MODULE II

COSMETICS
Definition of cosmetics: Cosmetics are substances or products used to enhance or alter the
appearance of the face, skin, or body. They include items like makeup, skincare creams,
perfumes, lotions, hair products, and deodorants. Cosmetics are mainly used for beautification,
personal care, or hygiene and are usually applied externally.

LIPSTICK
Definition: Lipstick is one of the most widely used cosmetic products, primarily applied to the
lips to enhance their appearance by adding colour, texture, and protection. It has been used for
centuries, with historical records showing its application in ancient civilizations such as
Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece.

Modern lipsticks are formulated using a combination of waxes, oils, pigments, and emollients.
Waxes provide structure and shape, oils give application and shine, and pigments add color.
Additionally, many lipsticks now contain moisturizers, sunscreens, and antioxidants to protect
the lips.

METHOD OF PREPARATION:
1. Take castor oil, lanoline alcohol, Oleyl alcohol in a beaker(A) containing dyes and pigments.
2. Heat the above mixture to 65°c.
3. In another beaker(B) take remaining ingredients. Heat to 65°c.

4. Then add the contents of beaker A to beaker B by vigorous stirring.

5. Then this solution is added to molds.

EVALUATION:
• Melting point: Evaluation should be done to know the problems during handling and
storage. The melting point should generally be above 50 degrees Celsius.
• Breaking point: Lipsticks should be evaluated for conforming strength of lipsticks.
• Force of application: To evaluate the value of force to apply to surface.
• Stability: It is an important evaluation parameter stability for long time and short time
are evaluated.

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REFERENCES:
1. Herbal Cosmetics and Ayurvedic Medicines: Written by PK Chattopadhyay, this book
provides insights into herbal cosmetics, including lipsticks, and their preparation methods.
2. Poucher's Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps: Although not exclusively focused on lipsticks, this
book offers valuable information on cosmetics and their formulation.

KAJAL
DEFINITION

Kajal is an eye cosmetic used to darken the eyelids or waterline, giving the eyes a more defined
and attractive look.

FORMULATION
INGREDIENTS WEIGHT USES
Almond oil 50ml Antioxidant
Coconut oil 100ml Anti-microbial
Dill seed 6gm Anti inflammatory
Cow ghee 2gm Nourishing agent
Castor oil 2ml Laxative
Cotton 2g Absorbent
Preparation (General Method)
1. Muslin cloth piece or cotton is used as a wick and was lighted in a mud lamp containing
ghee or Mustard Oil.
2. Lighten the lamp and put the inverted copper plate on it.
3. Then scrape the black soot and collected in a clean, dry porcelain dish.
4. Ghee in then added in black Soot for Preparing the kajal make a uniform paste to get
kajal

Evaluation of kajal
✓ Physical evaluation
✓ PH Determination
✓ Viscosity determination
✓ Spreadability
✓ Stability studies

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REFERENCES:
1. Poucher's Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps: A comprehensive book on cosmetics, including
2. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India: A valuable resource for understanding the traditional
Indian approach to kajal preparation and its medicinal properties.
3. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science Technology [research article].

LOZENGES

DEFINITION: Lozenges are solid dosage forms meant to dissolve slowly in the mouth,
releasing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) locally in the oral cavity or for systemic
absorption via the buccal mucosa.
ADVANTAGES

• Prolonged contact at the site of action.

• Convenient dosage form for patients unable to swallow tablets.
• Local + systemic effects possible.
• Improved stability of certain APIs compared to liquids.
DISADVANTAGES

• Slow onset compared to liquids.

• Risk of choking in children.
• Not suitable for drugs with unpleasant taste unless masked.
• Limited dose capacity.
• Cannot be used in patients with xerostomia (dry mouth) effectively.

General Methods of Preparation of Lozenges

➢ Moulding Method
➢ Compression Method
➢ Boiling (Candy) Method

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FORMULATION OF LOZENGES:
FN Drug HPMC Sucrose( Dextrose Citric Menthol Colour Total(
(mg) K100(mg) mg) (mg) acid (Mg) (mg) mg)
(mg)
L1 10 33 2100 823 32 1 1 3000
L2 10 6 2400 550 32 1 1 3000
L3 10 33 2100 823 32 1 1 3000
L4 10 60 1800 1096 32 1 1 3000
L5 10 33 1675.26 1247.26 32 1 1 3000
L6 10 0 2100 856 32 1 1 3000
L7 10 33 2100 823 32 1 1 3000
L8 10 33 2100 823 32 1 1 3000
L9 10 71.18 2100 784.82 32 1 1 3000
L10 10 60 2400 496 32 1 1 3000
L11 10 33 2100 823 32 1 1 3000
L12 10 6 1800 1150 32 1 1 3000
L13 10 33 2524.26 398.74 32 1 1 3000
OPTIMIZED 10 22.32 1675.80 1267.88 32 1 1 3000
EVALUATION OF LOZENGES
✓ Determination of organoleptic properties
✓ Determination of Physical parameters
✓ Weight variation
✓ Drug content
✓ In-vitro Dissolution Study
REFERENCES:
1. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Disperse Systems" by Herbert A. Lieberman, Martin M.
Rieger, and Gilbert S. Banker (covers lozenges as a dosage form)
2. Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Lozenges (available on various scientific databases)
3. Preparation and Characterization of Lozenges (available on ResearchGate).

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 SUN PROTECTION CREAM
INTRODUCTION
Sun protection creams, also known as sunscreens, are topical products that help protect the skin
from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.

SUN PROTECTION FACTOR:

SPF is a measure of how much solar energy (UV radiation) is required to produce sunburn on
protected skin (i.e., in the presence of sunscreen) relative to the amount of solar energy required
to produce sunburn on unprotected skin. As the SPF value increases, sunburn protection
increases.

SPF FACTOR VALUE

PROTECTION LEVEL SPF VALUE
Low protection 6,10
Medium protection 15,20,25
High protection 30,40
Very high protection 50+
PREPATION OF SUN PROTECTION CREAMS:
• Formulation Development:
Identify Ingredients: Determine the ingredients required for the cream, including oils,
emulsifiers, preservatives, and active ingredients.

Determine Proportions: Calculate the proportions of each ingredient based on the desired
characteristics of the cream, such as texture, consistency, and stability.

• Weighing and Mixing Ingredients:

Accurate Measurement: Accurately measure the ingredients using a balance or other suitable
measuring device.
Mixing: Mix the ingredients according to the formulation requirements, ensuring a uniform
blend.

• Heating and Melting:

Heating: Heat the oil phase and water phase separately to around 75°C to facilitate mixing and
emulsification.
Melting: Melt any solid ingredients, such as waxes or oils, to ensure they are fully incorporated
into the cream.

• Emulsification:
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Emulsification Process: Slowly add the oil phase to the water phase while stirring continuously
to form a stable emulsion.
Emulsifier Selection: Choose an appropriate emulsifier to stabilize the emulsion and ensure the
cream's stability and texture.

• Cooling and Stirring:

Cooling: Continue stirring until the cream cools to room temperature, ensuring a uniform
consistency.
Stirring: Stir the cream gently to prevent air incorporation and ensure a smooth texture.

• Addition of Active Ingredients:

Active Ingredient Selection: Choose active ingredients that are suitable for the cream's intended
use, such as moisturizers, anti-aging agents, or skin brighteners.
Addition: Add the active ingredients to the cream and mix well to ensure uniform distribution.

EVALUATION PARAMETERS:
✓ PH
✓ Physical Appearance:
✓ Spread ability
✓ Irritancy Test
✓ Stability Testing

REFERENCES:
1. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Disperse Systems" by Herbert A. Lieberman, Martin M.
Rieger, and Gilbert S. Banker (provides information on cream formulation and preparation)
2. Formulation and Evaluation of Creams | research article]

3. Development and Characterization of Cosmetic Creams [research article]

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 SHAMPOO
DEFINITION:
Shampoo is a hair care product designed to clean the scalp and hair by removing dirt, oil, sweat,
dandruff, and environmental pollutants. It also prepares the hair for further treatments or styling.

IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS:
• Effectively cleanse the hair and scalp without stripping them of their natural oils.
• Maintain the hair's natural moisture balance.
• Lock in moisture, reduce frizz, and improve hair's overall health and appearance
TYPES OF SHAMPOOS:
1. Moisturizing Shampoo for Dry Hair:
Ingredients: Often contains ingredients like coconut oil, argan oil, shea butter, or
Benefits: Helps lock in moisture, reduce frizz, and improve hair's overall health and
appearance.

2. Volumizing Shampoo for Fine Hair:

Ingredients: May contain ingredients like proteins, vitamins, or plant extracts that help
strengthen and thicken hair.
Benefits: Helps create a fuller, more voluminous look and can improve hair's overall
manageability.

3. Anti-Dandruff Shampoo for Scalp Conditions:

Ingredients: May contain ingredients like zinc pyrithione, ketoconazole, or coal tar that help
reduce flaking and inflammation.
Benefits: Helps soothe and calm the scalp, reducing flaking and itching.

4. Sulphate-Free Shampoo for Gentle Cleansing:

Ingredients: Often contains gentle, sulfate-free surfactants that help cleanse hair without
drying it out.
Benefits: Can help preserve hair's natural moisture and color, and may be suitable for sensitive
scalps or hair.

5 Clarifying Shampoo for Deep Cleansing:

Ingredients: Often contains ingredients like citric acid or tea tree oil that help clarify and
purify the hair and scalp.
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 Benefits: Can help remove product buildup, improve hair's manageability, and reduce scalp
irritation.

FORMULATION:
INGREDIENTS WEIGHT ( g ) USES
Sodium lauryl sulphate 20.0 Primary surfactant
Glycerine 4.0 Humectant
Methyl paraben 0.03 Preservative
Propyl paraben 0.01 Preservative
Rose oil 0.1 ml Fragrance
Distilled water Q. S Solvent
Citric acid 2 ml PH Adjuster
PREPARATION OF SHAMPOO:
Step 1: 70 ml of distilled water is transferred into a beaker
Step 2: Heat the water to about 60°C using a water bath by gentle stirring.
Step 3: Once the water temperature reached 60 °C, add 4.0 g of glycerine and mix until it is
fully dissolved.
Step 4: Slowly add 20.0 g of Sodium Lauryl Sulphate to the above mixture.
Step 5: Stir continuously until the solution becomes homogenous.
Step 6: Add 0.03 g of methylparaben and 0.01 g of propylparaben to the above mixture.
Step 7: Add 0.1ml of fragrance (rose oil) and stir gently

Step 8: Use 10% citric acid solution to adjust the pH of the solution.
Step 9: Transfer into a clean, dry shampoo bottle or container using a funnel and label it.

EVALUATION:
✓ pH Testing:
✓ Viscosity Measurement:
✓ Foam Production
✓ Organoleptic characteristics:

REFERENCES:
1. Poucher WA. Poucher's Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps. 10th ed. London: Chapman & Hall:
1991.

2. Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission. Indian Pharmacopoeia 2018. Ghaziabad: Indian

Pharmacopoeia Commission; 2018.

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 DISINFECTANT
DEFINITION:
Disinfectant is a chemical substance used to destroy or inactivate harmful microorganisms (like
bacteria, viruses, and fungi) on non-living surfaces, thereby preventing infection and
contamination.

CLASSIFICATION OF DISINFECTANT
[Link]
➢ Examples: Ethanol (70%), Isopropyl alcohol (70–90%)
➢ Mode of action: Denatures proteins, dissolves lipids
➢ Uses: Disinfection of small instruments, thermometers, skin before injections (as
antiseptic)
➢ Limitations: Ineffective against spores; inactivated by organic matter

[Link]
➢ Examples: Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde
➢ Mode of action: Alkylates amino and sulfhydryl groups → inactivates proteins & nucleic
acids
➢ Uses: Sterilization of endoscopes, hemodialysis equipment, respiratory therapy
instruments
➢ Limitations: Toxic, irritant fumes

[Link]
➢ Examples: Chlorine compounds – Sodium hypochlorite (bleach), Chloramines
Iodine compounds – Iodophors (Povidone-iodine)
➢ Mode of action: Oxidize and iodinate cellular components
➢ Uses: Chlorine: Water purification, surface disinfection in hospitals
Iodine: Skin preparation before surgery, wound cleaning (antiseptic form)
➢ Limitations: Corrosive to metals, inactivated by organic matter

[Link] Compounds
➢ Examples: Phenol, Cresol, Chlorhexidine
➢ Mode of action: Disrupt cell wall & membrane; precipitate proteins
➢ Uses: Disinfection of floors, walls, bedding, instruments
➢ Limitations: Toxic at high concentrations, strong odour.

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GENERAL METHOD OF PREPARATION
The general method of preparation of a disinfectant depends on the type of disinfectant
(alcoholic, chlorine-based, phenolic, quaternary ammonium, herbal, etc.), but the preparation
usually follows a standard procedure:

1. Selection of Active Ingredient

2. Calculation of Concentration

3. Addition of Excipients (if needed)

4. Mixing Process.
5. Filtration (if required).
6. Packaging
7. Storage

EVALUATION:
✓ Phenol Coefficient Test:
✓ Carrier test:
✓ Suspension Tests:

REFERENCES:
1. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation by Seymour S. Block (a comprehensive
resource on disinfection and sterilization)
2. Handbook of Disinfectants and Antiseptics by Joseph M. Ascenzi (covers various aspects
of disinfectants and antiseptics)
3. Pharmaceutical Microbiology by Hugo and Russell.

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