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Understanding Limit Laws in Calculus

This document outlines the basic limit laws in calculus, including theorems related to constants, identity functions, and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It emphasizes the application of these laws to evaluate limits of algebraic functions, including polynomials and rational functions. Additionally, it discusses indeterminate forms and techniques for evaluating limits when both the numerator and denominator approach zero.

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lauriofritzie03
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7 views29 pages

Understanding Limit Laws in Calculus

This document outlines the basic limit laws in calculus, including theorems related to constants, identity functions, and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It emphasizes the application of these laws to evaluate limits of algebraic functions, including polynomials and rational functions. Additionally, it discusses indeterminate forms and techniques for evaluating limits when both the numerator and denominator approach zero.

Uploaded by

lauriofritzie03
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

LIMIT LAWS

BASIC CALCULUS – LESSON 2


OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you shall be able to
1. illustrate the limit laws (STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-3); and
2. apply the limit laws in evaluating the limit of algebraic functions
(polynomial, rational & radical) (STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-4)
Theorem 1. Limit of a Constant
The limit of a constant is itself. If k is any constant, then,

Examples:
Theorem 2. Limit of Identity Function
The limit of x as x approaches c is equal to c. That is,

Examples:
Theorem 3. The Constant Multiple Theorem

The limit of a constant k times a function is equal to the product of that constant
and its function’s limit.

Examples:
i. lim 2𝑥 = 2 lim 𝑥 = 2 5 = 10
𝑥→5 𝑥→5

ii. lim 3𝑥 = 3 lim 𝑥 = 3 −2 = −6


𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2
Theorem 4. The Power Theorem
The limit of an integer power p of a function is just that power of the limit of the
function.

Examples:
2
i. lim 𝑥 2 = lim 𝑥 = (3)2 = 9
𝑥→3 𝑥→3

4
4 4
lim
ii. 𝑥→−1 3𝑥 = 3 lim 𝑥 = 3(−1) =3
𝑥→−1
For the remaining theorems, we will assume that the limits of f and g both exist as
x approaches c and that they are L and M, respectively. In other words,
Given that and , then we have the following theorems.

Theorem 5. The Addition Theorem

Theorem 6. The Subtraction Theorem

Theorem 7. The Multiplication Theorem

Theorem 8. The Division Theorem


REMARKS:

• If f is a polynomial function, then 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒄)


𝒙→𝒄

• If f is a rational function and f(c) is defined, then 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒄)


𝒙→𝒄
Theorem 9. The Radical/Root Theorem

Suppose 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) exists and n ∈ ℕ. Then,


𝑥→𝑐

provided 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 when n is even.


𝑥→𝑐
Examples:

i.

ii.

4 4 4
iii. lim 3 − 2𝑥 = 3 − 2(5) = −7
𝑥→5

4
lim 3 − 2𝑥 DNE
𝑥→5
QUIZ 1. Evaluate the limits of the following using the
laws of limit.
1. 4.

2. 5.

3 6.
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
If 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 and 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟎, then
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
𝒇(𝒙) 𝟎
𝒍𝒊𝒎 is called an indeterminate form of type .
𝒙→𝒄 𝒈(𝒙) 𝟎

REMARKS:
𝑓(𝑐)
• If 𝑓(𝑐) = 0 and 𝑔(𝑐) = 0, then is undefined.
𝑔(𝑐)

• The limit MAY or MAY NOT exist.


• Some techniques used in evaluating such limits are FACTORING and
RATIONALIZATION.
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