Bachelors of Architecture
WORLD ARCHITECTURE
AND URBANISM: EARLY
CIVILISATIONS TO
RENAISSANCE
PRESENTED BY AR. SANDHIYAA THIYAHARAJAN
UNIT - V
RENAISSANCE IN
EUROPE
Topics to be Covered
REBIRTH OF RENAISSANCE IN EUROPE
URBANISM RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
REFORMATION
WORKS OF BRUNELLESCHI
WORKS OF ANDREA PALLADIO
WORKS OF MICHAEL ANGELO
WORKS OF CHRISTOPHER WREN
WORKS OF INIGO JONES
MANNERIST ARCHITECTURE
BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE
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I D E A OF R E - B I R T H AN D R E N AI S S AN CE I N E UROPE :
Renaissance :
Period in European history (14th - 17th century)
The word Renaissance, literally meaning "Rebirth" in French,
Cultural bridge between the middle ages and modern history
Started as a cultural movement in Itally (Medieval period)
Spread to rest of the Europe, Marking the beginning of the Modern age
Development of perspective in oil painting and knowledge of how to make
concrete
Development of linear perspective and other techniques of rendering a
more natural reality in painting, and gradual but widespread educational
reform
Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded
by Baroque architecture
Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and
the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture
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Humanism & Development of thought :
It is the study of Classical Antiquity
Humanists sought to create a citizenry able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging in the
civic life of their communities
Humanism was a pervasive cultural mode and not the program of a small elite, a program to revive the cultural legacy, literary
legacy, and moral philosophy.
Francesco Petrarch is often called the “father of humanism”
He was a scholar and poet who lived in Florence in 1300s
He studied poets and philosophers from ancient Rome such as Cicero and Virgil.
His ideas and poetry became an inspiration to many writers and poets throughout all of Europe as the renaissance spread.
Reformation :
The protestant reformation left Europe religiously divided
Numerous religious wars were fought between Catholics and protestants
Missionaries converted non-Christian throughout the world
The reformation encouraged education and the questioning of long- held beliefs
Protestant reformation- a religious reform movement that splits the catholic church in western Europe
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Causes:
Popes were acting like politicians or soldiers
Popes were getting corrupted
Weak rulers couldn’t fight against corrupt priests
Selling indulgences- pay money to be pardoned from sin
Renaissance Patrons :
During the renaissance, being a ‘patron’ meant much more than being a wealthy
person who sponsored an artist for their work.
There were three ways of being a patron during the renaissance :-
One could take the artist into their house and, in return, the artist would produce
the work that they wanted.
One could hire an artist to work for him or her.
They could commission an artist for only one piece of art, paying exclusively for
that single job, regardless of how long it took to complete
Many patrons, being popes, kings, queens, princes, princess, and nobles, were able
to show there wealth and power with who they were able to commission work.
The church also used patronage as a way to promote there religion and spread
beliefs through a society.
Churches commissioned artists to decorate their churches, cathedrals, chapels,
and temples with sculptures of holy figures and paintings of religious scenes
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U R B A N I S M R E N AI S S AN CE AR CH I T E CT U R E :
LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI – IDEAL FORM - ( 1404-1472 ) :
An Italian humanist author, artist, architect, poet, etc.
BORN : 14 FEB 1404
DIED : 25 APR 1472
NATIONALITY : Italian
MOVEMENT : Italian Renaissance
FAMOUS ARCHITECTURAL WORKS -
Palazzo Rucellai
Basilica of Sant’Andrea
Santa Maria Novella
Tempio Malatestiano
Designed by Leon Battista Alberti and was the first in a series of major
architectural changes that the architect and theorist of the Renaissance
performed for their family Rucellai.
Built between 1446 – 1451 by Bernado Rossellini, designed by Leon Battista
Alberti. Alberti took care of only the partial intervention.
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Alberti designed this with an architecture in which classical elements provide no support structure. It has been home for the
Rucellai Family for over 500 years.
Ground floor :
Higher than the upper floors.
The pilasters in ground floor have TUSCAN order at the base.
In front there is a “bench away”, an element which was used as a stylobate in ancient roman buildings.
The backrest of the bench play is the opus reticulatum : a form of brickword used in Roman Architecture ( rediscovered skill by
alberti ).
Polished ASHLAR QUOINS was used which was inspired from Roman Architecture. Used by Rucellai Family
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First floor :
This main floor contains a special order invented
by Alberti in which the pilasters have Acanthus
leaves with a Centre Palmette.
Large Double Windows, with Embossed frame,
Column and Oculus at the centre.
The Ground Floor was for business and was
flanked by benches running along the street
facade.
The Second Story :
(the piano noble) was the main formal reception
floor
The Third Story :
the private family and sleeping quarters.
The Fourth “hidden” floor
under the roof was for servants; because it had
almost no windows, it was quite dark inside.
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BRUNELLESCHI AND RATIONALLY ORDERED SPACE :
Filippo Brunelleschi
Architect and Engineer
One of the pioneers of early Renaissance Architecture
Discovered the principles of Linear-prespective consruction known to greeks
and romans
Concept - Single vanishing point towards which all lines drawn on the same
plane appear to converge .
Using optical and geometric principle - Brunelleshchi prespective devices
were based.
Major work->Dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore.
Cathedral Of Santa Maria :
Plan And Structure :
The Cathedral of Florence built - Basilica having a wide cental nave of four
square bays with an aisle on either side.
The chancel and transepts are of identical polygonal plan - separated by two
smaller polygonal chapels.
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Cathedral Of Santa Maria :
Plan And Structure :
Dimensions: length- (153 m) width –(38m) .Height of the arches in the
aiseles is (23m)
The concept of the dome first emerged during the renaissance in the
form of an architectural marvel that topesthe cathedral of Florence
Construction of dome-marks the beginning of renaissance architecture.
Around 4 million bricks in the construction of the octagonal dome
Brick pattern-special pattern of layered bricks that he invented himself.
The horizontal bricks by other side vertically other than continuing in onte
straight line -forms Zig Zag in the space.
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CENTRALIZED PLANNED CHURCH – DONATO BRAMANTE :
Italian architect
Born:1444, Fermigano, Italy
Death:11 March 1514, Rome, Italy
Introduced: high renaissance style to Rome, Renaissance architecture to Milan
Known for: Architecture, painting
He created architectural forms that were remarkable for their harmonious
perfection, integrity, and free, creative application of classical forms.
CENTRALIZED PLAN :
One arranged around the centre rather than an axial plan. [Link] maria della
consolzaine
LOCATION: Todi, Italy
BUILT AT: on the flank of the city hill, just outside the walls
STYLE: Renaissance style
CONSTRUCTION BEGUN: 1508
COMPLETED: 1607
PLAN: Centralized symmetrical plan (Greek cross plan) – 16th century.
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APSE: 4 (3 polygonal, 1 on the north is semicircular)
The apse is surmounted by a square terrace with 4 eagles at the corners, from
which the dome rises. In the interior, the altar houses a miraculous icon of the
Madonna.
Other architects who helped bring the work to completion were Antonio da
Sangallo the Younger Galeazzo Alessi Michele Sanmicheli Vignola Ippolito Scalza
NICHES: Twelve niches in the first three apses house giant statues of the apostles.
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MERCHANT PRINCE PALACES :
ANDREA PALLADIO :
Italian architect Active in the Republic of Venice.
Palladio, influenced by Roman and Greek architecture, is widely considered
to be the most influential individual in the history of architecture.
Palladian architecture is a European style of architecture.
It is derived from and inspired by the designs of the Venetian architect
Andrea Palladio(1508–1580).
It is recognised as Palladian architecture today is an evolution of Palladio's
original concepts.
Palladio's work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and values
of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and
Romans.
From the 17th century Palladio's interpretation of this classical architecture
was adapted as the style known as Palladianism.
It continued to develop until the end of the 18th century.
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PALAZZO RICARDI :
Palazzo medici is also known as palazzo medici ricardi
First renaissance building in florence , italy . It is close to church san lorenzo.
Architect - michealozzo di bartolomeo.
This building is designed for cosimo de medici , head of the medici banking
family.
Open colonnaded court is located at center – inspired from roman peristyle
cloister.
Closed loggia – corner of the building.
Later closed loggia – change to kneeling window. New entrance staircase
built by the architect foggini.
Baroque decorations were added to the courtyard and the addition of old
marbles belonging to the riccardi collection.
Originally designed as a sort of cube with ten windows for each ground and
three big doors in the facade.
FEATURES :
2 doors - kneeling windows & arched windows, 2 asymmetrical doors
Rusticated stones - ground floor
Refined stone workthird floor
Huge cornice crowning – roof top Decorated with graffiti
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VILLA CAPRA VICENZA – (VILLA ROTUNDA):
Villa La Rotonda is a Renaissance villa just outside Vicenza in northern
Italy.
It is designed by Andrea Palladio.
The proper name is Villa Almerico Capra Valmarana.
It is also known as La Rotonda, Villa Rotonda, Villa Capra and Villa
Almerico.
The site selected was a hilltop just outside the city of Vicenza.
Unlike some other Palladian villas, the building was not designed from
the start to accommodate a working farm.
This sophisticated building was designed for a site which was, in
modern terminology, "suburban".
The design is a completely symmetrical building having a square plan
with four facades, each of which has a projecting portico.
The whole is contained within an imaginary circle which touches each
corner of the building and centre of the porticos.
The name La Rotonda refers to the central circular hall with its dome.
To describe the villa, as a whole, as a 'rotonda' is technically incorrect,
as the building is not circular but rather the intersection of a square
with a cross.
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MANNERIST ARCHITECTURE : (Renaissance in Transition.)
Style in art and architecture of 16th century, charecterterized by the distortion of elements such as proportion and space.
The term mannerism derives from the italian word maneria meaning “style” or “way of working”
A style in european art around 1520 Lasting about 1580 in italy, when baroque style began to replace it.
Harmonious ideas associated with artists such as early micheal angelo, leonardo da vinci.
It exaggerates renaissance art qualities resulting in composition that are asymmetrical are unnaturally elegant.
During mannerist period,architects experiment using architectural forms to emphasize solid and spatial relationships.
Characteristics :
Twisted and elongated figures
Asymmetrical and unbalanced composition
Lack of a clear focal point
Unusual representation of traditional themes
Strident palette
Ambiguous space
Use of expensive hand gestures
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WORKS OF MICHAEL ANGELO :
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni was an Italian Sculptor,
Painter, Architect, Poet, and Engineer.
Born : 6 March 1475 Caprese near Arezzo, Republic of Florence
Died : 18 February 1564 (aged 88) Rome, Papal States (present-day Italy)
Notable Works : The Last Judgement, Sistine Chapel ceiling, Laurentian
Library, St. Peter’s Basilica.
Movement : High Renaissance (Mannerist Architecture).
He sculpted two of his best-known works, the Pieta and David, before the
age of thirty.
Michelangelo pioneered the Mannerist style at the Laurentian Library.
At the age of 74, he succeeded Antonio da Sangallo the Younger as the
architect of St. Peter's Basilica.
Michelangelo was unique as the first Western artist whose biography was
published while he was alive.
In fact, two biographies were published during his lifetime; one of them,
by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all artistic
achievement since the beginning of the Renaissance.
Michelangelo's impassioned and highly personal style resulted in
Mannerism, the next major movement in Western art after the High
Renaissance.
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LAURENTIAN LIBRARY.
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Laurentian Library:
The Library at Florence is also known as Laurentian Library
The Laurentian Library is a historical library in Florence, Italy.
Built in a cloister of the Basilica di San Lorenzo di Firenze under the patronage of the
Medici pope, Clement VII.
It contains the manuscripts and books belonging to the private library of the Medici
family.
The library is renowned for the architecture planned and built by MICHELANGELO.
The Laurentian Library was commissioned in 1523 and construction began in 1525.
When Michelangelo left Florence in 1534, only the walls of the reading room were
complete.
It was then continued by Tribolo, Basari, and Ammannati based on plans and verbal
instructions from Michelangelo.
The library opened by 1571.
The Laurentian Library is one of Michelangelo's most important architectural
achievements.
The admirable distribution of the windows, the construction of the ceiling, and the
fine entrance of the Vestibule can never be sufficiently extolled.
Boldness and grace are equally conspicuous in the work as a whole, and in every
part; in the cornices, corbels, the niches for statues, the commodious staircase etc.
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The two-story Quattrocento cloister was to remain unchanged by the addition of the
library.
Walls were built on already pre-existing walls and cloisters.
Because the walls were built on pre-existing walls, recessing the columns into the
walls was a structural necessity.
Vestibule :
The vestibule is also known as the Ricetto.
It is 19.50 m long, 20.30 m wide, and 14.6 m tall (64 by 67 by 48 feet).
It was built above existing monastic quarters on the east range of the cloister, with
an entrance from the upper level of the cloisters.
Michelangelo had planned for a skylight, but the Clement VII believed that it would
cause the roof to leak, so clerestory windows were incorporated into the west wall.
Lit by windows in bays that are articulated by pilasters corresponding to the beams
of the ceiling, with a tall constricted vestibule.
Staircase :
The plan of the stairs changed dramatically in the design stage.
Originally in the first design in 1524, two flights of stairs were placed against the side
walls and formed a bridge in front of the reading room door.
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Staircase :
A year later the stairway was moved to the middle of the vestibule. Tribolo
attempted to carry out this plan in 1550 but nothing was built.
Ammannati took on the challenge of interpreting Michelangelo’s ideas to the best
of his abilities using a small clay model, scanty material, and Michelangelo’s
instructions.
The staircase leads up to the reading room and takes up half of the floor of the
vestibule.
The treads of the centre flights are convex and vary in width, while the outer flights
are straight.
The three lowest steps of the central flight are wider and higher than the others,
almost like concentric oval slabs.
As the stairway descends, it divides into three flights.
Reading room :
The reading room is 46.20 m. long, 10.50 m. wide, and 8.4 m. high (152 by 35 by 28
feet).
There are two blocks of seats separated by a center aisle with the backs of each
serving as desks for the benches behind them.
The desks are lit by the evenly spaced windows along the wall.
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Reading room :
The windows are framed by pilasters, forming a system of bays which articulate the
layout of the ceiling and floor.
The reading room was built upon an existing story, Michelangelo had to reduce the
weight of the reading-room walls.
The system of frames and layers in the walls’ articulation reduced the volume and
weight of the bays between the pilasters.
Beneath the current wooden floor of the library in the Reading Room is a series of 15
rectangular red and white terra cotta floor panels.
These panels, measuring 8-foot-6-inch (2.59 m) on a side, when viewed in sequence
demonstrate basic principles of geometry.
It is believed that these tiles were arranged so as to be visible under the original
furniture; but this furniture was later changed to increase the number of reading
desks in the room.
WORKS OF INIGO JONES :
Inigo Jones (15 July 1573 – 21 June 1652) was the first significant English architect. He
is the first to employ rules of proportion and symmetry in his buildings.
He is the most notable architect in England. Jones was the first person to introduce
the classical architecture of Rome and the Italian Renaissance to Britain.
Inigo jones is also a well-known costume designer, a masque costume for a knight
designed by Inigo jones.
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ST. PAUL’S CHURCH – CONVENT GARDEN
The queens house, Greenwich :
Queen's House is a former royal residence built between 1616 and 1635 in Greenwich,
then a few miles down-river from London.
Queen's House is one of the most important buildings in British architectural history.
This is the first consciously classical building to have been constructed in the
country.
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THE QUEENS HOUSE, GREENWICH
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B A R OQU E A R CH I T E CT U R E :
PALACE OF VERSAILLES
ST. CHARLES CHURCH
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F R E N C H B A R O QU E – P AL ACE O F V E R S AI L L ES :
The Palace of Versailles, Château de Versailles, or simply Versailles is a royal palace in
Versailles in the Îlede- France region of France.
It is now open as a museum, and a very popular tourist attraction. When the château
was built, Versailles was a small village dating from the 11th century; today, however,
it is a wealthy suburb of Paris, some 20 kilometres (12 miles) southwest of the centre
of the French capital.
Versailles was the seat of political power in the Kingdom of France from 1682, when
King Louis XIV moved the royal court from Paris, until the royal family was forced to
return to the capital in October 1789, within three months after the beginning of the
French Revolution.
Especially under Louis XIV, the whole senior nobility were pressured to spend large
amounts of time at Versailles, as a form of political control.
Louis XIV's expansion of the building was begun around 1661, with Louis Le Vau as
architect. It was not completed until about 1715, having been worked on by
architects including François d'Orbay, Charles Le Brun (interiors especially).
Jules Hardouin-Mansart and Robert de Cotte. André Le Nôtre began the gardens
and structures in them. There were a range of satellite buildings around the
grounds. While the main château building remains essentially intact, though
without much of its contents, some of these have been destroyed.
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The palace that we recognize today was largely completed by the death of Louis XIV
in 1715. The eastern facing palace has a U-shaped layout with symmetrical advancing
secondary wings terminating with the Dufour Pavilion on the south and the Gabriel
Pavilion to the north, creating an expansive cour d'honneur known as the Royal
Court.
Flanking the Royal Court are two enormous asymmetrical wings that result in a
facade of 402 metres (1,319 ft) in length.[35] Encompassing 67,000 square metres
(721,182 sq ft) the palace has 700 rooms, more than 2,000 windows, 1,250 fireplaces
and 67 staircases.
The façade of the original lodge is preserved on the entrance front. Built of red brick
and cut stone embellishments, the U-shaped layout surrounds a black-and-white
marble courtyard.
In the center, a 3-storey avant-corps fronted with eight red marble columns
supporting a gilded wrought-iron balcony is surmounted with a triangle of lead
statuary surrounding a large clock, whose hands were stopped upon the death of
Louis XIV.
The rest of the façade is completed with columns, painted and gilded wrought-iron
balconies and dozens of stone tables decorated with consoles holding marble busts
of Roman emperors. Atop the mansard slate roof are elaborate dormer windows
and gilt lead roof dressings that were added by Hardouin-Mansart in 1679–1681.
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Inspired by the architecture of baroque Italian villas, but executed in the French classical style, the garden front and wings
were encased in white cut ashlar stone known as the enveloppe in 1661-1678. The exterior features an arcaded, rusticated
ground floor, supporting a main floor with round-headed windows divided by reliefs and pilasters or columns. The attic storey
has square windows and pilasters and crowned by a balustrade bearing sculptured trophies and flame pots dissimulating a
flat roof.
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THANKYOU.
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