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Task 5: Study and Implementation of IP Addressing Schemes
IP Addressing:
IP addressing means assigning a unique number (address) to each device like computers, routers,
printers, and phones so they can communicate over a network or the Internet.
You can imagine an IP address like a home address — it tells data where to go and where it
comes from. Without IP addresses, devices could not communicate.
There are two major versions of IP addressing:
1. IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4):
o Uses 32 bits → split into 4 octets (ex: [Link]) o
Supports around 4.3 billion unique addresses o
Written in decimal format
o Example: [Link] (Each section like 192, 168, 0, 5
contains 8 bits = total 32 bits)
2. IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6):
o Uses 128 bits → written in hexadecimal format o
Provides a huge number of addresses (trillions) o
Example:
[Link]
An IP address contains two parts:
1. Network ID: Shows the network section
2. Host ID: Indicates the specific device within that network
Example: [Link]/28
• Network ID: [Link]
• Host ID: .8
IP Address Classes:
IPv4 addresses are divided into 5 classes (A–E) depending on their range and purpose.
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• Class A: Few networks but many hosts (large companies)
• Class B: Balanced — moderate networks & hosts
• Class C: Many networks but limited hosts (mostly LANs)
• Class D: Multicasting
• Class E: Reserved for testing/research
Table 5.1: Classification of IP address class
Subnetting
Subnetting means splitting a large network into smaller networks (subnets) to manage it better
and utilize IP addresses more effectively.
Some host bits are converted into network bits to create more subnetworks.
Benefits:
• Efficient IP usage
• Less network traffic
• Better security & performance
Example: Network: [Link]/24 divided into 4 subnets
Subnet Network Address Range Broadcast
1 [Link]/26 1 – 62 .63
2 [Link]/26 65 – 126 .127
3 [Link]/26 129 – 190 .191
4 [Link]/26 193 – 254 .255
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Subnet Mask: [Link]
Steps to Configure and Verify Three Router Connections in Cisco Packet Tracer
Step 1:
Open Cisco Packet Tracer → select PC, Switch, and Router devices.
[Link] Device IPv4 Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway 1
pc0 [Link] [Link] [Link]
2 pc1 [Link] [Link] [Link]
3 pc2 [Link] [Link] [Link]
4 pc3 [Link] [Link] [Link]
5 pc4 [Link] [Link] [Link]
6 pc5 [Link] [Link] [Link]
Fig 5.1: Network Topology Created in Cisco packet tracer
Step 2:
Configure each PC with its respective IPv4 address and subnet mask.
Go to Desktop → IP Config → Fill IPv4 & Subnet Mask
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Fig 5.2: IP Adress Configuration on Router
Step 3:
Assign IP address and subnet mask
to router interfaces.
S.N
Devi Interface
IPv4 Address
Subnet Mask
O ce
FastEthernet0/0
[Link]
[Link]
1Rout
er0 Serial2/[Link]
[Link]
Serial2/0
[Link]
[Link]
2
Rout
er1 Serial3/0
[Link]
[Link]
FastEthernet0/0
[Link]
[Link]
3
Rout Serial2/[Link]
[Link]
er2
Fig 5.3
Step 4:
Configure Static Routes Use
command:
ip route <network id> <subnet mask> <next hop>
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For Router 0:
ip route [Link] [Link] [Link]
ip route [Link] [Link] [Link] ip route
[Link] [Link] [Link] ip route
[Link] [Link] [Link]
For Router 1:
ip route [Link] [Link] [Link]
ip route [Link] [Link] [Link] ip route
[Link] [Link] [Link] ip
route [Link] [Link] [Link]
For Router2:
ip route [Link] [Link]
[Link] ip route [Link] [Link] [Link]
ip route [Link] [Link] [Link] ip route
[Link] [Link] [Link]
Step 5:
Test the network using ping command
Example: ping [Link]
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Fig 5.4
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Task 6: Creation of a Simple Networking Topologies using Hubs and Switches
Network Topology:
A network topology refers to the structure or layout in which various network devices
(computers, switches, routers, servers, hubs, etc.) are connected and arranged in a network.
It defines how data flows within the network and how devices communicate with each other.
Topologies can be physical (actual layout of devices) or logical (how data travels in the network).
Hub:
A Hub is a basic networking device that operates at the Physical Layer (Layer 1) of the OSI
model.
It does not understand MAC addresses or data destination. Instead, it broadcasts the incoming
data to all connected devices, regardless of the intended recipient.
This results in:
• Increased traffic
• High chances of collision
• Slow network performance
Hubs are mostly outdated today and replaced by switches due to better efficiency and security.
Switch:
A Switch is a smarter networking device working at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI
model.
It reads the MAC address of devices and sends data only to the intended destination port,
instead of broadcasting to all. Advantages of Switch:
• Avoids data collisions
• Reduces unnecessary traffic
• Improves security and speed
• Efficient for LAN networks
Switches are widely used in modern networks.
Procedure:
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Step 1: Open Cisco Packet Tracer
Launch the Cisco Packet Tracer software to begin creating the network simulation.
Step 2: Place Network Devices
Step 3: Connect Devices with Suitable Cables Use
proper cables according to device types:
Device Type Cable Type
Straight-through
Different devices (PC ↔ Switch, Switch ↔ Router)
Cable
Same type devices (Router ↔ Router) Cross-over Cable
Make sure each device is correctly connected to avoid link errors.
(Fig 6.1: Connecting Devices using Correct Network Cables)
Step 4: Assign IP Addresses Assign
IP addresses to all:
• PCs
• Routers
• Servers
Each device should be assigned an IP from the correct network/subnet as per topology design.
To assign IP to a PC:
Desktop → IP Configuration → Enter IPv4 and Subnet Mask
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Fig 6.2: Assigning IP Address to PC1
Step 5: Test Network Connectivity
Open Command Prompt on any PC and use the ping command to test communication.
Example:
ping <destination IP>
If replies are received, the devices are successfully connected and the topology is working.
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Fig 6.3: Verification of Network Topology
Final Topology:
Fig 6.4
.