CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION
Adolescence, spanning from ages 10 to 19, is a transformative phase of physical, emotional, and
social development, marking the transition from childhood to adulthood. During this period,
teenagers experience significant changes, including puberty, growth spurts, and sexual
maturation, which can be both exciting and challenging. Emotionally, they're figuring out who
they are, what they believe in, and where they fit in the world, often leading to mood swings,
identity formation, and increased independence. Socially, friends become crucial, and they
experiment with relationships, explore different groups, and develop their own interests. The
adolescent brain is still maturing, refining cognitive skills and emotional regulation, but also
making them more prone to risk-taking. It's a time of exploration, experimentation, and self-
discovery, offering opportunities for growth, creativity, and building meaningful relationships.
By providing a supportive environment, we can help teenagers navigate the challenges and lay
the foundation for a happy, healthy, and fulfilling life.

PARENTING STYLE

Parenting style refers to the approach and attitude parents take when raising their children,
influencing their kids' emotional, social, and cognitive development. There are several styles,
including authoritarian (strict and demanding), permissive (lenient and indulgent), attachment
(nurturing and responsive), and authoritative (balanced and supportive). A parent's style shapes
their child's self-esteem, independence, and ability to regulate emotions, with authoritative
parenting often linked to healthier outcomes, as it sets clear boundaries while encouraging
autonomy and open communication. There are several parenting styles, each with its own
approach and impact on children's development. Authoritarian parents prioritize obedience and
compliance, often using strict rules and punishment, which can lead to fearful or rebellious
children. Permissive parents focus on their child's happiness, avoiding conflict and discipline,
which may result in children struggling with self-regulation and responsibility. Attachment
parents emphasize emotional connection and empathy, responding to their child's needs and
emotions, fostering secure attachment and emotional intelligence. Authoritative parents strike a
balance, setting clear boundaries while encouraging independence and open communication,
often leading to confident, socially skilled, and academically successful children. Other styles,
such as helicopter, free-range, concerted cultivation, and natural parenting, also exist, and
parents often combine elements to create their unique approach. Authoritarian parents prioritize
obedience and compliance, often using strict rules and punishment to control their child's
behavior, and tend to be demanding, expecting their child to meet high standards without
questioning their authority. They exhibit characteristics such as setting rigid rules, using
punishment-oriented approaches, limiting emotional expression, having high expectations, and
leaving little room for negotiation, which can lead to short-term effects like compliance and fear,
and long-term effects like low self-esteem, difficulty with emotional regulation, and challenges
in forming healthy relationships, ultimately impacting their child's emotional and social
development. Strict rules and expectations: They set rigid rules and expect their child to follow
without question. Punishment-oriented approach: They use punishment, such as time-outs,
scolding, or physical punishment, to control behavior. Limited emotional expression: They may
dismiss or minimize their child's emotions, making it difficult for the child to develop emotional
intelligence. High expectations: They often have high academic and behavioral expectations,
pushing their child to achieve perfection. Little room for negotiation: They don't encourage open
communication or negotiation, expecting their child to comply without questioning.

Permissive parents prioritize their child's happiness and freedom, often avoiding conflict and
discipline, and tend to be overly indulgent and accommodating, giving in to their child's
demands and desires. They set few boundaries or rules, and when they do, they're often
inconsistent or reluctant to enforce them, which can lead to children struggling with self-
regulation, responsibility, and entitlement. Permissive parents may also be overly involved in
their child's life, making decisions for them and solving their problems, rather than encouraging
independence and autonomy. This parenting style can result in children who are spoiled, lack
self-discipline, and have difficulty coping with frustration, disappointment, and authority,
ultimately hindering their ability to develop essential life skills and emotional resilience.
Permissive parents often struggle with setting boundaries and saying "no" to their child's
demands, fearing it might hurt their feelings or damage their relationship. As a result, children
may take the lead in decision-making, and parents may prioritize avoiding conflict over teaching
important life lessons. This approach can lead to an imbalance in the parent-child dynamic, with
children potentially developing an inflated sense of entitlement and a lack of accountability.
Permissive parents may also experience feelings of guilt or anxiety about setting limits, which
can further reinforce their lenient approach.

Authoritative parents strike a balance between structure and nurturing, combining clear
boundaries and high expectations with warmth, empathy, and open communication. They set
clear rules and consequences while explaining the reasoning behind them, encouraging
independence and decision-making, and validating their child's emotions and experiences. This
approach fosters a sense of mutual respect, trust, and cooperation, allowing children to develop
self-regulation, problem-solving skills, and emotional intelligence. Authoritative parents are
responsive to their child's needs, yet firm and consistent in their expectations, promoting a sense
of security and stability. By balancing structure and nurturing, authoritative parents help their
children develop into confident, socially skilled, and emotionally resilient individuals, equipped
to navigate life's challenges and make responsible choices. Authoritative parents strike a balance
between structure and nurturing, combining clear boundaries and high expectations with warmth,
empathy, and open communication, fostering a sense of mutual respect, trust, and cooperation,
and helping their children develop into confident, socially skilled, and emotionally resilient
individuals. They set clear rules and consequences, encourage independence and decision-
making, and validate their child's emotions and experiences, promoting a sense of security and
stability, and are responsive to their child's needs, yet firm and consistent in their expectations,
allowing children to develop self-regulation, problem-solving skills, and emotional intelligence.

The three main parenting styles - authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive - differ in their
levels of warmth and control, shaping the way parents interact with their children and
influencing their development.

Authoritarian Parenting (High Control, Low Warmth) Authoritarian parents prioritize obedience
and compliance, often relying on punishment and strict rules to control their child's behavior.
They tend to be less nurturing and responsive, emphasizing achievement and conformity over
emotional connection. This approach can lead to children who are obedient but may struggle
with self-esteem, emotional regulation, and decision-making.

Permissive Parenting (Low Control, High Warmth) Permissive parents focus on their child's
happiness and freedom, often avoiding conflict and discipline. They tend to be overly indulgent
and lenient, giving in to their child's demands and desires. While this approach can foster a
positive relationship, it may lead to children who struggle with self-regulation, responsibility,
and boundaries.

Authoritative Parenting (High Control, High Warmth) Authoritative parents balance structure
and nurturing, setting clear expectations while being responsive to their child's needs. They
encourage independence, validate emotions, and use positive reinforcement, fostering a sense of
mutual respect and cooperation. This approach is often associated with children who are
confident, socially skilled, and emotionally intelligent.

The relationship between these parenting styles is complex, and each approach has its strengths
and weaknesses. Authoritative parenting is often considered the most effective, as it balances
structure and nurturing, promoting healthy development and a positive relationship.

Uninvolved parents tend to minimize their interaction time with their kids, often neglecting their
emotional and physical needs, which can lead to a range of negative outcomes. These parents are
typically indifferent to their children's experiences, feelings, and relationships, failing to provide
guidance, support, and validation. As a result, kids may struggle with trust issues, feeling
unimportant and unloved, which can make it hard for them to form healthy relationships with
others. They may feel lonely, isolated, and bitter towards their parents, and might even develop
impulsive behaviors, struggle with self-regulation, and engage in delinquency or addiction. The
lack of parental involvement can also contribute to mental health issues, such as depression,
anxiety, and low self-esteem, as kids may internalize the message that they're not worthy of love
or attention. Furthermore, children of uninvolved parents may have difficulty developing
emotional intelligence, self-awareness, and problem-solving skills, making it challenging for
them to navigate life's challenges and achieve their goals.
Today's world is changing fast, and kids are facing many new challenges. Family is super
important for helping kids grow up happy and healthy, but it's not always easy. Teenagers are
going through a lot of changes, like figuring out who they are and what they want to do with
their lives. They need guidance and support from their parents to help them navigate this tough
time. Parents play a huge role in shaping their kids' futures, and their influence can make a big
difference. The way parents parent can either help or hinder their kids' progress, especially when
it comes to motivation and mental health. It's a challenging time for both parents and kids, but
with the right support, teenagers can thrive and develop into confident, capable adults.

A family's influence on a teenager's life is huge, affecting their mental, physical, social, and
economic well-being. If there's a problem at home, it can lead to issues like mental health
problems, trouble in school, and even crime. Parents play a big role in shaping their kids' futures,
and their parenting style can either help or hinder their progress. Teenagers need guidance and
support as they navigate changes and challenges, and parents can provide this by being involved
and supportive. Research shows that teenagers' perceptions of their parents' style can have a big
impact on their outcomes, so it's essential to understand their perspective. Emotional intelligence
is also crucial for teenagers, helping them develop motivation and achieve their goals. Parents
can encourage this by being supportive and involved, and by teaching their kids skills like self-
awareness and self-regulation. By focusing on these areas, parents can help their teenagers build
a strong foundation for a happy, healthy life.

Parenting style is about how parents interact with their kids and create a certain atmosphere at
home. It's not just about what they do, but also about how their kids perceive it. The way parents
behave and communicate with their kids sends a message about how much they care, which can
shape their kids' feelings and behaviors. In this study, we're looking at how kids perceive their
parents' style, so we're focusing on how they experience and interpret their parents' actions,
rather than just what the parents say or do.

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

Emotional intelligence is a vital component of a teenager's life, influencing their mental health,
motivation, and relationships. It's not just about academic achievement or being intelligent; it's
about understanding and managing emotions, empathizing with others, and making informed
decisions. Many successful individuals aren't necessarily the most intelligent, but they've
developed high emotional intelligence, enabling them to navigate life's challenges effectively.
Emotional intelligence encompasses recognizing and understanding emotions, utilizing them to
think clearly, and regulating them to achieve goals. It's also about understanding others, building
strong relationships, and being responsible. This ability isn't fixed; it can be learned and
improved at any age. Having high emotional intelligence can make a significant difference in
life, from managing stress and forming friendships to excelling in academics and professional
pursuits. It's a crucial aspect of success, and it's equally important as being intelligent or talented.
By developing emotional intelligence, teenagers can establish a strong foundation for a happy,
healthy life, and it's essential for parents, educators, and caregivers to emphasize its development
alongside academic achievement.
We've all seen it: the top student in class who doesn't do as well in life as their less intelligent
classmates. This happens in many areas, like education, politics, and business. So, what's
missing? The answer is emotional intelligence. It's not just about being smart, but also about
understanding and managing your emotions, and building strong relationships. Emotional
intelligence helps you navigate life's challenges and achieve success, even when things get
tough. Being aware of our emotions helps us get along with others and live a happier life. If
young people don't understand emotions, they might become selfish and struggle to connect with
others. The good news is that emotional intelligence can be learned and improved at any age,
unlike IQ which is more fixed. This means we can teach and nurture emotional intelligence in
people. Emotional intelligence plays a big role in handling stress, achieving goals, and staying
mentally healthy, especially for teenagers. Emotional Intelligence (EI) is the ability to understand
and manage emotions, and it plays a crucial role in our daily lives. Introduced by psychologists
Salovey and Mayer in 1990 and popularized by Daniel Goleman in 1995, EI helps individuals
deal with problems and achieve success. It's essential for physical and mental well-being,
relationships, and work performance. Emotional intelligence involves recognizing and
expressing emotions, using emotions to think clearly, understanding emotions, and controlling
emotions in ourselves and others. It's a vital part of intelligence that's just as important as
traditional intelligence.

Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand and manage our own emotions and those of
others. According to Mayer and Salovey, it involves recognizing feelings, empathizing with
others, and using this awareness to guide our thoughts and actions. This includes both
interpersonal skills, like understanding others and building relationships, and intrapersonal skills,
like understanding ourselves. Emotional intelligence is key to success, and it's not just about
being book-smart - IQ only accounts for 20% of success. Emotional intelligence helps us channel
our emotions positively, affecting motivation, learning, and performance. It's a crucial factor in
achieving success in all areas of life, including work, home, and school. Emotional intelligence is
about having skills that help us deal with life's challenges. According to various experts, it
involves understanding and managing our emotions, empathizing with others, and building
strong relationships. Emotional intelligence is not just about being smart, but about being aware
of our emotions and using them effectively. People with high emotional intelligence can express
their feelings well, understand others, and solve problems. The good news is that emotional
intelligence can be learned and developed over time, which means we can improve our
relationships, work, and overall well-being by developing this [Link] play a big role in
shaping the minds of young adults. During adolescence, emotions can be intense and
overwhelming, leading to stress and imbalance in thought. Developing emotional intelligence is
crucial for doing well in school and life. Emotional intelligence includes skills like understanding
others, managing oneself, leading others, and understanding oneself. It also involves being aware
of one's emotions, controlling them, empathizing with others, staying motivated, and making
good decisions. By developing these skills, young adults can achieve success and well-being in
life. Recently, there's been a growing interest in emotional intelligence (EI) among teenagers.
This is because research has shown that EI is linked to important outcomes like academic
performance, social skills, and mental health. During adolescence, young people face many
changes that can affect their confidence and emotional well-being. EI helps teenagers understand
and manage their emotions, build positive relationships, and develop a optimistic outlook on life.
In fact, studies have found that emotional health is essential for effective learning. Many schools
are now incorporating EI into their programs to help students succeed. Emotional intelligence
can be developed over time with practice and training, and it can make a big difference in a
person's life. By understanding and managing emotions, teenagers can achieve their goals and
live a happier, healthier life.

A MIXED MODEL OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

The mixed model of emotional intelligence was proposed by Daniel Goleman in 1995.

The mixed model of emotional intelligence is a comprehensive framework that incorporates

various aspects of EI, providing a holistic understanding of this complex concept. This model
combines emotional abilities, personality traits, and social skills to explain how individuals
perceive, understand, regulate, and utilize emotions to achieve their goals and interact effectively
with others. At its core, the mixed model includes emotional perception, which refers to the
ability to recognize and understand emotions in oneself and others. This involves being aware of
emotional cues, such as facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language, and being able to
accurately identify and label emotions. Emotional understanding is another crucial aspect,
involving knowledge of how emotions work, their causes and consequences, and how they
impact behavior. Emotional regulation is also a key component, encompassing the ability to
manage emotions to achieve goals, well-being, and relationships. This involves being able to
modulate emotional responses, cope with stress, and adapt to changing situations. Additionally,
emotional facilitation is included, which refers to the ability to use emotions to facilitate thought
and action, such as leveraging emotions to motivate oneself, focus attention, and enhance
creativity. The mixed model also incorporates personality traits like empathy, social skills, and
self-awareness, recognizing that EI is not just about cognitive abilities, but also about personality
characteristics that influence emotional experience and social interactions. Empathy, for
instance, is essential for building strong relationships, while social skills enable effective
communication and conflict resolution. Self-awareness is critical for recognizing one's own
emotions, values, and motivations, allowing individuals to make informed decisions and take
responsibility for their actions. By integrating these various components, the mixed model
provides a nuanced understanding of EI, highlighting its complexity and multifaceted nature.
This framework has been influential in research and practice, informing the development of
interventions and training programs aimed at enhancing EI and promoting personal and
professional success.
The four key components of emotional intelligence are:

Self-Awareness: recognizing and understanding emotions in oneself

Self-Regulation: managing emotions to achieve goals and well-being

Social Awareness: understanding emotions in others and empathizing

Relationship Management: using emotions to interact effectively with others

Goleman believes that people are born with potential for emotional intelligence, something
you're born with fully developed. Instead, emotional intelligence can be learned and developed
overtime. When these components work together, they can lead to many benefits including better
academic performance, social skills, mental health. Emotional intelligence can also lead to
positive behaviors, reduced stress and improved relationships. In fact, studies have shown that
adolesents with higher academic achievement, better discipline and stronger motivation. Overall
emotional intelligence plays a crucial role in achieving success in education, career and
personal relationships, as well as maintaing good Mental health.

Goleman believes that emotional intelligence can be learned and improved. When we develop
these skills, we do better in school, have better relationships, and are happier and healthier.
Emotional intelligence helps us succeed in life and feel good about ourselves.

Emotional intelligence can be learned and improved with practice, patience and self-awareness.
By developing emotional Intelligence, you can 'improve your relationships achieve your goals
and live a happier, healthier life.

Emotional intelligence is about understanding and managing emotions to succeed in life. It's a set
of skills that help us cope with challenges and pressures. According to various experts, emotional
intelligence includes recognizing and managing feelings, empathizing with others, and building
strong relationships. It's linked to better academic performance, social skills, and mental health.
The good news is that emotional intelligence can be learned and developed over time with
practice and self-awareness. It's especially important for teenagers, as it helps them navigate
adolescence and build a positive outlook for the future. By developing emotional intelligence,
individuals can improve their relationships, achieve their goals, and live a happier, healthier life.

Emotional intelligence is a crucial aspect of our lives, enabling us to understand and manage our
emotions effectively. It's a set of skills that helps us navigate challenges and pressures, and it's
linked to better academic performance, social skills, and mental health. According to experts,
emotional intelligence includes recognizing and managing feelings, empathizing with others, and
building strong relationships. The great news is that emotional intelligence can be learned and
developed over time with practice and self-awareness. For teenagers, it's especially important as
it helps them navigate adolescence and build a positive outlook for the future. It's a vital skill
that's essential for success in all areas of life, and it's never too late to start developing it.
The concept of emotional intelligence has a rich history that's evolved over time. It all started
with Thorndike in 1920, who believed intelligence is made up of three parts: academic,
emotional, and social. He said social intelligence is about understanding and managing people,
and acting wisely in relationships.

Later, Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, which includes spatial, musical,
intrapersonal, interpersonal, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic, linguistic, and logical-mathematical
intelligences. Then, in 1988, Bar-On introduced the term 'Emotional Quotient' (EQ), which refers
to the ability to understand and manage emotions, and use this information to guide thoughts and
actions.

The idea of emotional intelligence gained popularity with Daniel Goleman's book 'Emotional
Intelligence' in 1995. He highlighted competencies like empathy, learned optimism, and self-
control, which contribute to success in life. Bar-On further characterized emotional intelligence
as a set of non-cognitive skills and abilities that help people cope with environmental demands
and pressures.

Goleman's work showed that emotional intelligence is just as important as IQ for achieving
success. It's not just about being smart; it's about being aware of emotions, managing them, and
using them to build strong relationships. Emotional intelligence includes skills like self-
awareness, empathy, and social skills, which are essential for personal and professional success.

Research has shown that emotional intelligence can be developed and improved over time. It's
linked to better mental health, relationships, and job performance. Many schools and
organizations now incorporate emotional intelligence training into their programs, recognizing
its importance for overall well-being and success.

The concept of emotional intelligence has come a long way since Thorndike's early work. Today,
it's recognized as a vital aspect of human intelligence, and its development is crucial for
individuals, organizations, and society as a whole.

Emotional intelligence is now seen as a key factor in achieving success, building strong
relationships, and maintaining good mental health. It's an essential skill that's worth developing,
and it's never too late to start. By understanding and working on emotional intelligence,
individuals can improve their overall quality of life and achieve their goals.

The historical development of emotional intelligence highlights its importance and relevance in
today's world. As research continues to show its significance, it's likely to remain a key area of
focus for individuals, educators, and organizations alike .

RELATIONALSHIP BETWEEN PARENTING STYLE AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

The relationship between parenting style and emotional intelligence is a significant one, with
research suggesting that the way parents interact with their children can have a lasting impact on
their emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence, which refers to the ability to recognize and
understand emotions in oneself and others, is a crucial aspect of a person's overall intelligence
and can influence their relationships, academic performance, and even their mental health.

Parenting style, which encompasses the attitudes, behaviors, and emotions that parents exhibit
when interacting with their children, can play a significant role in shaping a child's emotional
intelligence. There are several parenting styles, including authoritarian, authoritative, permissive,
and neglectful, each with its own unique characteristics and effects on children's emotional
development.

Authoritarian parents, who are often strict and demanding, can stifle a child's emotional
expression and exploration, leading to lower emotional intelligence. In contrast, authoritative
parents, who are warm, responsive, and communicative, can foster a child's emotional
intelligence by acknowledging and validating their emotions, and teaching them how to regulate
and manage their feelings.

Permissive parents, who are often overly indulgent and lenient, can also have a negative impact
on a child's emotional intelligence, as they may not provide adequate boundaries and guidance,
leading to difficulties with emotional regulation and impulse control. Neglectful parents, who are
often distant and unresponsive, can also have a detrimental effect on a child's emotional
intelligence, as they may not provide the necessary emotional support and validation.

Research has shown that children who grow up in families with an authoritative parenting style
tend to have higher emotional intelligence, as they are more likely to develop healthy emotional
regulation strategies, empathy, and social skills. In contrast, children who experience
authoritarian, permissive, or neglectful parenting styles may struggle with emotional regulation,
social relationships, and academic performance.

Moreover, parenting style can also influence a child's attachment style, which is a critical factor
in the development of emotional intelligence. A secure attachment, which is often fostered by an
authoritative parenting style, can provide a child with a sense of safety and security, allowing
them to explore and understand their emotions in a healthy way. In contrast, an insecure
attachment, which can result from authoritarian, permissive, or neglectful parenting, can lead to
difficulties with emotional regulation and relationships.

In addition, cultural and socioeconomic factors can also play a role in the relationship between
parenting style and emotional intelligence. For example, in some cultures, authoritarian parenting
may be more common and accepted, while in others, authoritative parenting may be more
prevalent. Similarly, socioeconomic factors, such as poverty and stress, can impact parenting
style and, in turn, influence a child's emotional intelligence.
Overall, the relationship between parenting style and emotional intelligence is complex and
multifaceted, and more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying this
relationship. However, it is clear that parenting style can have a significant impact on a child's
emotional intelligence, and that an authoritative parenting style, which is characterized by
warmth, responsiveness, and communication, is likely to foster healthy emotional development
and high emotional intelligence.

Furthermore, interventions aimed at promoting emotional intelligence in children and

adolescents should take into account the critical role of parenting style and aim to support
parents in developing an authoritative parenting style. This can involve providing parents with
education and resources on emotional intelligence, as well as coaching and support in developing
healthy communication and emotional regulation strategies.

Additionally, emotional intelligence is linked to better mental health, relationships, and job
performance. It's an essential skill that's worth developing, and it's never too late to start. By
understanding and working on emotional intelligence, individuals can improve their overall
quality of life and achieve their goals.

In terms of specific strategies, parents can promote emotional intelligence in their children by:

Practicing emotional validation and empathy

Teaching emotional regulation strategies, such as deep breathing and self-talk

Encouraging social skills, such as cooperation and communication

Modeling healthy emotional expression and regulation

Providing opportunities for socialization and emotional learning

Engaging in activities that promote emotional intelligence, such as role-playing and storytelling

By incorporating these strategies into their daily interactions with their children, parents can help
foster healthy emotional intelligence and set them up for a lifetime of success and well-being.

The impact of parenting style on emotional intelligence can be seen in various aspects of a child's
life, including:

Academic performance: Children with high emotional intelligence tend to perform better
academically, as they are better able to regulate their emotions and manage stress.

Social relationships: Children with high emotional intelligence tend to have better social
relationships, as they are more empathetic and able to communicate effectively.

Mental health: Children with high emotional intelligence tend to have better mental health, as
they are more able to manage stress and regulate their emotions.
Overall, the relationship between parenting style and emotional intelligence is a critical one, with
significant implications for a child's emotional development and future success. By promoting an
authoritative parenting style and providing support for parents, we can help foster healthy
emotional intelligence in children and adolescents, and set them up for a lifetime of success and
well-being.

CHAPTER-2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
(1993): Ruth Chao's Cultural Concept of Chiao Shun

Ruth Chao's 1993 research offered a seminal critique of the ethnocentric application of the term
"authoritarian" to describe certain Asian parenting practices. Chao’s study of Chinese immigrant
mothers revealed that while they scored high on measures of parental control and the
authoritarian style, Western concepts were inadequate to capture the cultural meaning of their
practices. She introduced culturally specific concepts, such as Chiao Shun ("training children in
appropriate behavior or morals") and Guan (a positive notion of parental concern and caring).
The pronounced differences found in the concept of "training" indicated that high parental
control in this cultural context was often perceived as positive training, duty, and involvement.

Jun Ye (World Journal of Educational Research)

This literature review concluded that authoritative parenting style is consistently linked with
higher levels of adolescents’ emotional intelligence, including overall and decision-related EI. In
contrast, authoritarian parenting is associated with lower emotional regulation and trait EI.

Inayat Shah et al. (Review Journal of Social Psychology & Social Works, 2025)

Study with 270 university students found authoritative parenting positively predicts higher
emotional intelligence, while authoritarian parenting links to lower EI. Cultural differences also
shape outcomes.

Chennai Adolescent Study (International Journal of Indian Psychology, 2020)

A positive correlation was found between parenting style and emotional intelligence in late
adolescents, showing that the parenting approach significantly influences EI levels.

Perceived Parenting and EI (IJIP Chennai, late adolescents)

This study reported a significant positive correlation between perceived authoritative parenting
and emotional intelligence and significant negative correlations with permissive and
authoritarian styles.

Effect of Perceived Maternal Parenting Style (Gilgit, Pakistan, 2024)

Parenting style was significantly linked with both aggression and emotional intelligence,
indicating that adolescent emotional skills are affected by how parenting styles shape emotional
behaviors.

Lestari et al. (AL-ISHLAH Journal)

Authority and warmth in parenting were associated with higher emotional intelligence among
junior high students. EI also varied by gender and parental education level, indicating
multidimensional influences.

Joshi, Sharma & Tiwari (2025)

Authoritative parenting was the strongest positive predictor of emotional regulation skills — a
key component of emotional intelligence — among high school students in India.

Procedia Study (2012)

Found significant relationships between parenting styles and the development of emotional
intelligence. Adolescents with supportive parenting showed better emotional maturity.

IJARSSC (2025)

This study emphasized that adolescents’ perception of their parents’ styles predicts their
emotional intelligence across areas such as emotion perception, understanding, and
managemment.

Role of Parenting Style in Psychological Well-Being (IJIP)

Found that authoritative parenting significantly supports emotional intelligence and

psychological well-being, while authoritarian style was less supportive

Parenting Style on Adolescent Multidimensional Aspects (Kerala Sample)

In a large sample (n=600), parenting styles were found to significantly relate to emotional
intelligence, self-esteem, and psychological outcomes among adolescents, underlining the
broader emotional impacts

Mediational Role of Parenting Styles in EI & Aggression (PubMed)

Though not exclusively on EI, this study shows how parental emotional intelligence influences
adolescent aggression through parenting styles, indirectly pointing to emotional development
pathways.

Cross-Cultural IJGMH Study

Authoritative parenting correlated with better emotional skills and lower stress among
adolescents, suggesting EI as a protective factor in emotional adjustments

General Child Development Review (JSR)

This broad review highlights that parenting styles influence psychosocial outcomes, including
emotional intelligence across developmental stages.

(Optional) Uninvolved vs Other Styles

Various conceptual reviews and case studies show uninvolved or neglectful parenting is
generally linked with poorer emotional and social outcomes in adolescence, reinforcing the
importance of engagement and responsiveness in parenting.