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Republic of the Philippines

TORRES, J.:
In a complaint filed by the provincial fiscal in the Court of First Instance of Nueva Ecija among others, Mateo
Lapus, Bonifacio Bautista, Rufino Ordoñez, Victorino Manalang, and Pedro Bautista were charge with the crime
of sedition. The complaint alleged that on the night of June 3, 1902, a band composed of about four hundred
men, among whom were the accused, armed with guns, revolvers, talibones, bolos, and clubs, raided the town of
Cabiao; that said band went through the streets of the town firing shots, yelling, and frightening the inhabitants
thereof; that some of said band went to the house of the municipal president, while others raided several
houses, taking captive sixty or seventy of the inhabitants thereof, among whom were Roman Isip Torres,
Victorino Natividad, Braulio Rico, Gregorio de los Reyes, Eugenio Manalo, Antonio Crespo, Antonia de los Reyes,
Brigido Sigua, Eustaquio Tecson, and others whose names are not known; that they roamed about the streets of
the town threatening and intimidating the people; that when the invaders left the town they took and carried
their captives away with them; that some of them were conducted to a place called Patatan, and others to that
of Libutad on the Chico River, where they were detained by their captors until about noon of the next day, when
they were released.
Some members of the band, among them the chief, Domingo Cunanan, told the prisoners that the latter were
often found in the justice court, and that they were loaning money at usurious terms to their farm laborers, and
when the latter were unable to pay the loan they compelled their children to work for them as servants; that if
the wealthy landowners continued oppressing the poor they would not stop disturbing the towns, because the
law must be equally applied to rich and poor; that if they (the band) were then to comply with the orders of
Felipe Salvador, chief of the association called "Santa Iglesia", to which they belonged, all the prisoners would be
killed at once. They further stated that there were many members of the said association. These facts are proven
by the testimony of several witnesses and by residents who had been sequestrated by said band. One of the
witnesses, Gregorio Reyes, stated that he was beaten with a club by the accused Rufino Ordoñez because he
begged the later to release his master, Genaro Albina, who was unable to walk.
It is also proven by the testimony of witnesses that the above-mentioned association called "Santa Iglesia", to
which the said Felipe Salvador belongs, was organized for the purpose of performing acts of hatred and
vengeance against the authorities and the wealthy people in the towns, as occurred to the residents of the town
of Cabiao, in which were put in practice and execution acts tending to such political-social ends.
The facts as stated constitute the crime of sedition provided for in paragraphs 3 and 4 of section 5 and punished
by section 6 of Act No. 292 of the Civil Commission. The appellants were members of an illegal association and
had publicly and tumultuously attacked the town of Cabiao and roamed over its streets, firing shots, yelling, and
threatening the residents with death, and thereby frightening them. They performed acts of violence on the
persons of the president and other residents of the town, against the law and the supreme authority and with
political-social purposes. For these reasons the acts performed by the defendants constitute sedition as defined
by the aforesaid sections of Act No. 292. The crime of sedition was consummated, even though the object of the
defendants was not realized.
The liability of the defendants as principals in the aforesaid crime of sedition appears fully proven by the
testimony of several residents who witnessed the invasion of the town. The witnesses identified the accused as
members of the band which entered the town and committed the acts complained of.
The municipal president of the said town, Jose Crespo, and the justice of the peace, Francisco Crespo, affirmed
the statement made by the witnesses for the prosecution. The president said that while they were hidden in a
bamboo thicket they head that the malefactors were looking for him, as well as for other wealthy residents; that,
as they failed to find him in his house, they took and carried away his rain coat, cap, belt, and clothes; that they
destroyed the lock of the door of the house and tore his boots; that they did not succeed in carrying away the
arms of the force had taken refuge in the parish house of the town. The justice of the peace added that when he
heard the sound of a bugle and the shots he tried to go to the town hall, but he could not on account of the
sudden attack made by a great number of members of the "Santa Iglesia" association; that he had been
informed that they were looking for the president, the police, and the wealthy residents of the town.
The Constabulary inspector Cayetano Canda asserted that, according to some information obtained by him, the
members of the said association, called "Santa Iglesia" as well as "Gabinistas," whose chief was Felipe Salvador,
purposed the extermination of the military forces; the public officials, and the landowners. This assertion is
confirmed by the Constabulary inspector Richard Kavanaugh, who stated that the chief of the band which
attacked the town of Cabiao on the evening of June 3 was Domingo Cunanan, and that his followers
contemplated punishing the wealthy people and the public officials — the former for the abuses they were said
to have committed and the latter because they were not doing them justice.
The five defendants pleaded not guilty. Their exculpation, to the effect that they did not take part in the crime of
sedition, has not been proved. The evidence adduced in the case against them is not rebutted; they must
necessarily be found guilty as principals in the crime of sedition.
The accused who were acquitted can not be the object of this decision.
In view of the foregoing considerations it is the opinion of this court that the judgment below should be
sustained in so far as the same applies to Mateo Lapus, Rufino Ordoñez, Bonifacio Bautista, Victorino Manalang,
and Pedro Bautista, each of whom is sentenced to four years' imprisonment, to pay a five of $1,500, and one-
tenth of the costs. This case to be remanded to the court of origin with a certified copy of this decision and of
the judgment which shall be rendered in compliance herewith. So ordered.
Arellano, C.J., Mapa, Johnson and Carson, JJ., concur.
The Lawphil Project - Arellano Law Foundation