WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW BEFORE YOU BEGIN YOUR RESEARCH

REPORT

Computer Science Department

Bingham University

1.1 Postgraduate Research Report

A postgraduate report in the Computer Science Department, Bingham University presents the

results of a postgraduate research investigation on a selected computing-related researchable

topic. The report presents a researcher’s experience of proposing a solution through problem

finding, data gathering, literature reviewing, methodology mapping, and development,

implementing proposed solutions, results interpreting, and documenting information,

summarizing and conclusions, and communicating facts after the conduct of approved

research.

1.2 Research reports are presented in four forms;

A. Doctoral research as Theses

B. Academic Masters as Dissertations

C. Professional masters and postgraduate diplomas as Research Projects

D. Other research reports include thesis/Dissertation/project synopsis and seminar paper

1.3 Specifications for Thesis/Dissertation/Project

An acceptable postgraduate research report must subscribe to the following specification

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1. Research Title: A good research title should adequately encapsulate the essence of a

Thesis/dissertation/project using the fewest possible number of words. It should be a

maximum of 20 words.

2. Paper Quality: The paper used should not be less than 75g/m² and should adhere to

the A4 paper size (8.27 inches x 11.69 inches).

3. Margins: Ensure that the margins are set as follows: a left margin of 1.25 inches, and

right, top, and bottom margins of 1.0 inches each.

4. Document Format: Maintain a consistent format throughout the document. Utilize

Times New Roman font with a font size of 12. For most of the content, maintain double

line spacing. However, the abstract and references sections should have single-line

spacing.

5. Main Headings: Use Times New Roman font, size 14, and apply center alignment and

bold formatting to your main headings.

6. Other Headings: Utilize Times New Roman font with a font size of 12 for

subheadings. Organize them using a multi-level numbering system as indicated in the

provided sample.

7. Mathematical Notations and Equations: Ensure that all mathematical notations,

symbols, and equations are presented clearly and consistently. Maintain a cohesive

style throughout the report. All equations must be numbered

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8. Language Style: Write the report in British English. The use of American English or

any other language variant is not permissible.

9. Paragraphing: Use block paragraphing, which means separating paragraphs with a

single line space instead of using indentation.

10. Pagination: Begin with Roman numerals for preliminary pages (i ii, iii, iv …), and

conclude this style before Chapter One. Afterward, switch to Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3,

4…) for chapter numbering and the rest of the document.

11. Figures, Tables, and Illustrative Drawings: Assign self-explanatory captions to all

figures, tables, and drawings. Number these elements according to the chapter in which

they appear (1.2, 2.2, 3.2, 4.4…). Adhere to the caption style guidelines of the

American Psychological Association (APA) 7th edition.

Table 1.1: The table title should be above aligned left

Head 1 Head 2 Head 3 Head 4

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Figure 1.1: Figure Title should appear under the figure. Figure should be place inside textbox

12. Referencing Style: Proper referencing is crucial to acknowledge the sources of

materials used in your research report. Incorporate in-line citations within the body of

the work to indicate referenced sources. Include a comprehensive reference list or

bibliography at the end of the document, following the conclusion of Chapter Five.

Ensure that there are at least 25 references for PGD and 35 references for Masters level

work. Employ the referencing style of the American Psychological Association (APA)

7th Edition.

A. In-Text Citations: In your paper, use in-text citations to attribute information

to your sources. There are two main types of in-text citations:

i. Parenthetical In-Text Citation: Place the author's last name and the

publication year in parentheses at the end of the relevant sentence or

paragraph. Example: You can use this like that (Smith, 2020)

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 ii. Narrative In-Text Citation: Incorporate the author's name into the

sentence itself, followed by the publication year in parentheses.

Example: According to Smith (2020),...

13. You are encouraging citation tools like Zotero, Mendeley, Citeulike, BibMe,

RefWorks, and EndNote are recommended for auto-referencing purposes.

14. Referenceable Documents: Utilize only reliable and verifiable sources for referencing

purposes. These include published articles, books, and whitepapers. It is recommended

to avoid referencing web pages and non-peer-reviewed publications, as they may not

provide the same level of credibility and accuracy.

15. Main Body: The main body structure might differ depending on the area and nature of

research/work especially for chapters 3 and 4). The report for PGD must be between

10,000 and 20,000, and 15,000 to 30,000 for masters.

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 16. Standard Organization Sequence:

Cover Page
Title Page
Declaration Page All in single or 1.15-line spacing
Certification Page
Acknowledgment
Abstract (Maximum of 750/500/350 words for Thesis/Dissertation/Project)
Table of content (Should reflect only 1st, 2nd, and 3rd tier of headings)
List of Figures
List Cases/Stature
List of Plates Optional
List of Symbols
List of Appendices
Double line
List of Tables
spacing
Abbreviations, Definitions, Glossary (All optional)
Chapter One: Introduction
Chapter Two: Literature Review
Chapter Three: System Design and Methodology/Research Methodology
Chapter Four: Implementation and Testing/Results and Discussion
Chapter Five: Discussion, Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
References
Appendices (if any).

A typical Thesis/Dissertation/Project report in the Department of Computer Science,

Bingham University should have the following as a minimum working template

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 COVER PAGE
TITLE OF THESIS/DISSERTATION/PROJECT

BY

FULL NAME (SURNAME FIRST)

[REGISTRATION NUMBER]

(DEGREE)
Ph.D. COMPUTER SCIENCE
M. Sc. COMPUTER SCIENCE
M. CYBERSECURITY AND DIGITAL FORENSICS
PGD COMPUTER SCIENCE

(DATE)
NOVEMBER, 2023

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 TITLE PAGE
TITLE OF THESIS/DISSERTATION/PROJECT

BY

FULL NAME (SURNAME FIRST)

REGISTRATION NUMBER

A THESIS/DISSERTATION/PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF

POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, BINGHAM UNIVERSITY, KARU, NASARAWA STATE,
NIGERIA

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWRD OF

………………..,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (Ph.D./[Link]) DEGREE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

FACULTY OF COMPUTING
BINGHAM UNIVERSITY, KARU
NIGERIA

(DATE)
NOVEMBER, 2023

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 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this Thesis/Dissertation/Project entitled [STATE TITLE] has been

performed by me in the Department of Computer Science, Bingham University Karu, under

the supervision of (STATE NAMES OF SUPERVISORS). The information derived from the

literature has been duly acknowledged in the text and a list of references provided. No part of

this Thesis/Dissertation/Project was previously presented for another degree or diploma at this

or any other institution.

Author’s Name (Surname first) ……………………… …………….

Signature Date

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 CERTIFICATION
This thesis/Dissertation/Project titled, (STATE THEISI/DISSERTATION/PROJECT TITLE)

by (State Your Name with Surname first in caps), (state your matriculation number) meets the

regulations governing the award of the degree of (state degree/diploma) of Bingham

University, Karu and is approved by the Project/Thesis/Dissertation Examination Committee

for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentations.

________________________ ________________________
State name of first supervisor Date
Chairman, Supervisory Committee

________________________ _______________________
State name of second supervisor Date
Member, Supervisory Committee

________________________ ________________________
State name of PG rep Date
Internal Examiner

________________________ ________________________
State name of HOD Date
Head of Department (HOD)

________________________ ________________________
State name Date
Chairman of Committee

________________________ ________________________
State name of dean of PG school Date
Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Express gratitude to individuals that provided one form of assistance or the other

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 ABSTRACT
The abstract is a concise summary of your work, presented as a single paragraph. It should

range from 200 to 350 words. Within this paragraph, include the definition of the topic, a clear

outline of the problem you are addressing, the methodology you employed, your

implementation or results, key findings, and any recommendations. The abstract serves as a

guide for the reader to decide whether to continue reading, based on their interests and

ongoing research. Set the abstract in italics, using single line spacing and a font size of 12.

Remember that it is the last preliminary page before the main body of your document.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE ....................................................................................................................... i
TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................................ ii
DECLARATION ................................................................................................................. iii
CERTIFICATION ................................................................................................................ iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................... v
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of Study....................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of Problem ...................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Research Question ........................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Aim and Objectives ......................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Significance of the Study ................................................................................................ 2
1.6 Scope of study ................................................................................................................. 3
1.7 Organization of the study ................................................................................................ 3
Chapter One – Summarize your sections in Chapter One……………… ............................. 3
Chapter Two– Summarize your sections in Chapter Two……………… ............................ 3
Chapter Three – Summarize your sections in Chapter Three……………… ....................... 3
Chapter Four – Summarize your sections in Chapter Four……………… ........................... 3
Chapter Five – Summarize your sections in Chapter Five……………… ............................ 3
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................ 4
2.1 Introduction to the Research Topic ................................................................................. 4
2.2 Historical Context of the Research Topic ....................................................................... 4
2.3 Key Concepts and Definitions......................................................................................... 6
2.4 Review of Related Literature .......................................................................................... 6
2.5 Methodologies and Research Designs............................................................................. 6
2.6 Empirical Studies ............................................................................................................ 7
2.7 Conceptual Frameworks .................................................................................................. 7
2.8 Debates and Controversies .............................................................................................. 7
2.10 Theoretical Contributions.............................................................................................. 7
2.11 Methodological Contributions....................................................................................... 8
2.12 Practical Implications .................................................................................................... 8
2.13 Regional or Contextual Variations ................................................................................ 8
2.14 Related Works (Minimum 15 reviewed journals related to your topic) ....................... 8
CHAPTER THREE .............................................................................................................. 9
SYSTEM DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY/RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................. 9
3.1 Research Approach ......................................................................................................... 9
3.2 Research Questions and Hypotheses ............................................................................... 9
3.3 Research Design: ............................................................................................................. 9

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 3.4 Software Development Methodology ........................................................................... 10
3.5 Data Collection Methods............................................................................................... 10
3.6. Ethical Considerations: ................................................................................................ 10
3.7 Tools and Software: ...................................................................................................... 10
3.8 Research Timeline ......................................................................................................... 11
3.11. Data Presentation: ...................................................................................................... 11
3.12 Research Methodology for Software Development .................................................... 11
CHAPTER FOUR: IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING/ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
............................................................................................................................................14
4.1 Implementation.............................................................................................................. 14
4.1.1 Database Implementation ........................................................................................... 15
4.2 Testing ........................................................................................................................... 15
4.2.1 Unit Testing ............................................................................................................ 16
4.5 Results Presentation ...................................................................................................... 18
4.3 System Performance Evaluation ................................................................................... 18
4.6 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 19
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATION ..........................20
5.1 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 20
5.2 Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 20
5.3 Recommendation ........................................................................................................... 20
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................21
APPENDIX A .....................................................................................................................24

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

a. Discuss the general area of your study in relation (one paragraph)

b. Narrow the issue to what you are trying to tackle (one paragraph)
c. State the emerging concern in the area of your research (one paragraph)

d. State what has been done so far in the literature in the area of research (one paragraph)
e. State the impact of the outcome to the study (one paragraph)

1.2 Statement of Problem

Research is based on real problems or issues, and not on speculation. Do not carry out a
research for which there is already an answer. The problem statement must address all six
questions: What, Why, When, Where, Who, and How.
- What – What is the problem? Quote facts and figures with relevant references. And,
what are the causes of the problem?
- Why – Why is it a problem? (What impact does it have on the environment, life,
property, organizations, and society?)
- When - When does the problem occur? (Periods, duration etc)
- Where - Where is the problem occurring? (locations, processes, products, etc).
- Who - Who does the problem affect (Specific groups, organizations, customers, etc.
Who needs the solution)?
- How - Research Question - How do we solve the problem?
- What are the existing solutions to the problem (if any), and their limitations (what you
think will add value or improve on the existing study but has not been done by others
in the area of research)? What gap is this study seeking to fill (which of the limitations
do you intend to handle in your study)?
- Propose a solution or hypothesis to the research question (optional).
- What are the principles and theories behind the proposed solution?

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1.3 Research Question

The Research Question – this is where the Researcher presents the question that will indicate
the gap revealed by the literature to be a missing piece in the topic’s area of research. The
Research Question may be expressed as either an actual question or a declarative statement.
The research question may be followed by either a hint of the method to find a solution to the
gap, or a hypothesis, or the main purpose of the study.

1.4 Aim and Objectives

Once you have formulated a clear problem statement or core research question reflecting the
main goal or purpose of your study, it is time to consider the more specific research objectives
that you want to achieve.
Achieving your research objectives should lead you to solve the main research problem or
answer the core research question. One of your objectives may be to test specific hypotheses,
while others may relate to the gathering of descriptive data or to the development of a
conceptual framework based on available literature. You should consider the following
guidelines when drafting research objectives:
Research objectives must be presented with quantifiable verbs and list, it should be phrased in
the form:
1. “To design …”,
2. “To implement …”,
3. “To integrate …”,
4. “To determine …”,
5. “To investigate …”,
6. “To evaluate …”,
7. “To compare …”

1.5 Significance of the Study

This section should elaborate on why your study is important and also deliberate on the impact
of your study in society.

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1.6 Scope of study

1.7 Organization of the study

Chapter One – Summarize your sections in Chapter One………………

Chapter Two– Summarize your sections in Chapter Two………………

Chapter Three – Summarize your sections in Chapter Three………………

Chapter Four – Summarize your sections in Chapter Four………………

Chapter Five – Summarize your sections in Chapter Five………………

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

A literature review in a Thesis/dissertation/Project is a critical and comprehensive examination

of the existing research and scholarly literature relevant to your research topic or question. It

serves several important purposes within your Thesis/dissertation/Project; This should be a

concise report about the studies of others on the subject matter. It should be logically arranged

and up to date. A significant number of the references (> 70%) should be within the preceding

5 years.

2.1 Introduction to the Research Topic

A paragraph that provides an overview of the research area.

Explain the significance and relevance of your research.

State your research questions or objectives.

2.2 Historical Context of the Research Topic

Discuss the historical development of research in your research area/topic.

Identify key milestones, studies, or foundational theories related to your work.

The cybersecurity theoretical framework provides a conceptual basis for analyzing and

addressing cybersecurity challenges.

1. Present the theoretical framework or theoretical perspectives that underpin your study.

2. Explain how previous research has contributed to the development of the theoretical

framework you are using

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The following are some key theoretical frameworks and models in cybersecurity that may

concern your work.

YOU MAY HAVE TO DISCUSS IN DETAIL ONLY THE THEORETICAL

FRAMEWORKS THAT CONCERN YOUR WORK. THE FEWER THE BETTER

1. CIA Triad: The CIA Triad is a fundamental framework that represents the core principles

of cybersecurity:

2. Defense-in-Depth: This model emphasizes the use of multiple layers of security controls

to protect systems and data. It includes network security, access controls, encryption,

intrusion detection, and more.

3. Zero Trust Security: Zero Trust is a model that assumes no entity, whether inside or outside

the organization, can be trusted by default. It requires continuous authentication and

authorization for all users and devices.

4. NIST Cybersecurity Framework: Developed by the National Institute of Standards and

Technology (NIST), this framework provides guidelines for organizations to manage and

reduce cybersecurity risk. It consists of five core functions: Identify, Protect, Detect,

Respond, and Recover.

5. Kill Chain Model: This model, often used in the context of threat analysis, describes the

stages of a cyberattack from the initial reconnaissance to the final exfiltration of data.

Understanding the kill chain can help organizations identify and mitigate threats at various

stages.

6. Deterrence Theory: Borrowed from the field of international relations, deterrence theory

applies to cybersecurity by suggesting that the threat of retaliation or punishment can deter

cyber adversaries from attacking.

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7. Rational Choice Theory: This psychological and behavioral theory explores the decision-

making processes of cybercriminals, seeking to understand their motivations and

incentives.

8. Cyber Resilience Framework: Cyber resilience focuses on an organization's ability to

withstand and recover from cyberattacks. This framework includes strategies for incident

response, business continuity, and disaster recovery.

9. Information Security Risk Management Frameworks: Various frameworks, such as ISO

27001, provide structured approaches to identifying, assessing, and managing information

security risks.

2.3 Key Concepts and Definitions

Define and clarify key concepts and terms relevant to your research WITH CITATIONS.

Ensure a common understanding of terminology among readers.

2.4 Review of Related Literature

Summarize and discuss previous studies, articles, books, and research related to your research

topic, citations are mandatory. Organize this section THEMATICALLY or

CHRONOLOGICALLY. Pick one and stick to it.

2.5 Methodologies and Research Designs

Discuss the research methods and methodologies used in previous studies related to your

topic WITH CITATIONS. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of these methods.

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2.6 Empirical Studies

Empirical reviews are important because they provide evidence-based insights and contribute

to the body of knowledge in a particular field. Here are some key characteristics and examples

of empirical reviews.

Present the findings of empirical studies that are closely related to your research questions.

Discuss the methodologies and key results of these studies with CITATIONS.

2.7 Conceptual Frameworks

Discuss existing conceptual frameworks or models that inform your research. Explain how

these frameworks have been applied in previous research. A conceptual framework is a critical

component that provides a structured and organized foundation for understanding, analyzing,

and interpreting the research problem or question. It is a theoretical structure that outlines the

key concepts, variables, relationships, and theories relevant to the study.

The purpose of a conceptual framework is to guide the research process, connect the research

to existing knowledge, and help the researcher develop hypotheses or research questions.

2.8 Debates and Controversies

Explore any ongoing debates, controversies, or disagreements within the literature. Present

different viewpoints or schools of thought.

Identify gaps in the existing literature that your research aims to address. Discuss the

limitations of previous studies and how your research will address them.

2.10 Theoretical Contributions

Discuss how your research will contribute to and advance the theoretical framework of the

field.
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2.11 Methodological Contributions

Explain how your research will contribute to methodological advancements in the field.

2.12 Practical Implications

Discuss the practical implications of previous research for real-world applications or policy.

Explain how your research may have practical significance.

2.13 Regional or Contextual Variations

If applicable, discuss how research findings vary across different regions, contexts, or

populations.

2.14 Related Works (Minimum 15 reviewed journals related to your topic)

Table 2.1 Example of Empirical Analysis of related work

S/N Name Title Method Findings Limitation

1 Meweda Spectral-spatial features Spectral-spatial Max acc Requires

et al., integrated convolution features = 97% computing
introduced in
(2020) neural network for (40X) resource
CNN, Random
Breast cancer 70/30
classification

2 Lie et Shallow Convolutional Batch Max acc high

al., Neural Network for normalization = 97% resource
(2020) Image classification dropout. 80/30 (100X) utilization.

3 Hao et Breast cancer deep semantic Max acc Requires

al., histopathological image features and = 96.7%, computing
(2022) classification based on gray level co- (40X) resources.
deep semantic features occurrence
and gray level co- matrix
occurrence matrix 70/30

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 CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY/RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

Research methodology outlines the systematic process you will follow to conduct research,

gather data, analyze findings, and draw conclusions. Note that the specific methodology for

your Thesis/dissertation/Project will depend on your research questions, objectives, and the

nature of your research. It's essential to follow ethical guidelines and choose appropriate

methods to ensure the validity and rigor of your research. Below is an overview of the research

methodology for a Thesis/Dissertation/Project dissertation.

3.1 Research Approach

Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods: Decide on the research approach you will use.

Cybersecurity research can involve quantitative methods (e.g., surveys, data analysis),

qualitative methods (e.g., interviews, case studies), or a combination of both.

3.2 Research Questions and Hypotheses

Formulate clear and specific research questions or hypotheses related to you research topic.

Your research questions should guide your data collection and analysis.

3.3 Research Design:

Choose a research design that aligns with your project's goals. Common options include:

Experimental: If your project involves testing the effectiveness of new algorithms or

technologies.

Descriptive: If your project focuses on documenting existing software systems or practices.

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Exploratory: If your project aims to understand and discover new aspects of software

development.

3.4 Software Development Methodology

Select a software development methodology that suits your project. Common methodologies

include Agile, Waterfall, Scrum, and DevOps. EXPLAIN HOW YOU WILL ADAPT THE

CHOSEN METHODOLOGY TO YOUR SPECIFIC RESEARCH GOALS.

3.5 Data Collection Methods

Surveys: If you're conducting surveys, explain how you will design the questionnaire, select

participants, and administer surveys. Discuss any ethical considerations.

Interviews: If interviews are part of your methodology, describe your interview protocol,

sampling strategy, and how you will transcribe and analyze the interviews.

Data Analysis: Detail how you will analyze the data, whether through statistical software,

content analysis, or other methods.

Secondary Data: Explain if you will use existing datasets, logs, or reports and how you will

access and analyze this data.

3.6. Ethical Considerations:

Discuss ethical concerns related to research interest, including participant privacy, informed

consent, and data security. Explain how you will address these issues.

3.7 Tools and Software:

Specify any tools, software, or frameworks you will use in your research, such as network

monitoring tools, data analysis software, or simulation platforms.

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3.8 Research Timeline

Create a timeline that outlines the various phases of your research, from data collection to

analysis and writing. Set realistic deadlines for each phase.

3.9 Data Analysis/Evaluation Plan:

Provide a detailed plan for data analysis, including the statistical or qualitative techniques you

will use to answer your research questions or test hypotheses.

3.10 Validity and Reliability:

Discuss how you will ensure the validity and reliability of your research findings. For

quantitative research, this might involve discussing measures for data validity and reliability.

For qualitative research, explain steps to ensure trustworthiness and credibility.

3.11. Data Presentation:

Describe how you will present your research findings, including the use of tables, charts, and

visual representations.

3.12 Research Methodology for Software Development

Research methodology for a software development project involves defining a structured

approach to guide the development process and answer research questions or achieve project

objectives. Below is a general research methodology framework for a software development

project:

1. Project Objectives and Research Questions:

Clearly state the objectives of your software development project. What are you trying to

6. Data Analysis:

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Specify the data analysis techniques you will use to answer your research questions or assess

project outcomes.

For qualitative data, this may include content analysis or thematic coding. For quantitative

data, outline statistical analysis methods.

7. Software Metrics (if applicable):

Define the software metrics you will collect and analyze to assess software quality,

performance, or other relevant factors. Explain how these metrics relate to your research

questions.

8. Development Process:

Detail the steps of the software development process, including requirements gathering,

design, implementation, testing, and deployment. Describe any variations or customizations to

the standard development process based on your research needs.

9. Evaluation Criteria:

Define the criteria or benchmarks against which you will evaluate the success or effectiveness

of the software development project. Explain how these criteria align with your research

objectives.

10. Ethical Considerations

Discuss ethical concerns related to your research, including participant privacy, informed

consent, and data security. - Outline the steps you will take to address these ethical

considerations.

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3.13 For those working on software development projects, you can use the following

methodology

3.11.1 System Design and Methodology

3.11.2 Review of Methodologies (Review at least 4)

3.11.3 Adopted/Adapted Methodology (Discuss the one you picked and why)

3.11.4 System Architecture/Workflow for machine learning project/thesis/dissertator

3.11.5 System Modelling (Use at least 3 UML diagrams to model your software [use case

diagram, activity diagram, DFD diagram, sequence diagram, class diagram, etc.])

3.11.6 System Requirements (functional and non-functional requirements) The use of

MoSCoW priorities is highly recommended.

3.11.7. Interface Design

3.11.8 Database schema design

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 CHAPTER FOUR
IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING/ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the output of you work. It is majorly dependent on the design and

methodology stage. The artefact of all the work done is fully explained

1. A new application

2. Results of simulations done

3. Statistical approaches

4. Modelling (Machine Learning, Deep Learning, persona etc.)

The acceptance, strength and effect of proposed output is presented here. This part is fully your

work so no reference except for evaluation and discussion purpose. It is made up of

screenshots, figures, tables, relevant illustrations, data presentation (sometimes), data analysis

(sometimes) This chapter presents the research findings.

4.1 Implementation

The acceptance, strength and effect of proposed output is presented here. This part is fully your

work so no reference except for evaluation and discussion purpose. It is made up of

screenshots, figures, tables, relevant illustrations, data presentation (sometimes), data analysis

(sometimes). This chapter presents the research findings

After each diagram there must be enough explanation. Special functions can be presented and

explained using code snippets. Someone else should be able to pick your work and understand

it fully this should include: Being able to Navigate through your product or artefact. Identify

all the features with understanding of how they work,

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4.1.1 Database Implementation

If a database is used a screenshot of the implemented database is required Information on the

features associated with the database is required. Details of how the system communicates and

manipulates the data are also required. Remember pictures and diagrams aid in easy

understanding but requires a thousand words for comprehensive understanding.

Figure 4.1 Example of database implementation

4.2 Testing

How do you show that the functional and nonfunctional requirements have been met. Explain

the testing approach and methodology employed to evaluate the system. Identify the types of

tests conducted (unit tests, integration tests, performance tests, usability/user acceptance tests

and system test). Describe the test environment and any test data or scenarios used.

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Figure 4.2 Example of Testing result

4.2.1 Unit Testing

Figure 2 Example of Unit testing Result

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Usability Testing Result

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4.4 Results Presentation

Models Class Precision Recall F1-score Support

Benign 1.00 1.00 1.00 1915

Random Forest
Lateral
0.75 0.82 0.78 22
Movement

Benign 1.00 1.00 1.00 1905

Decision Tree
Lateral
0.87 0.84 0.86 32
Movement

Benign 0.99 1.00 1.00 1913

KNN
Lateral
0.68 0.54 0.60 24
Movement

4.5 System Performance Evaluation

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 Author Method Accuracy

Chandran et al. Random Forest (Application plane) 99.8%

(2015)

Ghafir et al.(2018) Machine Learning correlation analysis (Network 84.8%

plane)

Schindler (2018) Support Vector Machine (Application Plane) 98.6%

Adelaiye et al. Improved Detection Model (Network plane) 99.95%

(2021)

4.6 Discussion

The Discussion presents explanations for the results obtained in the study. Comparison with

existing information/earlier works on the subject should always be made. Justification for is

agreements with earlier works should be made.

1. Some projects require a discussion section

a. Machine Learning Approaches
b. Simulation Approach

2. This is a section using paragraph format to;

a. Present the results and relate them to the objectives
b. Indicate relevance and effect
c. Provide significance and how it has outperformed existing methods

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 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

The summary should present highlights of the major findings while the conclusions give an

inference drawn from the findings. Challenges encountered during the study should be

indicated.

5.2 Conclusion

Conclusions should be drawn on the basis of the data presented and analyzed, and policy

5.3 Recommendation

Recommendations should be based on the major findings of the study and stated in precise

terms. It should list possible ways of solving problems identified as well as highlight areas for

further research.

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 REFERENCES
1. Book:
Book with One Author:
Author. (Year). Title of the book. Publisher.
Example: Smith, J. D. (2019). The Psychology of Human Behavior. Random House.
Book with Two Authors:
Author1 & Author2. (Year). Title of the book. Publisher.
Example: Johnson, A. & Brown, B. (2020). Cognitive Psychology: An Introduction. Academic
Press.
2. Journal Article:
Journal Article with One Author:
Author. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume(Issue), Page numbers.
Example: Roberts, M. (2018). Cognitive development in children. Journal of Child
Psychology, 42(3), 235-248.
Journal Article with Two Authors:
Author1 & Author2. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume(Issue), Page
numbers.
Example: Anderson, R. & Smith, S. (2017). Effects of sleep on memory consolidation. Journal
of Sleep Research, 24(2), 135-148.
3. Website:
Webpage with Author:
Author. (Year, Month Day). Title of the webpage. Website Name. URL
Example: Johnson, L. (2021, June 15). How to write an effective research paper. APA Style
Blog. [Link]
[Link]
Webpage without Author:
Title of the webpage. (Year, Month Day). Website Name. URL
Example: APA Citation Style Guide. (2020, November 10). Purdue OWL.
[Link]
/general_format.html
4. Report:

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Government Report:
Government Agency. (Year). Title of the Report (Report No. if available). Publisher.
Example: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2019). National Health Statistics
Report, No. 42. National Center for Health Statistics.
Technical Report:
Author. (Year). Title of the Report (Report No. if available). Publisher.
Example: Smith, J. D. (2022). Cybersecurity Threat Landscape Report (Report No. 56789).
Symantec Corporation.
5. Conference Paper:
Conference Paper with DOI:
Author. (Year). Title of the paper. In Title of the Proceedings (pp. Page numbers). Conference
Name. DOI
Example: Johnson, A. (2018). Security measures in online banking. In Proceedings of the
International Conference on Cybersecurity (pp. 45-58). ACM. [Link]
Conference Paper without DOI:
Author. (Year). Title of the paper. In Title of the Proceedings (pp. Page numbers). Conference
Name.
Example: Anderson, R. (2017). Artificial intelligence in healthcare. In Proceedings of the
Annual Conference on Health Informatics (pp. 78-91). HealthInfo.
6. Thesis/Dissertation:
Doctoral Dissertation:
Author. (Year). Title of the dissertation (Doctoral dissertation). University Name.
Example: Smith, J. L. (2016). The Impact of Social Media on Consumer Behavior (Doctoral
dissertation). University of California, Los Angeles.
Master's Thesis:
Author. (Year). Title of the thesis (Master's thesis). University Name.
Example: Brown, K. M. (2019). Evaluating the Efficacy of Online Learning Platforms
(Master's thesis). Stanford University.
7. Social Media Post:
Social Media Post (Twitter):
Author. (Year, Month Day). Text of the tweet [Tweet]. Twitter. URL

22
Example: @APA_Style. (2020, July 20). APA Style introduces 7th edition.
[Link]
Social Media Post (Facebook/Instagram):
Author. (Year, Month Day). Text of the post [Post]. Facebook/Instagram. URL (if applicable)
Example: American Psychological Association. (2021, May 10). Check out our latest blog post
on mental health during the pandemic [Post]. Facebook.
[Link]

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 APPENDIX A
Each Appendix should be identified with a letter (A, B, C, …).

The following list of documents must be included as appendices: • Project Proposal including

your original plan

• First Progress Review Report

• code/artefact

• Any other document of importance for validation of work don

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