Class 12 Physics - All Formulas

Edventure Classes, Aliganj

ELECTROSTATICS - EMF & Internal Resistance: V = ε − Ir (discharg-

ing)
Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field
- Kirchhoff’s Laws:
1 q1 q2 1 9
- Force: F = 4π0 r 2 where k = 4π0 ≈ 9 × 10 N P
- KCL: I = 0 (Junction)
m2 /C2 P
- KVL: ∆V = 0 (Loop)
~ = limq →0 F~ kQ
- Electric Field: E 0 q0 = r 2 r̂ - Wheatstone Bridge: R1
= R3
(Balanced)
R2 R4

- Field due to Dipole: - Potentiometer: ε1 l1

r = R( ll12 − 1)
ε2 = l2 ;
2kp
- Axial: Eaxial = r3 (for r  a)
- Equatorial: Eeq = kp
r3 (for r  a) MOVING CHARGES & MAGNETISM
- Torque on Dipole: ~τ = p~ × E~ µ0 Id~l×r̂
~ =
- Biot-Savart Law: dB 4π r 2
~ · dA~ = qin
H
- Gauss’s Law: E 0 - Magnetic Field (B):
- Applications of Gauss’s Law: µ0 I
- Straight Wire: B = 2πr
µ0 Iθ
- Inf. Line Charge: E = λ - Arc center: B = 4πr
2π0 r
- Inf. Sheet: E = σ - Solenoid: B = µ0 nI (n = N /L)
20
kQ - Toroid: B = µ2πr
0N I

- Cond. Shell: Ein = 0, Eout = r2

- Force on Charge: F~ = q(~v × B)
~
Potential & Capacitance - Force on Wire: F~ = I(~l × B)
~
kQ
- Potential: V = r - Radius of Path: r = mv
qB
kq1 q2
- Potential Energy: U = r - Force between // wires: F
= µ 0 I1 I2
l 2πd

- Relation E & V: E = − dV
dr or V = Ed (uniform) - Galvanometer to Ammeter: Shunt S =
Ig G
I−Ig

- PE of Dipole: U = −~ ~ = −pE cos θ

p·E - Galvanometer to Voltmeter: R = V
−G
Ig
Q
- Capacitance: C = V

- Parallel Plate Capacitor: C = 0 A

(with dielectric MAGNETISM & MATTER
d
K: C 0 = KC)
- Magnetic Dipole Moment: M = N IA
- Combination:
~ ×B
- Torque: ~τ = M ~
1 1 1
- Series: Cs = C1 + C2
R
- Work Done: W = τ dθ = M B(cos θ1 − cos θ2 )
- Parallel: Cp = C1 + C2
- Earth’s Magnetism:
Q2
- Energy Stored: U = 12 CV 2 = = 12 QV
2C - BH = B cos δ, BV = B sin δ
BV
- tan δ = B H
(Dip angle)
CURRENT ELECTRICITY

- Current: I = dq
= nAevd (vd : drift velocity) EMI & AC
dt
~ Electromagnetic Induction
- Drift Velocity: ~vd = − emE τ
- Ohm’s Law: V = IR; J = σE ~ ·A
- Magnetic Flux: φB = B ~ = BA cos θ

- Resistance: R = ρ Al - Faraday’s Law: ε = −N dφ

dt
B

- Temp. Coeff: Rt = R0 (1 + α∆T ) - Motional EMF: ε = Bvl

- Combination of Resistors: - Self Inductance: φ = LI =⇒ ε = −L dI

dt

- Series: Rs = R1 + R2 - Mutual Inductance: φ = M I =⇒ ε = −M dI

dt
1 1 1
- Parallel: Rp = R1 + R2 - Energy in Inductor: U = 12 LI 2

1
Alternating Current WAVE OPTICS
- I = I0 sin(ωt), V = V0 sin(ωt + φ) - Young’s Double Slit (YDSE):

- RMS Value: Irms = I0

√ , Vrms = V0
√ - Path Diff: ∆x = yd
D
2 2
- Maxima: ∆x = nλ
- Reactance: - Minima: ∆x = (2n − 1) λ2
λD
- Fringe Width: β = d
- Inductive: XL = ωL = 2πf L
1 1
- Diffraction (Single Slit):
- Capacitive: XC = ωC = 2πf C
- Minima: a sin θ = nλ
- LCR Series Circuit: - Central Max Width: 2λD
a
p - Malus’s Law: I = I0 cos2 θ
- Impedance: Z = R2 + (XL − XC )2
XL −XC
- Phase: tan φ = R DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
- Resonance: ω0 = √1
LC
hc
- Energy of Photon: E = hν = λ
R
- Power Factor: cos φ = Z - Photoelectric Eq: Kmax = hν − φ0 = eV0
h √ h √ h
- Transformer: Vs
= Ns
=
Ip
=k - de Broglie Wavelength: λ = p = 2mK
= 2meV
Vp Np Is
1.227
- λe ≈ √
V
nm (for electrons)

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
ATOMS & NUCLEI
√1 E0
- Speed of Light: c = µ0 0 = B0
- Bohr Model (H-atom):
2
- Energy Density: u = 12 0 E 2 + B2 - Radius: rn = 0.529 nZ Å
2µ0
c Z
- Velocity: vn = 137 n
- Spectrum: Radio > Micro > IR > Vis > UV > X-ray - Energy: En = −13.6 Zn2 eV
2

> Gamma
1
- Rydberg Formula: λ = R( n12 − 1
n2i
)
f

- Nuclear Radius: R = R0 A1/3 (R0 ≈ 1.2 fm)

RAY OPTICS
- Mass-Energy: E = mc2 ; 1 amu ≈ 931.5 MeV
1 1 1 2
- Mirror Formula: v + u = f = R - Radioactive Decay: N = N0 e−λt
ln 2 0.693
- Magnification (Mirror): m = − uv = hi - Half Life: T1/2 = λ ≈ λ
ho
1
- Mean Life: τ = λ
c
- Refraction: µ = v; Snell’s Law: µ1 sin i = µ2 sin r

- Apparent Depth: dapp = dreal SEMICONDUCTORS

µ

- TIR: Critical Angle sin ic = 1 - Concentration: ne nh = n2i

µ
- Conductivity: σ = e(ne µe + nh µh )
1
- Lens Maker’s Formula: = (µ − 1)( R11 − 1
R2 )
f - Rectifier Efficiency:

- Lens Formula: 1
− 1
= 1 - Half Wave: η = 40.6%
v u f
- Full Wave: η = 81.2%
v
- Magnification (Lens): m = u - Transistor (Current Gains):
Ic
- Prism: µ = sin((A+δm )/2)
; δ =i+e−A - α= Ie (Common Base)
sin(A/2)
Ic
- β= Ib (Common Emitter)
- Optical Instruments: - Relation: β = α
1−α

D
- Simple Microscope: m = 1 + f (Near point)

- Compound Microscope: m ≈ − fLo fDe

All the best for your exams!
- Telescope: m = − ffoe ; L = fo + fe Edventure Classes, Aliganj