Type 1
(1) an isotope (2) chemical bonds (3) chemical compounds
(4) chemical element (5) electric charge (6) electromagnetic force
(7) hydrogen (8) nucleus (9) nuclear force (10) subatomic particles
An atom is the smallest unit of ordinary matter that forms a…………….. Atoms
are extremely small, typically around 100 picometers across. The term "atom" comes
from the Greek word for indivisible, because it was once thought that atoms were
the smallest things in the universe and could not be divided. We now know that every
atom is composed of three major ……………..including protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons and neutrons reside in the .…………at the center of the atom. Thus, the nucleus
is made of one or more protons and a number of neutrons. Only the most common variety
of ………….has no neutrons.
Electrons exist in a cloud orbiting the nucleus. The electron cloud has a radius
10,000 times greater than the nucleus. Protons and neutrons have approximately the
same mass. One proton is about 1,835 times more massive than an electron. Thus, more
than 99.94% of an atom's mass is in the nucleus.
Three quarks make up each proton — two "up" quarks (each with a two-thirds positive
charge) and one "down" quark (with a one-third negative charge) — and they are held
together by other subatomic particles called gluons, which are massless. Thus, the
proton has a positive electric charge. Like protons, neutrons are also made of quarks —
one "up" quark (with a positive 2/3 charge) and two "down" quarks (each with a negative
one-third charge). Thus, the neutrons have no…………...
The electrons have a negative electric charge. Thus, the electrons of an atom are attracted
to the protons in an atomic nucleus by the ………………… . The protons and
neutrons in the nucleus are attracted to each other by the……………….. This force is
usually stronger than the electromagnetic force that repels the positively charged protons
from one another.
Atoms always have an equal number of protons and electrons. If an atom has
more or fewer electrons than protons, then it has an overall negative or positive charge,
respectively – such atoms are called ions.
The number of protons in the nucleus is the atomic number. The number of protons in an
atom is unique to each element or it defines to which chemical element the atom belongs.
1
For example, any atom that contains 29 protons is copper. The number of protons also
determines the chemical behavior of the element.
Adding a proton to an atom makes a new element, while adding a neutron
makes…………., or heavier version, of that atom. Thus, the number of neutrons defines
the isotope of the element.
Atoms can attach to one or more other atoms by ……………….to form
………………….such as molecules or crystals. The ability of atoms to associate and
dissociate is responsible for most of the physical changes observed in nature.
Dịch sang tiếng việt:
1) Beakers are used as containers. They are available in a variety of sizes. Although they
often possess volume markings, these are only rough estimates of the liquid volume.
The markings are not necessarily accurate.
2) Pipettes are used for transferring liquids with a fixed volume and quantity of liquid
must be known to a high degree of accuracy.