PYTHON FOR ENGINEERS

OEEC6205
4th Semester, B. Tech(CSE)
IGIT, Sarang
 SYLLABUS
Module III
 Tuples: Creating Tuples, Basic Tuple Operations,
Indexing and Slicing in Tuples, Built-In Functions used
on Tuples, Tuple Methods, Using zip() Function,
Relation between Tuples and Lists.
 Dictionaries: Creating Dictionary, Accessing and
Modifying key:value Pairs in Dictionaries, Built-In
Functions used on Dictionaries, Dictionary Methods,
The del Statement, Relation between Tuples and
Dictionaries.
 Sets: Creating Sets, Set Methods, Traversing of Sets,
Frozen set.
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 TUPLES
 A tuple is an immutable list of values.

 It is created with the comma operator( , ), parentheses(( ))

and built-in function tuple( ).

 Syntax-1(USING COMMA OPERATOR):

variable = element-1, [element-2, element-3, ..............]

 Syntax-2(USING PARENTHESES):
variable = (element-1, [element-2, element-3, ..............])

 Syntax-3(USING tuple( ) FUNCTION):

variable = tuple(string_literal/string_variable/tuple_variable)
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COMMA OPERATOR AND PARENTHESES
EXAMPLES

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tuple( ) FUNCTION EXAMPLES

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 tuple( ) FUNCTION EXAMPLES

 Tuples are immutable, that is, one cannot add or modify items once
the tuple is initialized.
 Tuples don't have append( ) and extend( ) methods.
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 CONCATENATION OPERATOR ( + )
 More than one tuples can be appended using
concatenation operator (+).
 Syntax:
Variable = Tuple_Variable1 + Tuple_Variable2 + ….

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 PACKING AND UNPACKING TUPLES

 Assignment of values in a tuple is called as packing

because it packs values together in a tuple.

 So, the statement t = 1, 2, 3 [OR] t = (1, 2, 3) is called

packing.

 Unpacking of individual element from tuples is done

using index method since the tuple elements are
indexed and starts with 0th index.

 Unpacking of elements from a tuple can also be done

using multiple assignments.
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UNPACKING TUPLES EXAMPLES

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UNPACKING TUPLES EXAMPLES

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 TUPLE
FUNCTIONS

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 len( ) FUNCTION
 It returns the length of the tuple.
 Syntax:
variable = len(tuple_name / (ele1, ele2, ......))

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 max( ), min( ) FUNCTIONS
 It returns the maximum and minimum value from
the tuple.
 Syntax of max( ):
variable = max(tuple_name / (ele1, ele2, ......))
 Syntax of min( ):
variable = min(tuple_name / (ele1, ele2, ......))

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 reversed( ) FUNCTION
 It reverses a tuple.
 Syntax:
Variable_Name = reversed(tuple_name / (ele1, ele2, ......))
Variable = tuple(Variable_Name)

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 sum( ) FUNCTION
 It returns the sum of the elements of the tuple.
 Syntax:
Variable = sum(tuple_name / (ele1, ele2, ......))

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 all( ) FUNCTION
 It returns true if all the elements of the tuple is true.
 If the tuple is empty then it returns true.
 Syntax:
variable = all(tuple_name / (ele1, ele2, ......))

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 any( ) FUNCTION
 It returns true if any element of the tuple is true.
 If the tuple is empty then it returns false.
 Syntax:
variable = any(tuple_name / (ele1, ele2, ......))

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 sorted( ) FUNCTION
 It sorts a tuple and returns the sorted list.

 The tuple( ) function changes the sorted tuple object to a tuple

kind.

 SYNTAX:
Variable = sorted(tuple_name/(ele1, ele2,....), [reverse=False])
Tuple_Variable = tuple(Variable)

o reverse = False (Optional): If it is not included then sorting is

in ascending order.
o reverse = True: If it is included then the sorting is in
descending order.
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 EXAMPLES

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 TUPLE
METHODS

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 count( ) METHOD
 It counts the given element in the tuple.
 Syntax:
variable = (ele1, ele2, ....)/tuple_name.count(element)

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 index( ) METHOD

 The method returns the first occurrence of the given element

in the tuple.

 This method raises a ValueError if the element is not found in

the tuple.

 SYNTAX:
variable = tuple_name.index(element, start, end)
start (Optional): The starting index from where the search
starts.
end (Optional): The ending index till where the search
continues.

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 EXAMPLES

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 TUPLE INDEXING

 Elements of tuples are accessed in indexing way.

 The tuple elements indexing are numbered from 0

onwards.

 SYNTAX:
tuple_name[index]

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 EXAMPLE

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 zip( ) FUNCTION

 It is used for iterating more than two lists simultaneously

within list comprehension.

 It passes arbitrary number of lists.

 It returns iterable zip object.

 The zip object can be changed to either list / tuple kind using
functions list( ) / tuple( ).

 SYNTAX:
zip(list-1/ [item1, item2,....], list-2/ [item1, item2,....], .......)

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 EXAMPLES

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 LISTS TUPLES
It is mutable. It is immutable.
Iterative process is slow. Iterative process is faster.
It is represented by square It is represented by brackets ( ).
brackets [ ].
It is useful for insertion and It is useful for read-only
deletion operations. operations like accessing
elements.
It consumes more memory. It consumes less memory.
It has several built-in methods. It has less built-in methods
because of immutability.
List operations are more error Tuples operations are safe.
prone.
Example: [1, 3, 4, 7] Example: (1, 3, 4, 7)
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 DICTIONARY
 It is a set of associations between a key and a value.
 It is unordered, mutable (changeable) and indexed.
 The keys must be unique but the values do not need to be
unique.
 It is created using curly brackets ({ }) where each entry in
the dictionary is a key : value pair.
 Syntax:
dictionary_name = {'key-1'/key-1 : value-1/'value-1', .........}
o value-1, value-2,....... are considered as numeric values.
o 'value-1', 'value-2',....... are considered as string values.
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 EXAMPLES

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 dict( ) FUNCTION
dict( ) function is used to create a new dictionary object
from an iterable or a sequence of key:value pairs.
 SYNTAX-1:
dictionary_name = dict(**kwarg)
 It takes a sequence of key:value pairs.

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 dict( ) FUNCTION
 SYNTAX-2: dictionary_name = dict(iterable, **kwarg)
 It takes an iterable (List / Tuple) of key:value pairs and an
optional sequence of key:value pairs.

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 dict( ) FUNCTION
 SYNTAX-3: dictionary_name = dict(mapping, **kwarg)
 It takes a mapping and a sequence of key:value pairs (optional).

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 WORKING
WITH
DICTIONARIES

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 ACCESSING Values via Keys

 The values held in a Dictionary can be accessed using

their associated key.

 The first way of accessing value is square bracket ([ ]).

 SYNTAX:
dictionary_name[key_name]

 The second way of accessing value is the get( ) method.

 SYNTAX:
dictionary_name.get(key_name)

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 EXAMPLES
Using Square Bracket ([ ])

Using get( ) Method

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 ADDING A NEW Key:Value PAIR
 A new key:value pair can be added to a dictionary by
providing the key in square brackets and the new value
to be assigned to that key.
 SYNTAX:
dictionary_name['key_name'] = value / 'value'

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 CHANGING/UPDATING Keys Value

 The value associated with a key can be changed by

reassigning a new value using the square bracket ([ ])
or update( ) method.

 Syntax of Assignment using Square Bracket([ ]):

dictionary_name['key_name'] = value / 'value'

 Syntax of update( ) Method:

dictionary_name.update(key_name = value / 'value')

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 EXAMPLES

Using Square Bracket ([ ])

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 EXAMPLES

Using update( ) Method

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 REMOVING Key : Value

 A key:value pair can be removed from the dictionary in

three different ways.

(i) pop('key_name'):
• It removes the entry with the specified key.
• It returns the value of the key being deleted.
• SYNTAX:
variable = dictionary_name.pop('key_name')

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 REMOVING Key : Value

(ii) popitem( ):
• It removes the last inserted item in the dictionary.
• It returns the deleted key:value pair.
• SYNTAX:
key_variable, value_variable = dictionary_name.popitem( )

(iii) del keyword:

• It removes the entry with the specified key from the
dictionary.
• It just deletes the item and does not return the associated
value.
• SYNTAX:
del dictionary_name['key_name']
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 EXAMPLES
Using pop( ) Method

Using popitem( ) Method

Using del Keyword

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 ITERATING OVER Keys

 The 'for loop' processes each of the keys in the

dictionary.
 This can be used to access each of the values associated
with the keys.

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ITERATING BOTH Keys and Values with items( ) METHOD

 Dictionary key:value pairs can be iterated with the help of items( )

method.
 SYNTAX of items( ) Method:
for key_variable, value_variable in dictionary_name.items( ):
Statement(s)

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 in KEYWORD

 It checks a key is a member of a dictionary or not.

 SYNTAX:
variable_name = 'key_name' in dictionary_name

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 len( ) FUNCTION

 It counts the number of (key:value) pairs in a dictionary.

 SYNTAX:
variable = len(dictionary_name / {'key-1': 'value-1', …..})

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 keys( ), values( ), items( ) METHODS

 keys( ) Method: It returns the list of keys of the dictionary.

 SYNTAX:
list_name = dictionary_name.keys( )

 values( ) Method: It returns the list of values of the

dictionary.
 SYNTAX:
list_name = dictionary_name.values( )

 items( ) Method: It returns the list of (key, value) tuples

of the dictionary.
 SYNTAX:
tuple_name = dictionary_name.items( )
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 EXAMPLES

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 clear( ) METHOD

 It empties the dictionary.

 SYNTAX:
dictionary_name.clear( )

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 COPYING A DICTIONARY

 The copy a dictionary is done with the copy( ) method

and dict( ) constructor method.

 SYNTAX of copy( ) Method:

new_dictionary_name = old_dictionary_name.copy( )

 Syntax of dict( ) Constructor Method:

new_dictionary_name = dict(old_dictionary_name)

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 EXAMPLES

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 get( ) METHOD

 It returns the value of the specified key.

 SYNTAX:
variable_name = dictionary_name.get('key_name')

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 del KEYWORD

 It removes the item with the specified key name from the
dictionary.
 SYNTAX:
del dictionary_name['Key_Name']

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 TUPLES DICTIONARIES
It is a non-homogeneous data It is a non-homogeneous data
structure that can hold a single structure that contains key-value
row as well as several rows and pairs.
columns.
It is represented by brackets ( ). It is represented by curly
brackets { }.
It is immutable. It is mutable and do not allow
duplicate keys.
It is ordered. It is unordered.
It can be created using tuple() It can be created using dict()
constructor function. constructor function.
Example: Example:
('It', 'is', 'a', 'Tuple') {'Name':'CNU', 'Roll':71}
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 SETS
 A set is the collection of unordered elements.

 Each element in the set must be unique, immutable, and the

sets remove the duplicate elements.

 Sets are mutable which means it can be modified after its

creation.

 A Set is defined using curly brackets ({ }).

 (i) SYNTAX:
set_name = { element-1, element-2, ........... }

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 EXAMPLES

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 SETS
 A set or an empty can also be created using set( ) constructor
function.
 (ii) SYNTAX OF EMPTY SET:
set_name = set( )
 (iii) SYNTAX OF SET CREATION:
set_name = set(set_name/{element-1, element-2, ......})
 (iv) SYNTAX OF ITERABLE SET CREATION:
set_name = set(iterable)
• The iterable can be a List or Tuple or Dictionary or String.
• The keys set can be created from the dictionary by using the
'dictionary_name' or 'dictionary_name.keys( )'.
• Similarly, the values set can be created from the dictionary by
using the 'dictionary_name.values( )'.
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 EXAMPLES
Example: Empty Set Creation using set( ) Constructor Function

Example: Set Creation using set( ) Constructor Function

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 ACCESSING ELEMENTS IN A SET
 Sets are unordered containers and thus there are
no indexes available.

 Sets are Iterable containers.

 Elements of a Set can be iterated over using the

'for' loop statement.

 SYNTAX:
for variable_name in set_name:
Statement

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 EXAMPLES

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WORKING
WITH
SETS

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 add( ) METHOD
 It adds an element in a non-empty set.
 Syntax:
set_name.add(Element / 'Element')

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 update( ) METHOD
 It adds more than one element in a non-empty set.
 Syntax:
set_name.update(List/Tuple/[Ele1/'Ele1',....]/(Ele1/'Ele1',....)/ Dictionary)

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update( ) METHOD

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update( ) METHOD

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 remove( ) METHOD

 It removes an item from a Set but generates an error if that

item was not found in the set.
 SYNTAX:
set_name.remove(Element / 'Element')

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 discard( ) METHOD

 It removes an item from a Set but it does not generate an error

if that item was not found in the set.
 SYNTAX:
set_name.discard(Element / 'Element')

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 pop( ) METHOD

 It removes the first item and returns the popped

item from the Set.
 SYNTAX:
variable_name = set_name.pop( )

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 clear( ) METHOD

 It removes all the items from the Set and makes the set
empty.
 SYNTAX:
set_name.clear( )

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 in KEYWORD

 It checks for the presence of an element in a set.

 SYNTAX:
variable_name = Element / 'Element' in set_name

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 len( ) FUNCTION

 It returns the length of a set.

 SYNTAX:
variable_name = len(set_name / {'Ele-1'/ Ele-1, .......})

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 max( ) FUNCTION
 It returns the maximum values in a set.
 SYNTAX:
variable_name = max(set_name / {'Ele-1'/ Ele-1, .......})

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 min( ) FUNCTION
 It returns the minimum values in a set.
 SYNTAX:
variable_name = min(set_name / {'Ele-1'/ Ele-1, .......})

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 frozenset( ) FUNCTION

 It converts a list ([ ]) and a set ({ }) to tuple kind (( )).

 Finally, these tuples can be nested in a set.

 SYNTAX OF LIST CONVERSION:

set_name = { frozenset ( List / ['Ele-1'/ Ele-1,...] ) }

 SYNTAX OF SET CONVERSION:

set_name = { frozenset ( set_name / {'Ele-1'/ Ele-1,...} ) }

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 EXAMPLES

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