INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING

MODULE-II
 CONTENTS
➢ FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS:
Force
Resolution of Force
Resultant & Composition of Forces
Free Body Diagram
Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies
Concept Of Moment & Couple
➢ POWER TRANSMISSION DEVICES & LIFTING MACHINES:
Belt and chain drives
Types of Gears
Gear Trains
Simple Screw Jack
Pulley
 POWER TRANSMISSION DEVICES
Power transmission is the movement of energy from its place of generation to a location where it is
applied to perform useful work.
Power energy time

Power is defined formally as units of energy per unit time.

SI

𝑱𝑶𝑼𝑳𝑬 𝑵𝑬𝑾𝑻𝑶𝑵 𝑿 𝑴𝑬𝑻𝑬𝑹

In SI units: 𝑷𝑶𝑾𝑬𝑹 =
𝑺𝑬𝑪𝑶𝑵𝑫
=
𝑺𝑬𝑪𝑶𝑵𝑫

TYPES OF POWER TRANSMISSION:

 BELT DRIVE:
DRIVES: it is mechanism used to transmit power and speed from prime mover to the machine.
Belt drive is a frictional drive through which power is transmitted from one shaft to another.
Power transmission through belt depends on:
• Velocity of belt
• Tension in the belt
• Arc of contact between belt & pulley
• Condition under which belt is used
BELT DRIVE SELECTION CRITERIA:
• Speed of driving & driven shaft
• Power to be transmitted
• Positive drive requirement
• Space available
• Velocity ratio
• Centre distance between the shafts
• Shaft layout
• Service condition
TYPES OF BELT
 BELT MATERIALS

1. LEATHER BELT
2. COTTON/FABRIC BELT
3. RUBBER BELT
4. BALATA BELT
 TYPES OF BELT DRIVE
OPEN BELT DRIVE:
The open belt drive is used with shafts arranged parallel and rotating in the same direction.
CROSSED BELT DRIVE:
The crossed belt drive is used with shafts arranged parallel and rotating in the opposite
direction.
QUARTER TURN / RIGHT ANGLE BELT DRIVE:
The quarter turn belt drive is used with shafts arranged at right angles and rotating in one definite direction.
BELT DRIVE WITH IDLER PULLEYS:
A belt drive with idler pulley is used with shafts arranged parallel and when an open belt drive cannot be used
due to small angle of contact on the smaller pulley.
COMPOUND BELT DRIVE:
A compound belt drive is used when power is transmitted from one shaft to another through a number of
pulleys.
STEPPED / CONE PULLEY BELT DRIVE:
A stepped or cone pulley drive is used for changing the speed of the driven shaft while the main or driving shaft
at constant speed.
FAST AND LOOSE PULLEY BELT DRIVE:
A fast and loose pulley drive is used when the driven or machine shaft is to be started or stopped without
interfering with driving shaft.
VELOCITY RATIO:
It is the ratio between velocities of driver and driven.
VELOCITY RATIO OF BELT DRIVE:
𝑁2 𝐷1
=
𝑁1 𝐷2
If thickness of belt is considered, then
𝑁2 𝐷1 +𝑡
=
𝑁1 𝐷2 +𝑡
VELOCITY RATIO OF COMPOUND BELT DRIVE:
𝑁4 𝐷1 𝑋𝐷3
=
𝑁1 𝐷2 𝑋𝐷4
SLIP OF BELT:
It is a phenomenon of the relative motion between belt and pulley.
Due to insufficient grip of friction between pulley and belt, it may cause some forward
motion of belt with driver pulley without carrying driven pulley, this motion is called slip of
the belt.
𝑁2 𝐷1 𝑠
= 1−
𝑁1 𝐷2 100
If thickness of belt is considered, then

𝑁2 𝐷1 + 𝑡 𝑠
= 1−
𝑁1 𝐷2 + 𝑡 100
Where N1=speed of driver shaft
N2=speed of driven shaft
D1=diameter of driver pulley
D2=diameter of driven pulley
t=thickness of belt
Q.1. An engine running at 200 rpm. Drives a line shaft by means of a belt. The
engine pulley is 500mm diameter and pulley on the line shaft being 300mm.
Find the speed of the line shaft, when (i) there is no slip, and (ii) there is a slip
of 2%.
Q.2. An engine running at 150 rpm. Drives a line shaft by means of a belt. The
engine pulley is 750mm diameter and pulley on the line shaft being 450mm. A
900mm diameter pulley on the line shaft drives a 150mm diameter pulley keyed
to a dynamo shaft. Find the speed of the line shaft, when (i) there is no slip, and
(ii) there is a slip of 2%.
CREEP OF BELT:
When the belt passes from the slack side to the tight side, a certain portion of the belt extends
and it contracts again when the belt passes from the tight side to slack side.
Due to these changes of length, there is a relative motion between the belt and pulley
surfaces. This relative motion is called creep.
Mathematically,
𝑁2 𝑑1 𝐸+ 𝜎2
= ×
𝑁1 𝑑2 𝐸+ 𝜎1
Where, 𝜎1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎2 = Stress in the belt on the tight and slack side respectively
E = Young’s modulus for the material of the belt

Q.3. The power is transmitted from a pulley 1m diameter running at 200rpm. To a pulley
2.25m diameter by means of a belt. Find the speed lost by the driven pulley as a result of
creep, if the stresses on the tight and slack side of the belt is 1.4MPas. and 0.5 MPas.
Respectively. The young’s modulus for the material of the belt is 100 Mpas.
ADVANTAGES OF BELT DRIVE

DISADVANTAGES OF BELT DRIVE

 CHAIN DRIVE:
The chains are mostly used to transmit motion and power from one shaft to another, when the
distance between the centres of the shafts is short such as in bicycles, motor cycles,
agricultural machinery, road rollers etc.
TYPES OF CHAIN:
The chains, on the basis of their use, are classified into the following three groups:
1. Hoisting and hauling (or crane) chains
2. Conveyor (or tractive) chains
3. Power transmitting (or driving) chains
 HOISTING AND HAULING (OR CRANE) CHAINS:
The hoisting and hauling chains are of two types
i. Chain with oval links ii. Chain with square links
Chain with oval links: The link of this type of chain are of oval shape. The joints of each link
is welded. The sprockets which are used for this type of chain have to receive the links.
These are used only at low speed such as in chain hoists and in anchor for marine works.
Chain with square links: The links of this type of chain are of square shape. Such type of
chains are used in hoists, cranes etc. The manufacturing cost of this type of chain is less than
that of chain with oval links, but in these chains, the kinking occurs easily on overloading.
 CONVEYOR (OR TRACTIVE) CHAINS:
These chains are used for elevating and conveying the materials continuously. These are
usually made of malleable cast iron. These chains do not have smooth running qualities. The
conveyor chains run at slow speeds of about 3 to 12 km.p.h.

The conveyor chains are of the following two types:

i. Detachable or hook joint type chain
ii. Closed joint type chain
 POWER TRANSMITTING (OR DRIVING) CHAINS:
These chains are used for transmission of power, when the distance between the centres of
shaft is short. These chains have provision for efficient lubrication.

The power transmitting chains are of the following three types.

i. Block chain
ii. Bush roller chain
iii. Inverted tooth or silent chain
Block chain: It also known as bush chain. This type of chain was used in the early stages of
development in the power transmission.
It produces noise when approaching or leaving the teeth of the sprocket because of rubbing
between the teeth and the links. Such type of chains are used to some extent as conveyor
chain at small speed.
Bush roller chain:
It consists of outer plates or pin link plates, inner plates or roller link plates, pins, bushes and
rollers. It is extremely strong and simple in construction. It gives good service under severe
conditions. It produces less noise.
Inverted tooth or silent chain:
It is designed to eliminate the effects caused by stretching and to produce noiseless running.
There is no relative sliding between the teeth of the inverted tooth chain and the sprocket
wheel teeth. When properly lubricated, this chain gives durable service and runs very
smoothly and quietly.
ADVANTAGES OF CHAIN DRIVE
•Efficiency: It can achieve high transmission efficiency, up to 98%.
•Compact: These are more compact than belt drives and can fit into tight spaces.
•Durable: These are made from durable metals that balance strength and lightweight.
•Environments: It can operate in any conditions, such as high temperatures, moisture, oil, and corrosion.
•Smooth operation: It distribute the operating load evenly among the teeth, allowing for smooth operation at
various speeds.
•Vibration damping: It can dampen vibrations.
•Easy to install: These are relatively straightforward to install.

DISADVANTAGES OF CHAIN DRIVE

•Maintenance: It require frequent lubrication and maintenance to operate smoothly and prevent
early wear.
•Noise and vibrations : Standard chains can be noisy and have vibrations due to metal-to-metal
contact.
•Load capacity : Chain drives have less load capacity than gear drives.
•Lubrication : Insufficient lubrication can cause chain drives to wear out more quickly and lower
reliability.
 GEAR:
• A gear is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, which mesh with another toothed part
to transmit torque.
• Geared devices can change the speed, torque and direction of a power source.
• The teeth on the two meshing gears all have the same shape.
• Gear almost always produce a change in torque, creating a mechanical advantages,
through their gear ratio and thus may be considered a simple machine
TYPES OF GEAR:
• Spur gear
• Helical gear
• Herringbone gear
• Worm gear
• Bevel gear
• Rack and pinion
• Internal and external gears
SPUR GEAR:
• Parallel and co-planer shafts connected by gears
are called spur gears.
• It has straight teeth and are parallel to the axis of
the wheel.
• These gears are the most common type of gears.
• The advantages of spur gears are their simplicity
in design, economy of manufacture and
maintenance, and absence of end thrust.
• They impose only radial loads on the bearings.
• It is also known as slow speed gears. If noise is
not a serious design problem, spur gears can be
used at almost any speed.
HELICAL GEAR:
• Helical gears have their teeth inclined to the axis of the
shafts in the form of a helix, hence the name helical gears.
• These gears are usually thought of as high speed gears.
• Helical gears can take higher loads than similarly sized
spur gears.
• The motion of helical gears is smoother and quieter than
the motion of spur gears.
• Single helical gears impose both radial loads and thrust
loads on their bearings and so require the use of thrust
bearings.
• The angle of the helix on both the gear and the must be
same in magnitude but opposite in direction, i.e., a right
hand pinion meshes with a left hand gear.
HERRINGBONE GEAR:
• Herringbone gears resemble two helical gears that have been placed
side by side.
• They are often referred to as "double helicals".
• In the double helical gears arrangement, the thrusts are counter-
balanced. In such double helical gears there is no thrust loading on
the bearing.
WORM GEAR:
• Worm gears are used to transmit power at 90° and where high
reductions are required.
• The axes of worm gears shafts cross in space.
• The shafts of worm gears lie in parallel planes and may be skewed
at any angle between zero and a right angle.
• In worm gears, one gear has screw threads. Due to this, worm gears
are quiet, vibration free and give a smooth output.
• Worm gears and worm gear shafts are almost invariably at right
angles.
SPIRAL BEVEL GEAR:
• In these Spiral Bevel gears, the teeth are oblique.
• Spiral Bevel gears are quieter and can take up more load as
compared to straight bevel gears.

ZERO BEVEL GEAR:

• Zero Bevel gears are similar to straight bevel gears, but their
teeth are curved lengthwise. These curved teeth of zero bevel
gears are arranged in a manner that the effective spiral angle is
zero.
RACK AND PINION:
• A rack is a toothed bar or rod that can be thought of as a
sector gear with an infinitely large radius of curvature.
• Torque can be converted to linear force by meshing a rack
with a pinion: the pinion turns; the rack moves in a straight
line.
• Such a mechanism is used in automobiles to convert the
rotation of the steering wheel into the left-to-right motion of
the tie rod.
INTERNAL & EXTERNAL GEAR:
• An external gear is one with the teeth formed on the outer
surface of a cylinder or cone. Conversely,
• An internal gear is one with the teeth formed on the inner
surface of a cylinder or cone. For bevel gears, an internal
gear is one with the pitch angle exceeding 90 degrees.
Internal gears do not cause direction reversal.
ADVANTAGES
•Efficiency: Gears can be efficient, especially when they have less sliding action during
meshing.
•Load capacity: Gears can handle high loads and transmit significant torque.
•Versatility: Gears can be used in a wide range of applications, from simple mechanical
devices to high-speed and high-load applications.
•Space saving: Gear drive systems can be smaller than other systems, which can save
space.
DISADVANTAGES
•Complex design: Gears can have complex designs.
•Higher cost: Gears can be expensive to produce, especially if they are more complex or
require specialized equipment.
•Prone to faults: Gears are constantly subjected to contact forces, which can lead to
wear and other faults.
•Precision: Plastic gears may be less precise and accurate than metal gears.
 GEAR TRAIN
When two or more gears are made to mesh with each other to transmit power from one
shaft to another, such a combination is called gear train.

TYPES OF GEAR TRAIN

Depending upon the arrangement of wheels, gear train are classified as follows:
• Simple gear train
• Compound gear train
• Reverted gear train
• Epicyclic gear train
SIMPLE GEAR TRAIN
When there is only one gear on each shaft, it is known as simple gear train.
Q.1
COMPOUND GEAR TRAIN
When there are more than one gear on each shaft, it is known as compound gear train.
REVERTED GEAR TRAIN
When the axis of first gear (driver) and the axis of last gear (driven) are co-axial, it is
known as reverted gear train.
EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAIN
Here the axis of the shafts, over which the gears are
mounted, may move relative to a fixed axis.
In simple epicyclic gear train, where a gear A and the arm C
have a common axis at O1 about which they can rotate and
gear B meshes with gear A and has its axis on the arm at O2,
about which the gear B can rotate.
If the arm is fixed, the gear train is simple and gear A can
drive gear B or vice-versa.
If gear A is fixed and the arm is rotated about the axis of
gear A (i.e, O1), then the gear B is forced to rotate upon and
around gear A. such a motion is called epicyclic and gear
trains arranged in such a manner that one or more of their
members move upon and around another member are known
as epicyclic gear train.
 SIMPLE SCREW JACK
It consists of a screw, fitted in a nut, which forms the body of the jack.
A Screw jack works on a principle of inclined plane.
The figure shows a simple screw jack, which is rotated by the application of an effort
at the end of the lever, for lifting the load.
Consider a single threaded simple screw jack
Let l=length of the effort arm
p= pitch of the screw
W= load lifted
P= effort applied to lift the load at the end of the lever
We know that,
Distance moved by the effort in one revolution of screw =2𝜋𝑙
Distance moved by the load = P
 SIMPLE SCREW JACK
Hence,
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 2𝜋𝑙
Velocity Ratio (V.R.) = =
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑊
Mechanical Advantage (M.A.)= =
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑃

𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑀.𝐴.)

Efficiency (𝜂) =
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (𝑉.𝑅.)
In a screw jack, a lever of length 2 m is rotated once to lift the car of
1000 kg by 20 cm. What is the effort applied to the simple machine?
ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES
 PULLEY
A pulley system is a mechanical device with a wheel, chain, flexible rope, or belt on
its groove. It is used majorly to transmit energy.
The pulley system makes the mechanical effort easier to lift heavy weights.
 TYPES OF PULLEY SYSTEM
FIXED PULLEY:
It is the simplest type of pulley system having a fixed wheel that is not free to move
or rotate freely in any direction; this is a fixed wheel. The magnitude of the force that
is applied is the same as its weight. The fixed one is compact so it needs less space to
function and has comparatively the simplest mechanism among all other systems.
MOVABLE PULLEY:
There is a movable axle in these pulleys, and the block is mounted on it, moving the
weight to lift the pulley. These pulleys are directly attached to the object, increasing
the operator’s force. This pulley system does not change the direction of the object. It
is beneficial to pull heavier weights as the operator has to exert a lesser force, and the
resultant force on the load is a multiplication of the operator’s force.
COMPOUND PULLEY:
The compound pulley is a combination of a simple pulley and a movable pulley. It is
oriented accordingly to reduce the effort required to carry the load. If we increase the
number of wheels, less force will be required to lift. Cranes broadly use this pulley
system to lift heavy objects on construction sites.
ADVANTAGES OF PULLEY:
•Pulleys reduce the amount of force which is required to lift heavy objects.
•They can also change the direction of the force.
•It is easy to assemble.
•They are cost-effective.
•The use of pulleys helps maintain a safe distance between the operator and weight, which
avoids mis-happenings.
•They are low-maintenance because it require less or no lubrication after installation.
DISADVANTAGES OF PULLEY:
•Pulley systems require ample space to install and operate.
•The ropes (or belts) used in pulleys move over the wheel without grooves, and the
chances of slipping from the wheel.