The Fundamentals of

TASK 2 IELTS
ACADEMIC WRITING

[Link]
WHAT IS A TASK 2 WRITING 2
STRUCTURE 2
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA 2
TYPES OF TASKS 3
Agree or Disagree Essay 5
Advantages and Disadvantages Essay 8
Causes and Effects/Causes and Solutions 11
Discuss both views Essay 13
Two-Part Question Essay 15
EDUCATION 17
TECHNOLOGY 20
ENVIRONMENT 23
HEALTH 25
CRIME 28

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 I. WHAT IS A TASK 2 WRITING
Writing Task 2 is worth more than Task 1, so you need to do it well.
● Answer the question(s) clearly and completely→Give reasons
● Include example: From your knowledge OR from your experience
● Write at least 250 words→ 260-265 words in 40 minutes on this task

II. STRUCTURE

First 5 minutes: Read the question and make sure you understand what it is
asking you to do. Write a plan for a 4-paragraph essay (introduction, 2 main
paragraphs, conclusion).
5 minutes: Write your introduction: 2 sentences are enough (examples)
25 minutes: Spend 10 minutes on each of your main body paragraphs. These are
the most important part of your essay, and the key to a high score.
Last 5 minutes: Write a quick conclusion (examples) then check your work.
Please note: These are suggestions, not rules.

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
Every report is read four times by an examiner and each time, examiners award a
band score for each of four areas with equal weighting:
● Task achievement (Task 1) / Task response (Task 2)
● Coherence and cohesion (CC)
● Lexical Resource (LR)
● Grammatical Range and Accuracy (GRA)

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III. TYPES OF TASKS
1. Argumentative/Opinion/Agree or Disagree Essay (Opinion essay)
2. Advantages and Disadvantages Essay
3. Causes and Effects/Causes and Solutions/Problems and Solutions Essay
4. Discussion Essay
5. Two-Part Question Essay
How to express an opinion: for INTRODUCTION
A. Giving an opinion
● I believe/think that…
● I would argue that...
B. Agreeing with an idea
● I am convinced that…
● I am certain that…
● I am in favor with…
C. Disagreeing with an idea:
● There is no justification for...
● I am completely against...
● I do not agree with the idea that...
D. Describing other people’s opinions
● Many consider/argue that…
● It is widely believed that…
● Some people hold/believe/think/insist/argue/claim that…
How to express a CONCLUSION
In conclusion,
To sum up,
despite the fact that [clause 1], [clause 2]
Taking everything into consideration,
All thing considered,

In the future, it is predicted that [topic_education, technology...] will remain an important role in
this society/people’s life
It is highly recommended that [ suggestion]

Linking words:
Words to add an idea Words to show results
The first reason is that As a result,
Another reason relating to this is that Consequently,
Additionally, Words to show example
Many support the view that As an example,
Words to explain Taking Vietnam as an example,
This is because For instance,
It is easy to understand that Words that show contrast
It is understandable that On the other hand,
According to a research, On the contrary,
Nevertheless,

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Synonyms:
Good/Bad positive and negative
favourable and unfavourable
desirable and undesirable
beneficial and detrimental

Advantages benefits and drawbacks

Disadvantages upsides and downsides
pros and cons
strengths and weaknesses/shortcomings

Causes the factors/issues responsible for …

the reasons behind/for …
the factors/issues which have contributed to …
the issues which have resulted in/led to …

Effects consequences/effects/impacts
the problems is likely to/will lead to some common effects

Solutions Solutions/Means/Measures/Approaches for …

means to solve …
means to resolve/deal with/tackle/improve ...
Making predictions
● The use of modern technology would probably/certainly/definitely lead to
the development of better products.
● Children who watch a lot of television in their spare time are more/highly
likely/unlikely to score low on the school exams.
● A university degree could possibly help him find a job at a better company.
● It is highly/unlikely that this can improve the situation.
Focus on Academic Register
● Use longer sentences (about 20-30 words)
● Avoid contractions like doesn’t, can’t or they’ll
● Avoid a personal tone except when giving personal opinions or talking of
personal experiences
Avoiding “all”: ways of saying “some”
● a variety/a large number of products
● the majority of/most students/people
● certain groups in the society
Avoiding “no” and “none”: ways of saying “only a very insignificant number”:
● few people /lack of people a few/a small number of cities
● only an insignificant number of products
● almost no evidence
Avoiding “always”
● Governments usually/normally/mostly/generally support local businesses.
● People sometimes/occasionally/often try to hide their feelings.
● People try to hide their feelings at certain times.
Avoiding “never”
● Tourists seldom/almost never/rarely realize how important local cultures are.

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Agree or Disagree Essay
● What is your opinion?
● Do you agree or disagree?
● To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Example : Computers are being used more and more in education and so there
will soon be no role for the teacher in education. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
Introduction:
● Sentence 1- Leading > Paraphrase Question
● Sentence 2- Thesis Statement: From my point of view, I am in favor of this
statement… /I am not in favor of this statement… /I am partly in favor of this
statement… /
[1]Online learning is better than classroom learning. Do you agree or disagree?
Model Answer::
In modernization, some people believe that the effectiveness of studying online is
more than that of traditional classroom-based learning. In this essay, I am
completely in favor of this and the reasons will be examined in the following
paragraphs.

To begin with, online study is more efficient than classroom lectures as it provides
ease with learning. This is because students can access course modules and
assignments whenever from any part of the world, thanks to their self-discipline
as well as organization and time management skills. Therefore, most
universities and colleges nowadays offer distance online learning that can be
accessed by multi-nationality learners. As an example, an Indian student could
study courses online offered by an American university without being physically
present and could secure a degree or certificate conveniently.

Another benefit of online studies over classroom learning is associated with the
autonomy to complete the course. While on campus, their timetables are of a
fixed time, the online courses can be progressed based on student’s availability,
which results in the opportunity to complete the course before time. As per a
report, 70% of the students completed their studies well before the full duration of
the course when they join distant courses.

To conclude,it is clear that online learning is better than studying in the

classrooms as it provides convenience to course access and is self-paced that
helps students to learn on their own time. Personally, I strongly believe that distant
learning classes will become a common tendency due to its low costs and the
widespread presence of the Internet. (268 words)

Self-discipline as well as organization and time management skills: Kỉ luật cũng

như kỹ năng sắp xếp và quản lý thời gian
Low costs and the widespread presence of the Internet: Giá rẻ và sự hiện diện rộng
rãi của Internet

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[2] Some people argue that it is not wise for an industry to replace its
experienced but old workers with new and young yet inexperienced individuals.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Model Answer::
In the past, people would often work in their businesses until they died or were no
longer able to continue. In this modern society, however, most industries have set
a definite retirement age for their employees and replaced elderly staff with young
recruits. In this essay, I am in favor of the given statement.

First and foremost, a majority of workers lose their strength as they become older.
This is mainly because the human body has limits, and working for a long time
after 30 or 35 years, can affect the body negatively. For example, young industrial
workers tend to work for five to six hours before they take breaks while older ones
usually need to rest every one or two hours. This means that the elderly people’s
productivity levels would certainly decline.

Furthermore, new employment opportunities for young people are very limited.
Most companies do not offer many new jobs every year and try not to increase
their staff members dramatically to keep expenses low. Consequently, they should
definitely lay off some of the older personnel to make room for younger ones,
especially those around 20 to 30 years old. I also think the old workers’ experience
is usually out of date and is of little use to new recruits who are full of ability about
modern technologies such as computers.

In conclusion, it is true that companies need to force their elderly workers to retire
and employ younger workers to improve productivity. Besides, I think that they
also have up-to-date workers and provide jobs for young people.

(259 words)

staffs= recruits=employees=workers=workforces (Noun): nhân viên

to make room for (verb phrase): nhường chỗ cho

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[3] Some people think governments should spend less money on arts and invest
more in education. How far do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

Model Answer:
In the modernization, many governments allocate a significant portion of their
national budgets to the development and restoration of arts. In this essay, I think
this is necessary, although it is also vital that more money should be spent on
education.

To begin with, decreasing public financial support for the art field would definitely
leave citizens with little or no access to art pieces. If the government stops
investing in this sector, there will practically be no paintings, sculptures or other
forms of art available for ordinary citizens to enjoy. For example, there are several
kinds of traditional music dying out every year due to lack of national investment.
As a result, people can not only diminish their pursuit of perfection, but also leave
them more depressed and passive, even vulgar.

However, education plays a crucial role in the thriving of a country. Many support
the view that more educated and skillful citizens can contribute greatly to
workforces since industries, healthcare systems and defense capabilities. It is easy
to understand that national development relies mostly on its progress in different
fields of science and technology, which in turn requires skillful teachers, advanced
computers and better-equipped laboratories. Consequently, the more money is
spent on educational facilities and equipment, the more likely it is for a country to
develop.

In conclusion, I think governments ought to maintain their financial support for

arts while increasing educational budgets, ensuring both continued access to fine
arts for their citizens and sustained development for their countries.
(250 words)

allocate=invest=dispense(v) đầu tư/chi tiêu

defense capabilities(n) khả năng phòng thủ
better-equipped laboratories(n) phòng thí nghiệm được trang bị tốt

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Advantages and Disadvantages Essay
Example: Computers are being used more and more in education. Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages and give your own opinion.
Introduction:
● Sentence 1- Leading > Paraphrase Question
● Sentence 2- Outline Sentence: The advantages and disadvantages will be
discussed in this essay /the following paragraphs.
● or Sentence 2- Thesis Statement: FromFrom my point of view, I think there
are more advantages than disadvantages
[1] Some people prefer to live in a house, while others feel that there are more
advantages to living in an apartment. Are there more advantages than
disadvantages of living in a house compared with living in an apartment?
Model Answer:
In this day and age, the growth in urban populations means more and more
people tend to live in apartments, but there are many who still prefer to live in
houses. I think when compared with apartments, there are more benefits than
drawbacks when living in houses.

On the one hand, houses usually have yards where children can play and small
gardens can be maintained. This makes them greatly suitable for larger families. In
addition, people who live in houses often enjoy better privacy and less noise
because there are far fewer neighbours. Nevertheless, the costs of maintaining a
house, from utility bills to air conditioning to security, almost always exceed those
of living in an apartment. This is why even fans of living in houses tend to have
second thoughts when deciding on where to live.

Apartments, however, are usually safer as most apartment buildings have guards
and CCTV security systems, besides the fact that there are many neighbours who
keep an eye on each other’s residences. Nevertheless, most apartments have few
or no windows, resulting in less light penetrating the interior and rendering their
residents prone to depression and vitamin D deficiencies. It is also difficult to
customise an apartment to the needs of a family since any structural changes can
potentially affect the whole building.

Taking everything into consideration, although an apartment is a common choice

for people, a house is a much better place to live, especially for whole families with
children and the elderly who need more peace and quiet.
(255 words)

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[2] Some parents buy their children a large number of toys to play with. What are
the advantages and disadvantages for the child?
Model Answer:
In this day and age, a lot of toys, ranging from simple dolls to complicated
electronic gadgets like video games, are provided for some children by their
parents. In my perspective, I think this trend has both benefits and drawbacks.

One of the important advantages of children having lots of toys is that there are
different games for them to play. They can choose one of their toys according to
their mood and taste, and are less likely to become bored. Besides, they would
certainly be able to learn a wider variety of skills like problem solving or
organization. Different toys can teach them different things, which means that the
more toys they have, the more they are likely to learn.

However, having a lot of different toys could possibly lead to a passive living style
since many modern toys like video games and LEGOs, which are very common
these days, are usually played indoors. Therefore, they would definitely reduce
children’s physical activity, leading them to gain extra weight. Furthermore, when
kids have too many toys, it seems that their parents will take less care of them. In
other words, these parents just focus on earning money rather than spending
time playing with their child. At the same time, children may not learn how to
appreciate their belongings.

In conclusion, I believe that children benefit from an abundance of toys which

offer them variety, as well as teaching them more varied skills. However, it is
important that they keep an active lifestyle and are taught to value every toy.
(259 words)

electronic gadgets (n) đồ chơi điện tử

a passive living style (n) một lối sống thụ động

9
[3] People now have the freedom to work and live anywhere in the world due to
the development of communication technology and transportation. Do the
advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages?
Model answer:
In contemporary society, many people choose to live or work in other countries,
which has been made possible because of the convenience of air travel and
modern communicating applications. In this essay, I believe that this has more
benefits than drawbacks.

On the one hand, the disadvantage of this development is that the distance is put
between family members, when a person goes overseas. If a person moves away it
is true that air travel and devices such as Skype mean that communication and
contact can be maintained. However, it is likely that a person will only be able to
return one or two times a year during holidays, and speaking on skype or via email
is not the same as face-to-face communication.

Despite the given drawbacks, there are significant advantages of working and
living abroad. Firstly, it means that people have the opportunity to widen their
horizons. For example, people from the West often go to work in Asia or the
Middle East and visa-versa. This enriches many people’s lives as they get to learn
about other languages, traditions, cultures and different ways of working from
their own country. In addition to this, on a wider level it may also benefit other
countries. If someone moves abroad for work, it is usually because their skills are
required there, when there is a shortage, so this is greatly valuable to the place
they move to.

In conclusion, it is clear that although there are disadvantages of the current trend
to live and work abroad, they are outweighed by the advantages. Personally, I am
in favor that this could enrich people’s lives of both employees and the host
country.
(278 Words)

widen their horizons=broaden their horizons: mở mang tầm nhìn của họ

enrich=improve=enhance(v) cải thiện/làm giàu thêm
a shortage(n) sự thiếu thốn

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Causes and Effects/Causes and Solutions
Example: Students are becoming more and more reliant on computers. What are
some of the problems associated with reliance on computers, and what are some
of the possible solutions?
Introduction:
● Sentence 1- Leading>Paraphrase Question
● Sentence 2- Outline Sentence: This essay addresses not only the
reasons/causes but also the influences/effects/impacts.
[1] Nowadays, we are producing more and more rubbish. Why do you think this is
happening?What can governments do to help reduce the amount of rubbish
produced?
Model Answer:
In modernization, many cities around the world face an increasing amount of
garbage produced by citizens. In this essay, not only the main reasons but also
possible solutions are going to be examined in the following paragraphs.

One reason why the amount of rubbish produced is the rising consumerist
lifestyle of many people today, which has led them to buy and consume more
products such as food, clothes and home appliances. As a result, they often have
to throw away their old belongings to make room for the new items of
short-lived use. Furthermore, most products today have been over-packaged
rather than ever, which is mostly made of plastic. For instance, most dishes are
wrapped in nylon covers, bubble wraps and cardboard boxes, which together can
fill a large rubbish bag.

To decrease the amount of garbage, governments should introduce stricter laws

to limit the garbage produced by households. As a result, people would definitely
try to buy only the things they need to avoid throwing away too much and making
the Earth become a big landfill. Another possible solution would be to encourage
producers to improve their packaging techniques and use less plastic packaging
material. As an example, if the authorities ask producers to use paper to protect
the goods as well as create eye-catching packages, which means that the
wrapper can decay in a shorter period.

In conclusion, the reasons behind the rise in waste production include

consumerism and product packages, and possible solutions are laws to restrict
household garbage as well as encouraging industries to use improved packaging.
(263 words)

home appliances: đồ gia dụng

belongings : đồ vật bên cạnh
items of short-lived used: đồ vật có hạn sử dụng ngắn
introduce stricter laws: ban hành luật nghiêm khắc hơn
eye-catching packages: bao bì bắt mắt

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[2] The percentage of overweight children in western society has increased by
almost 20% in the last ten years. Discuss the causes and effects of this disturbing
trend.
Model answer:
Over the last ten years, western societies have seen close to a 20% rise in the
number of children who are overweight. This essay will discuss some reasons why
this has occurred and examine the consequences of this worrying trend.

The main cause of this problem is poor eating style. Over the last decade there
has been a prolific increase in the number of fast food restaurants. For example, on
nearly every high street there are various fast food stores, the food in these places
has been proven to be very unhealthy. However, it is not only due to eating out,
but also the type of diet many children have at home. A lot of food consumed is
processed food, especially with regards to ready-made meals which are a quick
and easy option for parents who are working hard.

The effects of this have been continuing to be very serious. The first effect is that
this trend will lead to some health problems amongst children, especially
diabetes. This is because much of the advertising is targeted at children. This
debilitating illness means a child has to be injected with insulin and face a lot of ill
symptoms for the rest of their life. Not only this, very overweight children often
experience bullying from other children, which may affect their mental health
upon their future.

To sum up, it is evident that there are several causes of obesity amongst children,
and a variety of negative effects. Personally, I am in favor that society must ensure
steps to prevent this problem from deteriorating further.

(262 words)

poor eating style: chế độ ăn uống nghèo nàn

ill symptoms: triệu chứng bệnh tật
diabetes: tiểu đường
mental health: sức khỏe tinh thần

12
Discuss both views Essay
Example: Computers are being used more and more in education. Some people
say that this is a positive trend, while others argue that it is leading to negative
consequences. Discuss both sides of this argument and then give your own
opinion.
Introduction:
● Sentence 1- Paraphrase Question and/or state both view points.
● Sentence 2- Outline Sentence: These statement will be discussed in this
essay /the following paragraphs before offering/giving my opinions
[1] Computers are being used more and more in education. Some people say
that this is a positive trend, while others argue that it is leading to negative
consequences. Discuss both sides of this argument and then give your own
opinion.
Model answer:

In the 4.0 era, there is an increasing use of technology such as tablets and laptops
in the classroom. It is often argued that this is a positive development, whilst
others disagree and think it will lead to adverse consequences. This essay will
discuss both points of view and give my own opinion.

It is clear that the internet has provided students with access to the greatest
knowledge resource than ever before. Therefore, learners have the ability to
research and learn about any subject at the touch of a button. As a result,
technology is a very worthwhile tool for education. Wikipedia is a prime example,
where students can simply type in any keyword and gain access to in-depth
knowledge quickly and easily to meet their demand.

However, many disagree and feel that technology deprives people of real human
interaction. In the first place, face-to-face interaction teaches people valuable skills
such as discourse, debate and empathy. Besides, people will tend to rely on these
gadgets and avoid ẹnoying outdoor activities to stay healthy and keep fit. This is
because the users are addicted to online relationships and games. Despite this,
human interaction is still possible through the internet and this essay disagrees
that technology should be dismissed for this reason.

In conclusion, while the benefits of technology, particularly the internet, allow

students to tap into limitless sources of information, some still feel that people
should be wary of this new phenomenon and not allow it to curb face to face
interaction.
(251 words)

adverse consequences: hậu quả bất lợi

a worthwhile tool = a worthy tool: công cụ đánh giá
to meet their demand: để đáp ứng nhu cầu của họ
deprives(v): tước đoạt
discourse, debate and empathy (n): thảo luận, tranh luận và đồng cảm
to stay healthy and keep fit: giữ sức khỏe và giữ dáng

13
[2] Some people think that strict punishments for driving offences are the key to
reducing traffic accidents. Others, however, believe that other measures would
be more effective in improving road safety. Discuss both these views and give
your own opinion.
Model answer:
In contemporary society, people have different views with regard to the question
of how to make our roads safer, some groups believe punishing stricter is the best
choice. Others, however, are of the opinion that other measures can be taken. In
this essay, I will discuss both views and offer my own perspective.

On the one hand, strict sentences can certainly help to encourage people to drive
more responsibly. Penalties for dangerous drivers can act as a deterrent,
meaning that people avoid repeating the same offence. There are various types of
driving penalty, such as minor fines, licence suspension and even prison
sentences. The aim of these punishments is to show dangerous drivers that their
actions leave negative consequences. As a result, we would hope that drivers
become more disciplined and alert, and that they follow the rules more carefully.

On the other hand, safe driving can be promoted in several different ways that do
not punish drivers. Firstly, it is vitally important to educate people properly before
they start to drive, and this could be done in schools or even more difficult driving
tests. Secondly, the government should pay more into the national budget to safe
road design. For example, signs can be used to warn people, speed bumps and
road bends can be added to calm traffic, and speed cameras can help to deter
people from driving too quickly.

In conclusion, while punishments can help to prevent driving offences, I believe

that both punishments and a range of other measures can be used together to
promote better driving habits.
(261 words)

sentences = punishments = penalties(n) sự trừng phạt

act as a deterrent: coi là một sự răn đe
minor fines: những hình phạt hành chính nhỏ
licence suspension: thu bằng lái

14
Two-Part Question Essay
Example: As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work, job
satisfaction is an important element of individual wellbeing. What factors
contribute to job satisfaction? How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction
for all workers?
Introduction
● Sentence 1- Leading > Paraphrase Question
● Sentence 2- Outline Sentence (answer both questions)
[1]Some people think it would be a good idea for schools to teach every young
person how to be a good parent. Do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
Describe the skills a person needs to be a good parent.
Model Answer:
In modern life, parenting is considered a very important skill in almost every
society. I think that school students should definitely receive parenting training. In
which, effective communication and teaching are two of the most important skills
a good parent should have.

One reason why parenting should be a school subject is that children spend most
of their time in schools. This is because their teachers have better influence to
express the instructions much more effectively compared to what their parents or
other people tell them. Therefore, they can learn about advanced parenting skills
from them more effectively. Furthermore, in my country, students usually spend at
least seven hours a day studying at school, which means they are likely to have
enough time to practice and access these skills.

I believe that every great parent should be able to communicate with his or her
children so that they can be friends with each other and there is no distance
between them. This would allow fathers and mothers to ensure their children’s
safety and protect them from the dangers of society. Besides, parents ought to be
able to teach different things such as social skills and scientific knowledge to their
children to help them become better people and have a well-rounded
personality.

In conclusion, I agree that students should be taught about the skills and
knowledge that lead them to become better parents in future. I also think every
parent ought to be able to communicate well and teach their kids effectively.
(251 words)

a well-rounded personality: một nhân cách tròn trịa

15
[2] Some parents buy their children whatever they ask for, and allow their
children to do whatever they want. Is this a good way to raise children? What
consequences could this style of parenting have for children as they get older?

Model Answer:
In today’s society, some parents have been giving a permissive upbringing to
their children. They do not impose sufficient discipline on their children, and in
some cases buy them everything. This essay will explore why this is not a good
way to raise children and negative impacts upon them in future.

While it is understandable that parents want to give their children the best
condition and they do not want their kids staying behind others. This is actually
not really an appropriate method of parenting, having too many toys encourages
children to be materialistic and does not offer them the same chance to develop
social skills like sharing. Furthermore, giving gifts is the way parents commend
and reward their children. However, when children have asked for the toys, it gives
them a sense of entitlement and even power over their parents.

If parents insist on this permissive style of parenting, their children will grow up
with very different values from those of stricter parents. Children who were never
forced to study will end up with poorer grades in school, and those who were
given everything they wanted as children will expect everything to come easily as
adults. In short, they will lead difficult and disappointing lives, in contrast with
what their parents hoped.

In conclusion, although it is tempting to give children whatever they want, parents

ought to set rules and boundaries, and to be careful with how they reward
children. Personally, I do believe that if parents fail to impose a basic level of
discipline, children may grow up with a poor attitude that will cause them and
others to suffer. (273 words)

a permissive upbringing = permissive style of parenting (noun phrase): cách nuôi

dạy tùy ý
commend and reward (verb): khen thưởng

16
EDUCATION
Vấn đề và hướng giải quyết cho sự phát triển giáo dục;
Quan điểm về việc đi du học;
Ảnh hưởng của thầy cô và ba mẹ đến trẻ;
Quan điểm về việc học cao học (thạc sĩ, tiến sĩ);
Ảnh hưởng của giáo dục giới tính/chế độ giáo dục dạy chung cho nam và nữ.

VOCABS AND PHRASES

● separate schools = single-sex schools = single-gender schools: trường 1 giới
● mixed schools = mixed-sex schools= mixed-gender schools = integrated
● schools= co-ed schools: trường 2 giới
● send sb to….: đưa ai đó tới đâu
● study at = enter =choose : học tại đâu
● early relationships: việc nảy sinh tình cảm sớm
● concentrate on = focus on = pay attention on: tập trung vào…
● have the opportunity to: có cơ hội làm gì
● interact and join in group work activities: tương tác và tham gia hoạt động nhóm
● opposite-sex classmates: bạn khác giới
● learn a wide range of skills: học được các kỹ năng khác nhau
● communication or teamwork skills: kỹ năng giao tiếp hay làm việc nhóm
● co-existence and gender equality: sự cùng tồn tại và sự bình đẳng giới
● explore each other’s perspectives, their similarities and differences: khám phá sự khác
nhau/giống nhau và quan điểm của người khác
● brings more benefits for: mang lại nhiều lợi ích hơn cho…
● pass/fail the exam: đậu/ rớt kỳ thi
● gain in-depth knowledge: có được kiến thức sâu sắc
● core subjects such as science and math: những môn học cốt lõi như khoa học và toán
● study abroad = study in a different country = go overseas for studying: du học
● drop out of school: bỏ học
● gain international qualifications: có được bằng cấp quốc tế
● improve educational outcomes: nâng cao đầu ra của giáo dục
● top international educational league tables: xếp đầu bảng giáo dục quốc tế
● encourage independent learning: thúc đẩy việc tự học
● get higher academic results: đạt được kết quả học tập cao

IDEAS
Benefits of education
Education gives people knowledge and skills
People with qualification are more likely to find work and earn a higher salary
They can contribute positively to society
Schools aim to teach young people moral values such as tolerance and sharing
Schools prepare children to be members of a society
Benefits of Studying Abroad
Foreign institutions may offer better courses
Many students want to attend a prestigious university
The best universities employ teachers who are experts in their fields
Qualifications gained abroad can open the door to better job opportunities
Living abroad can broaden students’ horizons
Overseas students are exposed to different cultures and customs. They become more
independent
They are responsible for cooking, cleaning and paying bills
They will learn a foreign language
Drawback of studying abroad
Living and studying abroad can be difficult
Students have problems with paperwork such as visa applications
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The language barrier can be a problem
Students have to find accommodation and pay bills
Studying in a foreign language is challenging
Living alone in an unfamiliar culture can cause homesickness
Technology in Education: Advantages
Technology is a powerful tool to engage students
Technology can make lessons much more interesting
Students can do research using online resources
Students can study at their own place
Adults can take distance learning courses
Students can study whenever and wherever they want
Students also learn skills which are useful for their future jobs
For example, they learn to write reports using a word processor
Technology in Education: Disadvantages
People rely too much on computers
Young learners do not become proficient in some basic skills
They use word processors and spelling may suffer
People should be able to write a letter by hand
Technology is no substitute for a real teacher
Learners need a structured course
An experienced teacher knows what materials to choose
Computers are expensive to maintain and can be unreliable
Technology in Education: Opinion
Institutions should supplement traditional teaching with the use of technology
Technology is part of everyday life It can enhance a teacher’s lessons
Students can use online resources to help with homework
Students must still learn to write by hand
They should still use traditional sources of information such as books
Education in Developing countries: Problems
Children often have to work from an early age
There are no schools in many areas
Families do not have access to books or computers
Literacy rates are often low
People in developing countries need knowledge and skills
Education is the key to improving the economy of these countries
Education in developing countries: solutions
Developed countries could help developing nations by providing money
They could invest in schools and technology
They could supply the funds to build schools and pay for teachers
Children need to have access to free schooling
Computer equipment could be donated
The Internet can expose students to a world of knowledge and information
Governments should make education compulsory for all children
They should encourage parents to send their children to school
Governments of developed and developing countries must work together
Higher education: Advantages (also see “benefits of education”)
There are many benefits to going to university
A degree can open the door to better employment prospects
Economies are becoming increasingly knowledge-based
Most jobs require specific knowledge and skills
Skilled workers are needed for sectors such as information technology and engineering
Repetitive manual jobs are now done by machine
Many factories have moved to developing countries
Higher education: Disadvantages
A healthy economy needs a wide range of workers

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Some manual workers will always be needed
A university degree is not necessary for many service professions
Practical training is more important in some industries
In the UK, for example, there is currently a shortage of plumbers
Their services are therefore becoming more and more expensive
Advantage of Home-schooling
Some parents decide to educate their children at home
Some families live in isolated areas with poor transport
Other parents are not satisfied with local schools
Parents can respond to what their children need and how they learn best
One-to-one lessons allow much faster progress
The child can work at his or her own pace
Discipline problems are avoided by home-schooling
Disadvantages of home-schooling
Most parents do not have the time to educate their children at home
One parent would need to give up work
School subjects are normally taught by up to ten different teachers
Most parents do not have the necessary knowledge or resources
Private tutors are expensive
Children will miss out on the social experience that school offers
At school, children learn how to get on with each other
Home-schooled children may lack social skills
Schools offer a better overall educational experience
Bad behavior in schools: causes
Bad behavior is due to a lack of structure and discipline
There are too many children in some classes
Large classes are difficult to manage
May disruptive students come from an unstable family background
Other parents are too lenient and spoil their children
Some children are used to getting whatever they want
Schools can do very little if they are not supported by parents
Bad behavior in schools: solutions
Schools need a clear code of conduct
Schools need a clear set of rules about behavior
They need to create a positive working atmosphere
Teachers must have the power to punish disruptive students
Schools should remove difficult children from lessons
Schools need to work closely with parents
Discipline could be lacking at home
Parents must support the school rules
They should take responsibility for their children’s behavior
Corporal Punishment: Opinion
Corporal Punishment is not a good idea
Physical punishment is a way of controlling children using fear
This does not promote trust between adults and children
Children who are punished physically may become shy or resentful
Corporal punishment creates an atmosphere of fear and anger
Single Sex Education: Advantages
Some people believe that male and female students should go to separate schools
This is often for religious or cultural reasons
Discipline problems might be avoided by separating boys and girls
Boys and girls may learn in different ways and have different needs
Student at single-sex schools often get better exam grades.
Single-sex Education: Disadvantages
Separating boys and girls is unnecessary

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 It is unhealthy in terms of children’s social development
Many coeducational schools are extremely successful
A mixed-sex environment is more representative of real life
Coeducational schools provide children with better social skills for adult life
Advantages of Streaming (grouping children according to ability)
Some schools separate students according to their academic ability
Teachers can work at the right speed for their students
Teachers can plan more suitable lessons High-level groups may progress faster
Lower level groups can benefits from a slower pace
Some teachers and parents support streaming for these reasons
Disadvantages of Streaming
Grouping by ability may have a negative impact on students
Children do not want to be seen as less intelligent than others
Streaming could damage students’ self esteem
They may lose motivation
Students from wealthier families tend to be better prepared
Children from poorer families may receive less support from parents
Mixed ability classes encourage everyone to achieve their potential

TECHNOLOGY
Những dạng đề thường gặp như:
Ứng dụng của công nghệ vào trong giáo dục
Ảnh hưởng của công nghệ đối với việc học tập
Ưu điểm và nhược điểm của công nghệ trong nền giáo dục
Mặt tích cực và tiêu cực của việc sử dụng Internet;
Độ tuổi bắt đầu tiếp xúc với công nghệ đang ngày càng giảm dần;
Quan điểm về việc sử dụng quá nhiều đồ công nghệ trong ứng dụng cuộc sống;
So sánh Internet với các phương tiện truyền thống như sách, đài,...

VOCABS AND PHRASES

● to access websites/email: truy cập vào trang web, thư điện tử
● to back up files: lưu trữ dữ liệu
● a computer buff= a techie: người dùng máy tính thành thục
● a gadget: thiết bị điện tử (điện thoại, máy tính, laptop…)
● Internet security: an ninh mạng
● social media = social networking sites : mạng xã hội (Facebook, Twitter,…)
● technological advances = technological developments: tiến bộ trong công nghệ
● keep in contact with = keep in touch with: giữ liên lạc với
● a way of communication: 1 cách thức giao tiếp
● technological devices and applications: những ứng dụng và thiết bị công nghệ
● expand business network: mở rộng mạng lưới kinh doanh
● telecommunication services: các dịch vụ viễn thông
● an internet-connected smartphone: 1 chiếc điện thoại được kết nối internet
● do multiple tasks all at the same time: thực hiện nhiều công việc cùng 1 lúc
● suffer from social isolation: bị sự cô lập xã hội
● surf/browse the internet: lướt web
● take part in interactive activities : tham gia vào các hoạt động có tính tương tác
● take video lessons with someone: tham dự buổi học video với ai đó
● interact through computers rather than face to face: tương tác thông qua máy tính thay vì
trực tiếp
● face-to-face meetings: các cuộc họp gặp mặt trực tiếp
● online meetings = virtual meetings: các cuộc họp online
● discourage real interaction: ngăn cản sự tương tác thực

20
● the loss of traditional and cultural identity: sự mất đi bản sắc văn hóa truyền thống
● improve the quality of life: cải thiện chất lượng cuộc sống
● give someone access to information: cho ai đó sự truy cập vào thông tin
● beloved ones: những người yêu thương
● have more opportunities to: có nhiều cơ hội hơn
Electronic device : a piece of electronic equipment, such as a laptop computer or a
mobile phone, that is small and easy to carry
Nghĩa: Thiết bị điện tử
Ví dụ: Mobile phone is an useful Electronic device
Labour-saving: making it easier for you to do a particular job
Nghĩa: tiết kiệm sức lao động (adj)
Ví dụ: Used many times every day, it is the most time and labour-saving device ever
invented for cooks.
Automation: the use of computers and machines instead of people to do a job →
automated
Nghĩa : sự tự động hóa (n)Ví dụ: we need to provide our Members with better services
and facilities, with larger branches and with more automation.
E-commerce: (electronic commerce) the activity of buying and selling goods and services
and doing other business activities using a computer and the Internet :
Nghĩa :thương mại điện tử (n)
Ví dụ: E-commerce is still a small but fast-growing part of the U.S. economy.
Breakthrough:an important new discovery in something you are studying, especially one
made after trying for a long time:
Nghĩa: sự đột phá (n)
Ví dụ: However, elements on both sides oppose further compromise, and on Monday
there was little optimism about a breakthrough.
Innovative: an innovative idea or way of doing something is new, different, and better
than those that existed before :
Nghĩa: có tính đổi mới, có tính sáng tạo (adj)
Ví dụ: The idea for the programme ‘Big Brother’ was highly innovative.
User-friendly: easy to use, understand, or operate :
Nghĩa: thân thiện với người dùng (adj)
Ví dụ : We are trying to develop software that is more user-friendly
Connect: to join two or more things together connect something to/with something :
Nghĩa : kết nối (v)
Ví dụ: Click here to connect to the Internet.
Disconnect : to remove the supply of power, gas, water etc from a machine or piece of
equipment OPP connect :
Nghĩa :ngắt kết nối (v)
Ví dụ: The family agreed to disconnect her life support system.
Wireless: relating to a system of communications that does not use electrical or
telephone wires :
Nghĩa :không dây (adj)
Ví dụ: It was one of the few cottages which housed a wireless.
State-of-the-art: using the most modern and recently developed methods, materials, or
knowledge :
Nghĩa: tối tân (adj)
Ví dụ: Everything about the book’s packaging proclaims that it is state-of-the-art, all
happening now
Outdated: if something is outdated, it is no longer considered useful or effective, because
something more modern exists:
Nghĩa: lạc hậu, lỗi thời (adj)
Ví dụ: This estimate was made on the basis of outdated figures.
Advanced: very modern :

21
Nghĩa: tiên tiến (adj)
Ví dụ: Their equipment isn’t as advanced as ours.
IDEAS
Technology in Education: Advantages
Technology is a powerful tool to engage students and make lessons much more
interesting
Students can do research using online resources and study at their own place
Adults can take distance learning courses
Students can study whenever and wherever they want
Students also learn skills which are useful for their future jobs
For example, they learn to write reports using a word processor
Technology in Education: Disadvantages
People rely too much on computers
Young learners do not become proficient in some basic skills
They use word processors and spelling may suffer
People should be able to write a letter by hand
Technology is no substitute for a real teacher
Learners need a structured course
An experienced teacher knows what materials to choose
Computers are expensive to maintain and can be unreliable
Technology in Education: Opinion
Institutions should supplement traditional teaching with the use of technology
Technology is part of everyday life It can enhance a teacher’s lessons
Students can use online resources to help with homework
Students must still learn to write by hand
They should still use traditional sources of information such as books
Positives of television
Watching television is a good way to relax
It is many people’s favorite way to wind down after a hard day at work
Television programs can be entertaining and enjoyable
Viewers have access to a huge variety of entertainment channels
Television brings the best comedians, musicians and actors into our homes
Programmers can also be informative and educational
News coverage makes the public aware of events around the world
Documentaries can make learning more interesting
Negatives of Television
Television is having a negative impact on society
Some people link violence on television with crime rates in the real world
Children copy the behavior they see on the screen
Children are less healthy because they spend less time playing
Advertisers direct their marketing at children
Most programs do not require much thought
Watching TV is a waste of time
Opinions about Television
Television has many benefits
However, it can be addictive
Children should play outside rather than sit in front of a screen all day
Behaviour shown on TV can influence people
Parents should choose carefully what their children watch
Children should not be exposed to violence, swearing or sexual images
Advertising during children’s programs should be strictly controlled
TV companies should make more positive, educational programs
Positives of the Internet
There are many advantages to using the Internet
It gives us instant access to information on almost any subject

22
Shops and other services are now available online
People can buy goods and services from the comfort of their homes
The Internet is starting to replace other forms of entertainment
It has revolutionized communication
We can keep in touch by email or instant messenger services
Video messaging is becoming common for business meetings
Negatives of the internet
Many websites contain offensive content
Some sites show violent or sexual images
Parents find it difficult to control what their children see online
They do not always know who their children are chatting to
With so many websites it is difficult to search for good information
Criminals increasingly use the Internet to steal people’s money
Internet compared to newspaper and books
Newspapers and books are now published online as well as in print
We can read the news in any language from any country in the world
It costs nothing to publish or access information on the Internet
The Internet allows anybody to publish their own writing
Newspaper articles and books are written by professionals
Professionals produce better quality writing than amateur
People still buy newspapers and books because they are portable
People do not like reading from a screen
Positives of Mobile Phones
The mobile phone is the most popular gadget in today’s world
Mobile phones have revolutionized the way we communicate
We can stay in touch with family, friends and colleagues wherever we are
Users can send text messages, surf the Internet, take photos and listen to music
Mobiles have also become fashion accessories
Negatives of Mobile Phones
Mobiles phones can be a problem in some public places
Ringing phones cause disturbance in cinemas and school lessons
Some people are not aware that others can hear their conversations
Mobile phones may also interfere with electronic equipment
Their waves could cause damage to our brains
Mobile phones can also be a dangerous distraction
Using a phone while driving reduces the driver’s concentration
Mobile phones are a popular target for thieves
Opinion about Mobile Phones
The benefits of mobile phones outweigh the drawbacks
We need to use these phones with care

ENVIRONMENT
Những dạng đề thường gặp như:
Vấn đề sức nóng toàn cầu (Global warming);
Ảnh hưởng của con người lên môi trường;
Giải pháp cho các vấn đề môi trường;
Rác thải/tái chế/năng lượng hạt nhân....

VOCABS AND PHRASES

● Environmental problems: vấn đề về môi trường
● Carbon dioxide ≈ greenhouse gases (khí thải nhà kính) ≈ emissions (khí thải)
● the greenhouse effect: hiệu ứng nhà kính
● average global temperatures ≈ the earth’s average temperatures ≈ our planet’s average
23
● temperatures: nhiệt độ trung bình toàn cầu/trái đất
● human activities = humans’ forces: hoạt động của con người
● deforestation ≈ forest clearance ≈ illegal logging (chặt cây trái luật) ≈ cutting and
burning trees
● produce = release + khí thải + into....(v): thải khí thải ra đâu
● the burning of fossil fuels: việc đốt nhiên liệu hóa thạch
● ozone layer depletion: sự phá hủy tầng ozon
● melting of the polar ice caps: việc tan chảy các tảng băng ở cực
● sea levels: mực nước biển
● extreme weather conditions: những điều kiện thời tiết khắc nghiệt
● put heavy pressure on...: đặt áp lực nặng nề lên...
● wildlife habitats: môi trường sống của động vật hoang dã
● the extinction of many species of animals and plants: sự tuyệt chủng của nhiều loài
động thực vật
● People’s health: sức khỏe của con người
● introduce laws to...: ban hành luật để....
● renewable energy from solar, wind or water power: năng lượng tái tạo từ năng lượng
mặt trời, gió và nước.
● raise public awareness: nâng cao ý thức cộng đồng
● promote public campaigns: đẩy mạnh các chiến dịch cộng đồng
● posing a serious threat to: gây ra sự đe dọa đối với
● power plants = power stations: c|c trạm năng lượng
● absorb: hấp thụ
● global warming = climate change: nóng lên toàn cầu/ biến đổi khí hậu
● solve = tackle = address = deal with = handle: giải quyết
● devastating effect=serious effect: ảnh hưởng vô cùng nghiêm trọng

IDEAS
Global warming
Gases such as carbon dioxide trap heat from the sun
This causes global temperatures to rise
This process is known as the greenhouse effect
Human activity is a major factor in the rise of the greenhouse gases
Factories and vehicles produce emissions and exhaust fumes
Many developing countries are becoming industrialized
The number of cars on our streets is growing
Cheap air travel is allowing more people to fly
Waste
The amount of waste we produce has increased due to our consumer culture
Products are not made to last due to a short-lived use of products
Advertisers encourage is to buy the newest fashions
Eye catching packaging is an important part of selling, as a result most foods are sold in
non-biodegradable plastics packaging
The amount of household waste is growing, this waste ends up in landfill sites
Litter
People do not think about the consequences of dropping rubbish
They assume that somebody is pad to clean the street
Plastic packaging does not break down easily, it may take thousands years
Most of the litter seen on streets is fast food packaging
Causes
The increasing world population is putting pressure on natural resources;
Fossil fuels like oil and gas are running out by transportation consumption;
Wild habitats are being destroyed for making more farming lands and accommodations;
Enormous areas of rainforest have been cut down, it leads to many species of animals and
plants have come to extinction

24
Effects
Global warming will have a significant impact on our planet
Rising temperature will cause melting of the polar ice caps, then sea levels will rise
We can expect more extreme weather conditions
Flooding and droughts may become more common
Solutions
Governments could introduce laws to limit emissions from factories
They should invest in renewable energy from solar, wind or water power
They could impose “green taxes” on drivers and airlines companies
Government campaigns should promote recycling
Natural areas and wild animals should be protected
Individuals should also try to be greener
We should take fewer flights abroad for holidays
Taking public transport is highly recommended instead of driving
People should choose products with less packaging
Individuals should also try to recycle as much as possible
RECYCLING AND OTHER SOLUTIONS
Companies should make goods that last longer
They should not use so much packaging
Governments should be stricter, about waste produced by companies
They should put legal limits on packaging
Consumers should avoid buying over-packaged products
We should recycle and reuse useful materials.
There are collection banks for glass, paper and plastic bottles
Households can use several rubbish bins to separate waste
Recycling saves energy and raw materials.
NUCLEAR POWER: POSITIVES
There are several benefits to build more nuclear power stations
Fossil fuel like oil and gas are running out
Nuclear power is a sustainable energy source
It can be used to produce electricity without wasting natural resources
It could be replace the use of natural resources like coal, oil or gas
Nuclear power stations are cleaner than fossil fuel power stations
They could help to reduce carbon emissions that cause global warming
The risks of accidents are being reduced
NUCLEAR POWER: NEGATIVES
Opponents of nuclear power worry about the safety of power stations
The building of new nuclear power stations is unpopular
Nobody wants to live near one
Nuclear waste disposal is a significant problem
There is currently no way to decontaminate radioactive material
People worry that terrorists could steal radioactive materials
It is safer to produce energy from solar, wind or water power.

HEALTH
Một số các vấn đề bạn có thể gặp như:
Hệ thống bảo hiểm y tế của quốc gia;
Ảnh hưởng của việc ăn kiêng;
Tầm quan trọng của chế độ chăm sóc sức khỏe người dân;
Thực phẩm chức năng thay thế;
Ảnh hưởng của căng thẳng/ stress…

VOCABS AND PHRASES

25
● Reduce your stress levels: giảm bớt stress
● Build up resistance to disease: tăng sức đề kháng chống lại bệnh tật
● Go on a diet: chế độ ăn kiêng
● Make a full recovery: bình phục hoàn toàn
● Adverse reactions: ảnh hưởng ngược lại
● Consult your doctor: hỏi ý kiến bác sĩ
● a health check: kiểm tra sức khỏe
● a health problem: vấn đề về sức khỏe
● a health inspector: chuyên gia về sức khỏe
● health food: thực phẩm an toàn
● health insurance: bảo hiểm sức khỏe
● a healthy diet: chế độ ăn kiêng khoa học
● a healthy attitude: thái độ hợp lý tỉnh táo
● Health care: chế độ chăm sóc sức khỏe
● To be derived from (verb phrase): được chiết xuất từ;
● Overdose (noun): quá liều;
● Side effect (noun phrase): tác dụng phụ.
● Chronic disease (noun phrase): bệnh mãn tính;
● high fat level (noun phrase): lượng chất béo cao;
● Cardiovascular disease (noun phrase): các bệnh tim mạch;
● Upbeat (adjective) (informal): vui vẻ, lạc quan;
● Brain function (noun phrase): hoạt động não;
● Dementia (noun): bệnh mất trí nhớ;
● Schizophrenia (noun): bệnh tâm thần;
● Infectious disease (compound noun): bệnh lây nhiễm;
● Lung cancer (noun phrase): bệnh ung thư phổi;
● Hepatitis (noun): viêm gan;
● Tuberculosis (noun): bệnh lao;
● Heart rate (noun phrase): nhịp tim;
● Sanitation system (noun phrase): hệ thống vệ sinh nước;
● Personal hygiene (noun phrase): vệ sinh cá nhân;
● To contaminate (verb): làm ô nhiễm;
● To exacerbate (verb): làm nghiêm trọng hơn;
● To comply with environmental regulations : tuân thủ luật bảo vệ môi trường;
● Health awareness education (noun phrase): giáo dục nhận thức về sức khỏe;
● To combat health issues (verb phrase): giải quyết các vấn đề về sức khỏe
● Life-threatening illness (noun phrase): (fatal) bệnh gây nguy hiểm chết người
● To act as a deterrent (verb phrase): ngăn chặn;
● To opt for a healthier lifestyle (verb phrase) chọn 1 lối sống lành mạnh hơn

IDEAS
Diet
The human body requires a balanced diet
An unhealthy diet can cause various health problems
Obesity, diabetes and heart disease are on the increase
Many people nowadays rely on fast food or pre-prepared meals
These foods often contain too much fat, salt and sugar
They are cheap to buy and very easy to prepare
Many young people have grown up on a diet of convenience foods
Populations in developed countries are increasingly overweight
Exercise
Regular exercise is essential in maintaining a healthy body
Exercise burns calories and helps to build healthy bones and muscles
26
Doctors advise exercising at least three times a week for 20 minutes
Most people nowadays lead a sedentary lifestyle
We tend to walk less and do desk jobs
Most adults relax by watching television
Children play video games rather than doing outdoor sports
In the past, people were more active in their jobs and at home
Government’s Role
Governments have a significant role to play in reducing obesity
More and more people, including young children are seriously overweight
They are at risk of heart disease and diabetes
This situation will increase the burden on hospitals and taxpayers
Hospitals rely on the government for money and resources
Governments should promote a healthy diet and regular exercise
There should be more time for sports on school timetables
Unhealthy junk food should be banned from school menus
People need information about what foods contain
Food packaging must show the food’s nutritional content
The British Government recommends eating five portions of fruit and vegetables per day
State Health system: advantages
Good healthcare should be available to everyone for free
State healthcare is paid by the government using money from taxes
Everyone has access to the same quality of care and treatment
Private healthcare is unfair because only wealthy people can afford it
The National Health Service in the UK provides free healthcare for every resident
Private Healthcare: advantages
State hospitals are often very large and difficult to run
Private hospitals have shorter waiting lists for operations and appointments
Patients can benefit from faster treatment
Many people prefer to pay for more a personal service
Patients have their own room and more comfortable facilities
Alternative medicine: Positives
People are increasingly using alternative medicines to treat illnesses. For example,
acupuncture can be used to treat backache
Herbal medicines can be used to treat allergies or viruses
Many patients report positive experiences with these treatments
Some traditional cures have been used for hundreds of years
Alternative medicine: Negatives
Many alternative medicines have not been tested scientifically
They may have no beneficial effect at all
They may cause unknown side effects
People should trust the opinions of qualified doctors
An illness could get worse without treatment from a doctor
Stress
Modern lifestyles are increasingly stressful
People work long hours with strict deadlines

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Our busy lifestyles mean we have less time to relax
Unemployment is a major cause of stress
Children may be affected by their parents’ relationship problems
Tests and exams can also cause stress
How to reduce stress
Stress can be reduced by taking regular exercise and eating a healthy diet
It is also important to get sufficient sleep and make leisure time a priority
People should work less overtime and take regular holidays
Schools have started to employ psychologists
They can offer emotional support to students
They can help students to cope with exam stress

CRIME
Một số các vấn đề có thể gặp như:
Ưu và nhược điểm của việc trừng phạt kẻ phạm tội;
Quan điểm về việc cải tạo cho người phạm tội;
Ảnh hưởng của việc bắt giam người phạm tội đến xã hội...

VOCABS AND PHRASES

● criminals = offenders = people who commit a crime = people who commit an offence =
people who engage in illegal acts: người phạm tội
● minor crime = lesser crime = petty crime: tội nhẹ, không nghiêm trọng;
● major crime = serious crime: tội nặng, nghiêm trọng;
● impose stricter punishments on… = impose heavier sentences on…:đặt mức phạt nặng
hơn lên… ;
● receive capital punishment = receive the death penalty = receive a death sentence =
face execution: lãnh án tử hình;
● receive prison sentences = be sent to prison = be put in prison: lãnh án tù
● face life imprisonment = serve a life sentence: lãnh án tù chung thân;
● reoffend=commit crimes again=commit crime after being punished: tái phạm;
● juvenile crimes = juvenile delinquency = juvenile offending = youth crimes = crimes
among young adults: tội phạm vị thành viên;
● pose a serious threat to society = threaten the safety of society = put society in
danger: gây ra mối nguy hiểm cho xã hội/ đe dọa sự an toàn của xã hội;
● tackle = solve = address = deal with = combat: giải quyết;
● solution = approach = measure: giải pháp;
● prevent somebody from… = deter somebody from: ngăn chặn ai đó khỏi….;
● crime rates /crime levels: tỷ lệ/mức độ tội phạm;
● be given the chance to… = be given the opportunity to…: được trao cơ hội làm gì;
● urgent problem = pressing problem = grave problem: vấn đề nghiêm trọng
● the increased use of drugs and alcohol = alcohol and drug abuse: việc lạm dụng chất
kích thích;
● turn to illegal acts to generate income = commit crimes to earn money: phạm tội để
kiếm tiền;
● the major/principal cause of… = the major/primary reason for…: nguyên nhân chính
● raise awareness of crime prevention = promote crime prevention programs: nâng cao ý
thức về việc ngăn chặn tội phạm/ đẩy mạnh các chương trình ngăn chặn tội phạm.

IDEAS
Police and Crime Prevention
The job of the policy is to catch criminals;
They must also prevent crime and make communities safer;
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There should be an increase in the number of police officers on the streets;
Police officers should be seen as part of the community;
They should be involved with education and prevention;
The police should be in close contact with schools;
They should focus on young people who have dropped out of school.;
These teenagers may become involved with gangs.
Punishments/Prisons
Fines are used as punishment for minor crimes;
If the crime is more serious, prison is the most common punishment;
Some criminals pose a threat to society;
They are put in prison to ensure the safety of other citizens.
Negatives of Prisons
Criminals are put together, they make friends with other offenders
Many prisoners reoffend when they are released because a criminal record makes finding
a job more difficult.
Rehabilitation
Another aim of prisons is rehabilitation;
Prisoners receive education of vocational training;
Prisoners should learn personal skills and specific job skills;
Punishment could make prisoners’ behavior worse;
Rehabilitation aims to make them better citizens;
Rehabilitated prisoners are less likely to re-offend.
Capital punishment
Supporters say that capital punishment deters crime;
Fear of the death penalty stops people from committing offences;
The death penalty shows that crime is not tolerated;
It is a form of revenge to ease the pain of victims
The cost of imprisonment is avoided;
The offender cannot pose a threat to others.
Against Capital Punishment
Innocent people could be wrongly convicted and executed;
Crime rates are not necessarily reduced;
Many criminals do not think they will be caught;
Capital punishment is not a good deterrent;
Executing prisoners creates a violent culture and encourages revenge;
We have no right to take another human life.
Community service
Community service is a way to reform offenders;
It could be a solution to prison overcrowding;
It avoids the cost of imprisonment;
It makes offenders useful in their local communities;
They are required to clean streets or talk to school groups;
Offenders repay their community;
They avoid the negative influence that prison can have.
Against community service
Community service is not a sufficient punishment;
Criminals should be locked up, away from their victims.
Crime in the Media
Crime is one of the main subjects of most news programs;
The mass media focus on violent and sensational crimes;
This lead to fear of crime among the public;
Sensational stories attract more viewers or readers;
The media report crime stories in order to increase their audience.

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