in pottery. Ancient guinea pigs in Puerto Rico were genetically less similar to ancient guinea pigs in Colombia than to ancient guinea pigs in Peru. B) C) The guinea pig population of ancient, Colombia was much larger than the guinea pig population of ancient Peru. D) Modern breeds of guinea pigs don’t look like images of guinea pigs in ancient art from Puerto Rico, Colombia, and Peru. a) Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It presents examples to support a claim made earlier in the text. B) It shows how two artists benefited from ignoring certain conventions. ) It proposes a reason why one work of art is widely thought to be more successful than another. D) It undermines an assertion made later in the text. 427Zurich has high pedestrian traffic, but simply replicating a feature of Zurich associated with walkability—o.g., its high number of street crossings—may be insufficient to induce increased walking in other cities. As urbanist Mariela Alfonzo argues, our understanding of individuals’ decision-making about whether to walk is insufficiently robust: some studies emphasize the role of demographic characteristics, others the role of neighborhood ‘type, and so on, but walking decisions are made in complex contexts in which multiple conditions and needs inform individuals’ choices. @ecatashkent a) Which choice best describes the function of the references to "demographic characteristic” and "neighborhood type" in the text as a whole? A) They illustrate factors that researchers believe people consider when making walking decisions in most contexts but that the text argues are unique to walking decisions made by people in Zurich. B) They are examples of factors that studies suggest are important in people's decision-making about: walking but that the text claims most people rarely consider when making walking decisions. C) They represent factors that have been identified as important infinences on walking decisions but that the text suggests are merely some of the many factors that may contribnte to people's decision-making about walking, D) They identify factors that Alfonzo argues have been overemphasized in studies of decision-making abont walking but that the text asserts are relevant to most people's walking decisions 422Copenhagen has high pedestrian traffic, but simply replicating a feature of Copenhagen associated with walkability—o.g., its human-scaled architecture—may be insufficient to induce increased walking in other cities. As urbanist Mariela Alfonzo argues, our understanding of individuals’ decision-making about whether to walk is insufficiently robust; some studies emphasize the role of population density, others the role of average commuting a and so on, but walking decisions are made in complex contexts in which multiple conditions and needs inform individuals’ choices. @ecatashkent Which choice best describes the function of the references to "population density" and "average commuting distance" in the text as a whole? A) They identify factors that Alfonzo argues have been overemphasized in studies of decision-making about walking but that the text asserts are relevant to most people's walking decisions B) They illustrate factors that researchers believe people consider when making walking decisions in most contexts but that the text argues are unique to walking decisions made by people in Copenhagen. C) They are examples of factors that studies suggest are important in people’s decision-making about walking but that the text claims most people rarcly consider when making walking decisions D) They represent factors that have been identified as important infinences on walking decisions but that the text suggests are merely some of the many factors that may contribnte to people's decision-making about walking, 423.Driven to sell as many paintings as possible, Alfred Hair, an influential figure among the landscape artists known as the Florida Which choice best describes the function of the Highwaymen, pioneered "fast painting," a underlined portion in the text as a whole? technique(which in part involved swift applications of paint) that many Highwaymen, including Isaac Knight, adopted. To conchide that this approach accounts for the ethereal nonymous aesthetic is tempting but B) It explains how an artist mentioned earlier methods weren't universally practiced in the text developed a distinctive style by affiliates: Roy McLendon, for example, painted adapting a particular approach to painting with greater deliberateness but achieved the originated by his colleagues same effects. A) It details evidence that contradicts a claim mentioned earlier in the text about a long-standing disagreement within a group of artists. C) It considers and rebuts an interpretation of the effect of a painting technique mentioned earlier in the text on the perception of work by a group of artists D) It establishes a contrast between the aesthetic qualities of works by artists who were central to a movement introduced earlier in the text and those of an artist who was more peripheral to that movement. ‘The following text is from Louise Exdrich’s 1986 novel The Beet Queen, Narrator discusses her relationship with her young niece, Dot. Celestine, the narrator's sister-in-law, is Dot's mother Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? A) It makes a prediction about how Celestine Dot was as impatient with babyhood as I. S! will change as she grows older. tried at once to grow out of it. Celestine never saw that, because she, and only she, took pleasure in Dot’s helpless softness. Only Celestine was saddened by her daughter's fierce | C) It offers a detail that shows how Dot is progress. Day by day, Dot grew stronger. In her growing stronger. shopping cart stroller she exercised to ‘exhaustion, bouncing for hours to develop her Teg muscles. B) It explores some of the narrator's psychological characteristics D) It indicates how sad Celestine is by describing a behavior she engages in. @ecatashkent 424Wakako Yamauchi is best known for And the Soul Shall Dance, her 1977 play about a Japanese American family in Southern California. The play is based on a short story Varcauchi had published three years earlier. Adapting the story wasn't easy. Theater relies on dialogue between characters, but the original story features little dialogue and instead describes its characters’ silent thoughts. To transform the story into a play, Yamauchi ed situations where characters reveal their thoughts by speaking them aloud during conversations with each other The following text is from Jose Rizal’s 1891 novel The Reign of Greed (translated by Charles Derbyshire in 1912) A Indy accompanied by her husband entered at that moment and took her place in one of the two vacant boxes. She had the air of a queen and gazed disdainfully at the whole house, as if to say, "I've come later than all of you, you crowd of upstarts and provincials, I've come later than you!” There are persons who go to the theater like the contestants in a mule-race: the last one in, wins, and we know very sensible men who would ascend the scaffold rather than enter a theater before the first act @ecatashkent a) Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? A) It describes how Yamauchi chose the actors who performed in the play. B) It offers information about how Yamauchi adapted her short story into a play. ©) It argnes that Yamauchi’s play influenced later playwrights D) It explains why Yamauchi’s short story is better known than the play adaptation is ag Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? A) It conveys the urgency some theater patrons feel to be the first ones to arrive at a performance. It emphasizes a character's desire to be an actor. It helps explain why some people dislike attending theatrical performances. It illustrates the lady’s contemptuous attitude toward the other people in the theaterMaster and Commander, first published in 1969, is a novel in Patrick O’Brian's Aubrey/Maturin series, which includes twenty books plus an unfinished fragment of a twenty-first. Like the rest of the books in the series, Master and Commander has a rather abrupt ending, but the following book, Post Captain, picks up neatly where Master and Commander leaves off. Thus, the sudden ending is only an issue if one considers the books as independent texts — the Aubrey/Maturin series is best thought of as a single incredibly long work, similar to other multivolume stories, sch as John Galsworthy's ‘The Forsyte Saga, Mexican architect Luis Barragén’s prolific career, which spanned the 1920s to the 1980s, evolved through distinct phases. As epitomized by the Aguilar House in Guadalajara, many of Barragan’s first projects integrated traditional Mexican building techniques into Mediterranean designs, Extensive travels abroad later sparked an engagement with modernist and functionalist aesthetics — styles whose emphasis on utility and whose repudiation of traditional architecture's more ornamental elements are readily apparent in Barrag4n’s house in Calle Guadiana. @ecatashkent Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? A) It demonstrates that those readers who most enjoy reading Post Captain will be those who have just finished reading Master and Commander. B) It argues that the Aubrey/Maturin series deserves the critical renown of works like The Forsyte Saga. C) It offers a detail that helps explain why it is not necessarily the case that a certain characteristic of Master and Commander should be considered a flaw. D) It presents a reason Master and Commander and Post Captain are considered to be two of O'Brien’s most engaging novels, Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? A) It presents biographical information that accounts for the transition in Barragén's carcer that is discussed in the text B) It notes why the two architectural projects described in the text constitute major departures from Barragén’s typical style. C) It lends support to an argument about the Mediterranean design acsthetic that is made in the previous sentence D) It explains why the architectural project discussed later in the sentence was highly regarded by Barragén’s contemporaries. 426In 2015 Filipa Faleiro and colleagues published a study concluding that ocean acidification has a strong effect on the behavior of Hippocampus guttulatus, a species of fish. However, Faleiro and colleagues’ study relied on a mean sample size of only 6 fish, In a 2022 review of various scientists’ conclusions about the impacts of ocean acidification on fish behavior, Jef C. Clements and colleagues caution caution that relying on such a relatively small sample size can increase the potential for biased analysis. Such analysis, in turn, can contribute to reports A microgenre is a specialized genre consisting of ‘a comparatively small number of stylistically similar artists. The microgenre of electronic music known as hyperpop emerged in the 2010s, with American singer Dorian Electra as an early exponent. Their combination of lush synthesizer arrangements and propulsive beats with vocals electronically shifted in pitch below their natural range exemplifies the hyperpop sound. More recently, Japanese-British recording artist Rina Sawayama has contributed to the microgenre by incorporating pop melodies into hyperpap songs. @ecatashkent Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? A) B) 9 D) It summarizes a shift in scientists? understanding of how Hippocampus guttulatus has responded to ocean acidification It claborates on a potential consequence of Faleiro and colleagues’ reliance on a relatively small sample size. It emphasizes the magnitude of the effect reported by Faleiro and colleagues of ocean acidification on Hippocampus guttulatus. It counters the objection of Clements and colleagues to studies that rely on relatively small sample sizes. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? a) B) c) d) It anticipates an objection to the text's endorsement of hyperpop. It notes an exception to the text's description of hyperpop. It defines a term used in the text's discussion of hyperpop. It states that the text’s intended audience mainly consists of hyperpop fans 427Cuttlefish and toads see in three dimensions (3D) by combining two images in their brains, one from cach eye. This produces a sense of dopth, helping the animals judge how close or far away an object is. Researchers have investigated 3D vision in praying mantises as well. In one study, Vivek Nityananda and his team fitted mantises’ faces with two different color filters, one covering each eye, much like the filters in 3D glasses once worn at movies. By observing the ‘mantises reaction to projected images, the team confirmed that mantises do indeed have 3D, vision, but it's unlike that of other animals. Benjamin Prudhomme and colleagues have explored how convergent evolution — a phenomenon that occurs when the same trait evolves independently in two reproductively Separate lineages — can result from a genctic mechanism shared by both lineages. KP Johan Meanwhile, Patricia J. Wittkopp and colleagues have investigated how convergence accurs through different genetic mechanisms, but the relative prevalence of convergence through shared and different. genetic processes is still poorly understood. This motivated biologists Delbert A. Green II and Cassandra G, Extavour to evaluate both types of convergence in a single study for their 2012 paper. @ecatashkent a) Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? a) B) c) D) It identifies a potential problem that the researchers faced while studying the praying mantises It offers a comparison meant to aid understanding of the praying mantis study, It emphasizes a difference between the research on praying mantis vision and research on other animals’ vision. It describes an earlier use of a tool the researchers used in the praying mantis study Which choice best states the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) B) c) D) It provides examples of how a phenomenon, was studied by scientists in the field before Green and Extavour's study. It gives a basic description of a phenomenon that is central to the discussion that follows. It clarifies a concept that the author Implies was unclear in the studies mentioned in the text. Tt introduces a method of scientific analysis that is discussed in greater detail later in the text. 428Vancouver has high pedestrian traffic, but other cities cannot increase their pedestrian traffic simply by replicating a single feature of Based on the text, the author would most likel Vancouver —e.g., its high number of pedestrian | @8t€e with which statement about Vancouver's amenities — that is associated with walkability. | "high number of pedestrian amenities"? ‘As urbanist Mariela Alfonzo Johan argues, many factors influence people's decision-making about, whether to walk: some studies have shown the A) It may increase walkability in Vancouver but is known to reduce walkability in other cities importance of demographic characteristics, others have shown the importance of average B) It is better understood as an effect of the commuting distance, and so on, and it is clear high level of pedestrian traffic in that none of these factors in isolation fully Vancouver than as a cause of that explains pedestrian habits in a given city. pedestrian traffic C) It affects walking decisions in Vancouver less than demographic characteristies and average commuting distance do D) It should be understood as just one of several factors that influence pedestrian activity in Vancouver. The following text is from Sara Teasdale's 1922 poem "Two Songs for Solitude." Which choice best describes the function of the ‘My heart has grown rich with the passing of years, | underlined portion in the text as a whole? Thave less need now than when I was young. To share myself with every comer, A) It explains speaker's views about proper Or shape my thoughts into words with my tongue. conduct toward new acquaintances. B) It provides examples of behaviors the speaker is less inclined toward than she once was. C) It presents an episode from the speaker's youth that she remembers fondly. D) It emphasizes the social habits the speaker has developed over her lifetime. @ecatashkent 429A student is studying how woma pythons, eastern brown snakes, and rough-scaled death adders react to sound. The student knew that many snakes display movement of more than 20 em in response to sound traveling through the ground, but assumed that snakes do not detect sound traveling through the air until reading a study by Christina Zdenck, Timothy Staples, and their team. ‘The Hundred Days, first published in 1998, is a novel in Patrick O’Brian's Aubrey /Maturin series, which includes twenty completed books. Some critics have found fault with the abrupt endings of The Hundred Days and other books in the series, saying that they do not finish conclusively but arbitrarily stop. But other cxitics argue that the books should not be thought of as discrete texts with traditional beginnings and endings but as a single incredibly Tong work, similar to other multivolume: such as Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time. @ecatashkent Which finding from Christian Zdenck, Timothy Staples, and their team's study, if true, would most directly challenge the underlined assumption? A) Neither eastern brown snakes nor rongh-scaled death adders display movement of more than 20 em in response to airborne sound, B) Woma pythons have better overall hearing than do rough-scaled death adders. C) Both woma pythons and eastern brown snakes react only to sounds traveling through the ground. D) Woma pythons, eastern brown snakes, and rough-sealed death adders display movement of more than 20 cm in response to both ground and airborne sound waves. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It presents a reason most critics think the Aubrey/Maturin series should have the literary renown of similar works like In Search of Lost Time B) It explains why many critics find the Anbrey/Maturin novels to be entertaining despite flaws in the novels’ structures. C) It argues that the unusual structure that O'Brian uses for The Hundred Days makes it one of his most entertaining books D) It summarizes a positive assessment of a particular characteristic of the Aubrey/Maturin novels 430In the early days of television in the 1940s, many people thought that US television programs would rely on the financial support of} Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? ad agencies and commercial sponsors, much like radio did. But advertisers hesitated to jump into a new space, particularly at a time when the A) It describes how broadcasters attempted to convince advertisers to support television, due to the US's involvement in World War IT B) It explains why a type of television Broadcasters, like the National Broadcasting programming was popular at the time Company (NBC), needed to persuade advertisers to support their programming despite not knowing whether there would be a robust tclevision audience to begin with D) It compares the beginnings of radio programming with the beginnings of television programming in the United States ©) It identifies a specific reason behind some advertisers’ hesitance to support television. Dubautia raillardioides is a species ina family of |B —“—~—S~s~™S™SCSYS plants known collectively as the silversword alliance, all of which grow only Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? ‘on the Hawaiian Islands. Members of this alliance exhibit an extraordinary range of phenotypes, with some A) It lists species from a [amily of plants species maturing into vines and others into found only on the Hawaiian Islands. shrubs and trees. All species in the alliance descended from a single ancestral tarweed plant | B) It explains why Dubautia raillardioides is that arrived on the islands around 5 million unique among members of the silversword years ago. The tarweed’s descendants diversified alliance. into distinct species as they adapted to live in the wide variety of habitats found on the Hawaiian Islands. C) It supplies the name used to refer to a group of related plant species D) It provides the common name for the Dubautia raillardioides plant. @ecatashkent 437Individual elephants and Arctic herbivores such ’8s caribou tend to have fixed geographic ranges throughout their lifetimes, which had prompted some researchers to speculate that the Arctic woolly mammoth, an extinct elephantid, might have exhibited similar behavior. Mammoth tusks grew in sequential layers, incorporating ingested minerals and organics, and so each ivory stratum reflects the ratio of strontium isotopes ("Sr/Sr) in the local environment; thus, the sequence of strata shows where the animal roamed during life. Recent analysis of the strontium ratios in the strata of one Arctic woolly mammoth tusk in relation to the geographic distribution of strontium ratios in the environment shows the animal's range begin to expand as it reached sexual maturity, only to contract again in its final 1.5 years. Chorioactis geaster, a species of mushroom that makes a distinctive hissing sound when it releases its spores, is an elusive fungus that has been observed only in Texas and Oklahoma in the US and in the Miyazaki and Nara Prefectures in Japan. Scientists aren't entirely sure why C. geaster is distributed in this way (genetic analysis reveals that the US and Japanese strains diverged 19 million but the mushroom appears to be ver roots of only a few tree species that are abundant in th are @ecatashkent Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It discusses a characteristic shared by certain animals in order to explain why researchers raised a possibility that turned out not to be supported by data described later in the text. B) It illustrates a pattern of behavior among certain animals in order to present a theory about exceptions to that pattern that is weakened by a finding described later in the text. C) It describes a similarity in the behavior of certain animals in order to show why a method described later in the text did not reveal whether another animal also showed that behavior, D) It introduces a trait shared by certain animals in order to contextualize a hypothesis about the origin of that trait that is advanced later in the text. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It provides an explanation for the relationship between C. geaster and its habitats, B) It highlights the negative impact C- geaster has on the trees on which it’s found C) It emphasizes the uncertainty about C. geaster alluded to earlier in the text. D) It elaborates on a characterization of C. ‘geaster presented carlier in the text. 432Can tomato plants grow on Mars? Can pea plants? You might think the answer to these questions is obviously no, but rescarchers in the Netherlands recently showed that the seeds of many common plant species can germinate in soil designed to simulate Martian conditions, as long as water is supplied. In fact, some spec actually did better in Martian soil than in Earth soil: 90 percent of tomato seeds sprouted when planted in simulated Martian soil, compared with 66 percent that did when planted in soil from their home planet. Julie Dash’s lyrical film Daughters of the Dust, first released in 1991, follows members of a Gullah family as they depart from their island home near Georgia in 1902. Though an imaginative, critically acclaimed film with a wide release—and a highly appreciative global audience—Dash’s work never received the plaudits it deserved within the US film industry. Interest in the film reignited, however, with. Beyonce's release of Lemonade in 2016, due to the visual album's numerous allusions to Dash’s: film in the form of stylistic references to its scenes, costumes, and celebration of Black life in the US South. @ecatashkent Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It signals the surprising nature of the findings discussed in the text B) It acknowledges that readers may object to the method used in the experiment discussed in the text ) It clarifies a potential point of confusion about the hypothesis tested in the study discussed in the text D) It draws a distinction between the two species discussed in the text Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It gives a brief overview of how Dash's film was reccived at the time of release and alludes to the reception of a similar work that is described later in the text B) It expands on an attribute of Dash’s film that is described carlier in the text in order to draw distinctions between the film and a later work that was influenced by it, C) It presents a discrepancy between the value of Dash’s film and the industry’s response to it that the text goes on to demonstrate was partially rectified by the film’s influence on a later work D) It introduces the implication that had Dash’s film received more recognition from the US film industry at the time of its release, it wouldn’t have attained such influence on Beyoncé’s Lemonade. 433.Benjamin Prud'homme and colleagues have explored how convergent evolution—a phenomenon that occurs when the same trait evolves independently in two reproductively eparate lineages—ean result from a genetic mechanism shared by both lineages. Meanwhile Patricia J. Wittkopp and colleagues have investigated how convergence occurs through different genetic mechanisms, but the relative prevalence of convergence through shared and different genetic processes is still poorly understood. This motivated biologists Delbert A. Green Tl and Cassandra G. Extavour to evaluate both types of convergence in a single study for their 2012 paper. Shedding light on the thermal biology of fimgi, research by Radamés Cordero et al. indicates that certain mushrooms (including Coprinellus micaceus and species from the genus Cantharellus) can achieve a hypothermic state through evaporative cooling. Ellects of this thermoregulation were not limited to the fungi's fruiting bodies and root-like hyphae: temperature rednetions were observed immediately surrounding the mushrooms. Though slight, the reductions inspired an air-cooling device; using approximately 400 grams of mushrooms, the team’s prototype lowered the air temperature in a controlled environment by 10°C in forty minutes, @ecatashkent Which choice best states the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It provides examples of how a phenomenon was studied by scientists in the field before Green and Extavour's study. B) It gives a basic description of a phenomenon that is central to the discussion that follows, C) It clarifies a concept that the author implies was unclear in the studies mentioned in the text. D) It introduces a method of scientific analysis that is discussed in greater detail later in the text. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It establishes a finding central to the text's discussion of a practical application resulting from the team’s study of fungal thermal biology. B) It provides empirical evidence to bolster the claim made earlier in the text that certain fungal species maintain a hypothermic state C) It presents a tangential finding about thermoregulation in certain fungal species that the experiment described later in the text was designed to explain. D) It identifies an unexpected observation that motivated the study of evaporative cooling in fungi that is discussed eatlier in the text 434In Algeria, use of solid fuel (eg, coal, wood) as a share of total household fuel use fell by approximately three-fourths between 2000 and 2019; such shifts are often explained by appeal to the energy ladder, a model holding that fuel choice is mediated mainly by household income (specifically, high-technology fuels displace solid fuels as incomes rise). Rasmus Heltberg’s study of fuel use in Ghana shows this model to be reductive, however: household fuel use was heterogeneous, flexible, and influenced by several factors, including the stability of the local clectrical grid In 2011 Stephen D. Simpson and colleagues published a study concluding that ocean acidification has a strong effect on the b of Amphiprion percula, a species of fish. However, Simpson and colleagues’ study relied on a mean sample size of only about 26 fish. In 2 2022 review of various scientists’ conclusions about the impacts of ocean acidification on fish behavior, Timothy D. Clark and colleagues caution that relying on such a relatively small sample size can increase the potential for biased analysis. Such analysis, in turn, can contribute to reports of exaggerated effects avior @ecatashkent Which choice best describes the function of the information about Algeria in the text as a whole? A) It provides an example of a type of change that the text goes on to suggest is poorly suited for evaluating whether the energy ladder is a viable model B) It introduces a finding that the text goes on to suggest can be explained in two different ways that are equally compelling, It describes a trend that the text goes on to suggest has a similar cause as a seemingly unrelated trend observed in Ghana. D) It illustrates the kind of phenomenon that the text goes on to suggest is frequently but inadequately accounted for by the energy ladder. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text? A) It states the conclusion reached by Simpson and colleagues in their 2011 study. B) It presents a criticism of the results reported by Simpson and colleagues in their 2011 study. C) It lists several traits of Amphiprion percula discovered by Simpson and colleagues while condneting their 2011 study. D) It emphasizes a detail about where Simpson and colleagues conducted their 2011 study.Vertical gene transfer involves the transmission of genetic material from a parent to offspring: horizontal gene transfer, on the other hand, involves the exchange of genetic material between organisms not in a parent-offspring relationship. While horizontal gene transfer is common among prokaryotes, single-celled organisms such as the bacteria Carnobacterium viridans and Morazella caviae, it has rarely been observed among eukaryotes (typically multicellular organisms). However, new studies suggest that horizontal gene transfer is more common in eukaryotes than originally thought. Vertical gene transfer involves the transmission of genetic material from a parent to offspring: horizontal gene transfer, on the other hand, involves the exchange of genctic material betwoen organisms not in a parent-offspring relationship. While horizontal gene transfer is ‘common among prokaryotes-single-celled organisms, such as the bacteria Brevundimonas diminuta and Lactobacillus curvatus-it has rarely been observed among cukaryotes (multicellular organisms). However, new studies suggest that horizontal gene transfer is more common in etkaryotes than originally thought. @ecatashkent Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? A) It argues that a particular direction of research concerning horizontal gene transfer is likely to be fruitless B) It indicates a distinction between horizontal gene transfer and vertical gene transfer, C) It implies that a common perception of horizontal gene transfer may be inaccurate D) It compares the frequencies with which horizontal gene transfer has been detected in two categories of organisms. Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? A) It proposes a direction for future research, into a biological phenomenon. B) It explains a biological process by contrasting it with a somewhat similar process. C) It argues that two biological phenomena are more similar than they may initially appear to be. D) It explains why a common perception of a biological process is flawed. 436.‘The following text is from Anne Spencer’s 1922 poem "Translation." We trekked into a far country, My friend and I Our deeper content was never spoken, But each knew all the other said. He told me how calm his soul was laid By the lack of anvil and strife. "The wooing kestrel,” T said, "nutes his mating-note To please the harmony of this sweet silence." The scenario of a dwarf mongoose engaging in territorial conflict with an outgroup dwarf mongoose illustrates a major dimension of social life across animal species, from the solitary to those with complex sociality: intraspecific contact with perceived outsiders. Though one Prominent hypothesis posits that sophisticated cognitive adaptations are primarily driven by the demands of various behaviors within established social groups (e.g., cooperative response to predation), interactions with same-species outsiders arguably contribute comparably by favoring nuanced analysis (e.g., evaluation of relative physical status) @ecatashkent Which choice best describes the function of the reference to "anvil and strife" in the text as a. whole? A) It symbolizes the speaker’s friend's view that meaningful work and social engagement are core components of a fulfilling life B) It illustrates how the speaker and her friend can feel a close connection even though they do not talk about their feelings. C) It emphasizes an opposition between nature and the relationship of the speaker and her friend. D) It represents a strong contrast to the speaker’s friend's current experience of tranquility. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It establishes that perceiving an individual of the same species as an outsider exemplifies the kind of analysis mentioned later in the text. B) It identifies a particular type of social interaction whose relevance to higher cognition in animals is the overall focus of the text ) It narrows the text’s focus from the full complement of social life dimensions across species to one applicable to only a subset, of species. D) It defines a scientific term central to the text’s discussion of the role of complex sociality in driving cognitive adaptations in animals. 437The following text is adapted from Akwacke Emezi’s 2019 novel Pet. Jam is a teenager who lives with her father, Aloo, and her mother, Bitter, who is a painter. Bitter finished the painting in the dark moming of a day-it was well past midnight when Jam heard the studio door creak open. She stared into the velvet black of her room and listened to her mother's footsteps walking in her [mother] and Aloe’s bedroom. There was a weight thrumming through the floorboards in a low song, and that was how Jam knew the painting was done. Bitter’s feet were singing the news, The Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) in New York City has an exhibition of video games that includes Vib-Ribbon from 1999, which museum visitors can play on site, and SimCity 2000 from 1994, which visitors can see only in a video presentation. MOMA claims the video presentations are only for games that would be impractical to display in a playable form, but video games are an inherently interactive medium, a feature that is grossly absent in a video-only presentation. @ecatashkent Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It adds to the idea that Bitter’s footsteps reveal something to Jam. B) It indicates that Jam is more interested in music than in art. C) It indicates that Bitter always sings when working on a painting. D) It describes Aloe’s reaction upon seeing the painting for the first time Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It provides MOMA’s rationale for a decision that the author critiques. B) It introduces a fact about video games that the author thinks MOMA did not appropriately consider when choosing which video games to exhibit. C) It details a criticism of MOMA that the author defends against in the remainder of the sentence. D) It presentsamisconception about video games that the author believes is evident in MOMA’s choice about which video games to exhibit. 438Several sociologists have observed that the word "culture," though commonly used in academic literature, is an ultimately hazy coneept-for example, Victoria Bonnell and Lynn Hunt have noted that "many crities have pointed to the vagueness of the concept of culture." Does the concept of culture encompass knowledge, or Taws, or both these things and others? For casual usage, such haziness is permissible-we know culture when we see it-but for researchers, a standardization of the term is called for if sociology is to truly progres Scientists discovered a 390-million-year-old fossilized forest of Calamophyton trees in modern-day England. The scientists believe the emergence of these Calamophyton forests changed the land significantly. For example, the tree roots would have greatly reduced soil accumulated twi shed likely created new habitats for animal life @ecatashkent Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It lists two essential components of what is referred to by Bonnell and Hunt as "eulture." B) It presents a point regarding the definition of "culture" on which nonspecialists and specialists tend to disagree C) It describes the questions first raised by Bonnell and Hunt's inquiry into the meaning of the word "culture." D) It illustrates a difficulty associated with the meaning of "culture" that the author believes holds back an academic field. Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) It suggests that there are likely fossilized Calamophyton forests from before 390 million years ago. B) It provides two competing views of when the Calamophyton forest likely merged. C) It illustrates how Calamophyton forests likely changed conditions on the land." D) It indicates how fast the Calamophyton forest spread. 439Over the course of the 1900s, more and more Native Hawaiians spoke English instead of the Hawaiian language. To preserve their language, Native Hawaiian teachers founded the ‘Aha Piinana Leo preschool in 1984. They spoke Hawaiian while teaching, and their Native Hawaiian students were soon able to understand and speak it themselves. The school was a huge success. Eventually it opened locations around Tlawai’i and started teaching Hawaiian to elementary and high school students too. ‘Thanks to 'Aha Punana Leo the number of young people 7eak the Tanguage has increased. ‘The Heege Manuscript (HM) is a collection of booklets of once-unbound paper sheets on which Richard Ieege copied various texts at his fifteenth-century home between Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire in England. Most other contemporaneous personal manuscripts like the Findern Anthology (FA) consist primarily of pieces hy celebrated medieval authors like Hoccleve and other readings favored by elites, whereas the HM has a distinctive emphasis on the popular, including entertainments like crude comedies, and the practical, with advice about manners. Jcatashkent. Whi choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) Besides Native Hawaiians, tens of thousands of people from other Pacific Islander communities live in Hawai'i today, including over 37,000 Samoans. B) Fewer than fifty children could speak Hawaiian when ‘Aha Panana Leo was founded, but now more than 2,000 students at ‘Aha Piinana Leo speak it C) Hawaiian is very similar to other languages that are spoken on the Polynesian Islands of the Pacific Ocean, including Tahitian, Samoan, and Maori, D) It illustrates a difficulty associated with the meaning of "culture" that the Roughly 680,000 Native Hawaiian people lived in the United States in 2020, and a little less than half of them lived in Hawai'i gag») Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? A) To suggest that the FA is a poor point of comparison for a collection like the HM B) To emphasize the ubiquity of hand-copied collections like the FA and the HM in medieval England ) To provide context for the text’s suggestion that the HM is an outlier among collections of its time D) To illustrate how the discussion of the HM earlier in the text can improve historians’ understanding of the FA 440@ecatashkent Answers: Underlined Purpose Answer QLQAL Sl SPaypal alo] wm wm /alsolyosol] el ayer|ajoyo@ecatashkentTopic 11: Cross-Text Connections 37 Questions Must Know Tips: # Read the passages first (Ist then 2nd) * Pay attention to the questions. * Know or guess the relationship between the passages before looking at the answer choices. © To find something, you need to know what you're searching for. Recommended time per question in this section: min: 1 min, max: 2 min, avg: 1 min 30 see. (*Exam level) ‘Text 1: Odaham farmers in Sonoran desert of the southwestern US and Northern Mexico plant different species in the same plot of land to help protect against the effect of drought. For example, while organ pipe cacti can tolerate extended periods of low moisture in the upper soil, Chia flowers cannot. So, planting both species helps ensure that even in growing. seasons too dry for Chia flowers, a farmer might still be able to harvest a pipe organ fruit. Text 2: Chia flowers are well adapted to growing in the desert but are highly dependent on having sufficient moisture in the upper soil. Inspired by ‘Odaham farmers, who often plant some crop species in the shade of more drought-tolerant species stich as organ pipe cacti to help prevent the sun from drying the upper soil, Gray and colleagues planted Chia flowers in the shade of solar panels in Sonoran Desert and found that the chia flowers grew well. @ecatashkent oe Based on the texts, the author of text 1 and the author of text 2 most likely agree on what point? A) Gray's team’s method could be refined to prevent soil moisture more actively from evaporating. B) Organ pipe and solar panels both provide adequate shade to help protect the moisture in the upper soil. C) The Odaham approach has an advantage cover Gray's team’s approach in that is capable of producing chia seeds. D) Chia flowers require more moisture in the upper soil than organ pipe cacti do. 443