PYTHON FOR ENGINEERS

OEEC6205
4th Semester, B. Tech(CSE)
IGIT, Sarang
 SYLLABUS
Module I
Control Flow Statements, The if Decision Control Flow
Statement, The if…else Decision Control Flow Statement,
The if…elif…else Decision Control Statement, Nested if
Statement, The while Loop, The for Loop, The continue
and break Statements, Catching Exceptions Using try and
except Statement, Functions, Built-In Functions,
Commonly Used Modules, Function Definition and
Calling the Function, The return Statement and void
Function, Scope and Lifetime of Variables, Default
Parameters, Keyword Arguments, *args and **kwargs,
Command Line Arguments.
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 FLOW CONTROL STATEMENTS

 Flow control statements are written using selection (or

decision control) statements and loop statements.

 The selection statements are written using if

statements.

 The relational or comparison operators are used to

include condition in a flow of control statements.

 A condition always returns a Boolean True or False

value.

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PYTHON FOR ENGINEERS By Mr. Bapuji Rao,
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 if STATEMENT

 It executes the indented statement(s) when the condition

is true.
 The Indentation is always four spaces.
 SYNTAX (Single Statement):
if CONDITION:
....
....Statement

(OR)

if (CONDITION):
....Statement
....

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 if STATEMENT
 SYNTAX (Multiple Statements):
if CONDITION:
....
....Statement-1
....
....Statement-2
....
....----------------
....
....Statement-N
(OR)
if (CONDITION):
....
....Statement-1
....
....Statement-2
....
....----------------
....
....Statement-N
 Here, ....
.... indicates an indentation of 4 spaces (by default).
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 EXAMPLE-1

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 EXAMPLE-2

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 OUTPUT

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 if...else STATEMENT
 It executes the indented statement(s) when the condition is
true; otherwise executes the indented statement(s) of else
part.
 SYNTAX (Single Statement):
if CONDITION:
.... Statement-1

else:
.... Statement-2

(OR)
if (CONDITION):
.... Statement-1

else:
.... Statement-2

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 if...else STATEMENT
 SYNTAX (Multiple Statements):
if CONDITION: if (CONDITION):
.... Statement-1 .... Statement-1

.... Statement-2 .... Statement-2

.... ---------------- .... ----------------

.... Statement-N (OR) .... Statement-N

else: else:
.... Statement-1 .... Statement-1

.... Statement-2 .... Statement-2

.... ---------------- .... ----------------

.... Statement-N .... Statement-N

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 EXAMPLE-1

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 OUTPUT

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 EXAMPLE-2

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 OUTPUT

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 elif STATEMENT

 It is used for more than two possibilities.

 SYNTAX:
if CONDITION-1:
.... Statement-1

elif CONDITION-2:
.... Statement-2

elif CONDITION-3:
--------------------------
--------------------------
else:
.... Statement-N

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 elif STATEMENT
 It is used for more than two possibilities.
 SYNTAX:
if CONDITION-1:
.... Statement-1
.... --------------

.... Statement-N

elif CONDITION-2:
.... Statement-1
.... --------------

.... Statement-N

--------------------------
--------------------------
else:
.... Statement-1
.... --------------

.... Statement-N

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 EXAMPLE-1

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 OUTPUT

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 EXAMPLE-2

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 OUTPUT

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 CONDITIONAL EXPRESSION

 It is a short form of the 'if..else statement' that returns a

value.

 It is used for inline conditional expressions.

 It is also called as ternary expression.

 Syntax:
variable_name = (Expression-1 if Condition else Expression-2)

(OR)

variable_name = Expression-1 if Condition else Expression-2

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 EXAMPLE

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 NESTED CONDITIONAL EXPRESSION

 It is a short form of the 'elif statement' that returns a

value.

 Syntax:
variable_name = (Expression-1 if (Condition-1) else
Expression-2 if (Condition-2) Expression-3
............. else Expression-N)

(OR)

variable_name = Expression-1 if Condition-1 else

Expression-2 if Condition-2 Expression-3
............. else Expression-N
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 EXAMPLE

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 OUTPUT

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 LOGICAL OPERATORS

 Logical operators and and or are used to combine more

than one conditions to make as one condition.
 NOTE: & and | operators cannot be used in Jupiter
Notebook.
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 LOGICAL OPERATORS
 Syntax of and:
Condition-1 and Condition-2 and ...................... and Condition-N
 Syntax of or:
Condition-1 or Condition-2 or ...................... or Condition-N

 Logical operator not is used for negation purpose. It means the

condition’s true value changes to false and vice-versa.
 Syntax of not:
not Condition
(OR)
not (Condition)

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 EXAMPLE-1

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 OUTPUT

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 EXAMPLE-2

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 OUTPUT

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 QUESTIONS
1. Read any three numbers. Then print the largest and smallest.
2. Read a month number. Then print number of days.
3. Read a number. Then check the number is a ONE DIGIT or TWO
DIGITS or THREE DIGITS or FOUR DIGITS or More Than FOUR
DIGITS.
4. Read a number. If the number is a single digit, then print its square. If
the number is a double digit, then print the digits sum. If the number is
a triple digit, then print the digits product.
5. Read principle and time. Then calculate simple interest and amount.
The rate is calculated accordingly:
PRINCIPLE RATE
>=100000 10%
>=75000 7.5%
>=50000 5%
>=30000 1.5%
>=15000 0.5%
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 LOOP
STATEMENTS

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 for…in range( ) LOOP STATEMENT

 The range( ) function prints a range of values from a

starting value to the ending value.

 It can pass a minimum one argument and maximum three

arguments.

 Syntax (Single Statement):

f or variable_name in range (Initial_Value, Final_Value, Step_Value):

.... Statement

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 for…in range( ) LOOP STATEMENT

 Syntax (Multiple Statements):

f or variable_name in range (Initial_Value, Final_Value, Step_Value):

.... Statement-1
.... Statement-2

.... ---------------

.... ---------------

.... Statement-N

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 EXAMPLES

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 EXAMPLES

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 for…in( ) OR for…in[ ] LOOP STATEMENT

 It iterates over a collection of items, such as list or

dictionary, and run a block of code with each element
from the collection.
 Syntax:
for variable_name in (item1, item2,.......):
....
Statement(s)

(OR)

for variable_name in [item1, item2,.......]:

....
Statement(s)

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 EXAMPLES

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 EXAMPLES

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 while LOOP STATEMENT

 It is used to repeat (or iterative) one or more statements

as long as the test condition (expression) is True.
 Syntax (Single Statement):

while (Condition):
.... Statement

(OR)

while Condition:
.... Statement

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 while LOOP STATEMENT

 Syntax (Multiple Statements):

while (Condition):
....
Statement-1
....
---------------
....
Statement-N

(OR)
while Condition:
.... Statement-1

.... ---------------

....
Statement-N
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 EXAMPLE

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 QUESTIONS
1. Print the even series and the odd series from 1 to ‘N’.
2. Print the even series and its sum, and the odd series and its sum from 1 to ‘N’.
3. Read any ‘N’ numbers. Then print the sum and the average.
4. Read ‘N’ numbers. Then print the even numbers sum and the odd numbers
sum.
5. Read ‘N’ numbers. Then count number of positives, negatives and zeros.
6. Read ‘N’ numbers. Then find the sum of even numbers and its average, and
the sum of odds and its average.
7. Read a number. Then print its factorial.
8. Read a number. Then check whether it is Prime Number or Not.
9. Read a number. Then check whether it is Perfect Number or Not.
[Link] a number. Then print the sum of digits.
[Link] ‘N’ integers. Then display total numbers of single digit, double digits
and triple digits.
14. Read a number and reverse it.
15. Read three integers. Print the series from Smallest to Largest Number.
16. Read ‘N’ numbers. Then print the smallest and largest number.
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 QUESTIONS
17. Read a number. Then check whether it is Armstrong Number or Not.
18. Read a number. Then print the sum of unit digit and the last digit.
Example:
Input:
Enter a Number = 12457
Output:
(Last Digit + Unit Digit Sum) = 8
19. Read a number. Then print the even position digits sum and odd
position digits sum.
Example:
Input:
Enter a Number = 12457
Output:
Even Position Digits Sum = 7
Odd Position Digits Sum = 12
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 NESTED for…in range( ) LOOP

Syntax:

for variable_name in range(Initial_Value, Final_Value):

.... Statement(s)

.... for variable_name in range(Initial_Value, Final_Value):

.... .... Statement(s)

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 EXAMPLE-1

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 EXAMPLE-2

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 EXAMPLE-3

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 EXAMPLE-4

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 EXAMPLE-5

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 EXAMPLE-5

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 QUESTIONS

1. Print first 'n' natural numbers multiplication table.

2. Print all the prime numbers from 1 to N.
3. Print all the Armstrong Numbers from 1 to 500.
4. Print the Number and its sum of digits from 100 to 200 with step
value 5.
5. Print all the Prime Numbers from M to N, where M is the first
value, N is the last value and M<=N.

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NESTED while LOOP

Syntax:

while(Outer_Condition):
.... Statement(s)

.... while(Inner_Condition):

.... .... Statement(s)

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 EXAMPLE

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 LOOP
CONTROL
STATEMENTS

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 break STATEMENT

 The break statement stops execution of the statement(s)

of the loop and brings the control out of the loop.
 Syntax:
if(Condition):
....
break

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 EXAMPLE

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 continue STATEMENT

 The continue statement skips the statement(s) for

execution of the loop and sends the control back to the
loop.
 Syntax:
if(Condition):
....
continue

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 EXAMPLE

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 pass STATEMENT

 It is used when we want to do nothing when the condition

is satisfied.
 It doesn’t skip or stop the execution; it just passes the
control to the next iteration.
 Syntax:
if(Condition):
.... pass

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 EXAMPLE

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 BUILT-IN
FUNCTIONS

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Sl.
Function Description Example
No.
Returns the absolute
1. abs( )
value of a number.
Returns the binary
2. bin( )
version of a number.
Returns the Boolean
3. bool( ) value of the specified
object.
Convert an ASCII Code
4. chr( )
to the ASCII Character
Returns a complex
5. complex()
number.

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Sl.
Function Description Example
No.
Returns the quotient and
the remainder when
6. divmod( )
argument1 is divided by
argument2.
Evaluates and executes
7. eval( )
an expression.
Executes the specified
8. exec( )
statement.
Returns a floating point
9. float( )
number.
Converts a number into
10. hex( )
a hexadecimal value.
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Sl.
Function Description Example
No.

11. input ( ) Allows user input.

Returns an integer
12. int ( )
number.
Returns the length of an
13. len ( )
object.
Returns the largest item
14. max ( )
in an iterable.
Returns the smallest
15. min ( )
item in an iterable.
Converts a number into
16. oct ( )
an octal.
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Sl.
Function Description Example
No.
Convert an ASCII
17. ord ( ) Character to the
equivalent ASCII Code.
Returns the value of x to
18. pow ( )
the power of y.
Prints to the standard
19. print ( )
output device.
Returns a sequence of
range ( ) numbers, starting from
20. [with for
0 and increments by 1
loop]
(by default).

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Sl.
Function Description Example
No.
To verify an element
present in a range of
21. range ( ) values. If present then
returns True; Otherwise
returns False.

22. round ( ) Rounds a numbers.

23. str ( ) Returns a string object.

Returns the type of an

24. type ( )
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 math MODULE

 Python has a built-in module called math, which

extends the list of mathematical methods.

 To use it, you must import the math module:

import math

 When you have imported the math module, you can

start using methods and constants of the module.

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Sl.
Method Description Example
No.
Rounds a number up to
1. [Link]( )
the nearest integer.
Returns E raised to the
2. [Link]( )
power of x.
Returns the absolute
3. [Link]( )
value of a number.
Returns the factorial of a
4. [Link]( )
number.
Rounds a number down
5. [Link]( )
to the nearest integer.

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Sl.
Method Description Example
No.
Returns the remainder of
6. [Link]( ) x/y.

Returns the greatest

7. [Link]( ) common divisor of two
integers.
Returns the value of x to
8. [Link]( )
the power of y.
Returns the square root
9. [Link]( )
of a number.

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 USER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS
 A function groups related statements that can be called
together, that typically perform a specific task.

 The function may or may not take a set of parameters.

 The function may or may not have a return a value.

 The def statement is used to define a function. This

statement is also called single clause compound
statement.

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 USER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS
 Return Type of a Function: Python functions explicitly
declare a return type of the function.
 Python functions can return values of any type via the
return keyword.
 A function can return any number of data types.
 Syntax of return:
return Expression-1, Expression-2, ……..
 A function that reaches the end of execution without a
return statement will always return None and such
functions are called as void function.
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 USER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS
 Syntax (Single Statement):
def function_name (Parameter(s)):
.... Statement

 Syntax (Multiple Statements):

def function_name (Parameter(s)):
....
Statement-1
.... Statement-2

.... ---------------

 function_name is known as the identifier of the function.

 Parameter(s) is an optional list of identifiers that get assigned
with the values supplied as arguments when the function is called.
 A function may have an arbitrary number of arguments which are
separated by commas.
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 NO ARGUMENT, NO RETURN VALUE

FUNCTION DEFINITION

FUNCTION CALLING

CNU( ) Function is a void function since it has no return value.

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NO ARGUMENT, RETURN VALUE

FUNCTION DEFINITION

FUNCTION CALLING

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 ARGUMENT, NO RETURN VALUE

FUNCTION DEFINITION

FUNCTION CALLING

sum_avg(a, b, c) Function is a void function since it has no return

value.
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ARGUMENT, RETURN VALUE
FUNCTION DEFINITION

FUNCTION CALLING

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 PROGRAM -1

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 PROGRAM -1

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 OUTPUT

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 PROGRAM -2

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 PROGRAM -2

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 OUTPUT

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 RETURNING MULTIPLE
VALUES FROM A FUNCTION

 A user-defined function can return more than one value in the form
of a tuple.
 Syntax of Function Definition:
def Function_Name(Argument(s), if any):
.... Statement-1

.... Statement-2

....
---------------
....
Statement-N
....
return value-1, value-2,......., value-n

 Syntax of calling the Function:

variable-1, variable-2,...., variable-n = Function_Name(Argument(s), if any)

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 PROGRAM-1

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 PROGRAM -1

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 OUTPUT

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 PROGRAM-2

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 PROGRAM-2

OUTPUT

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 QUESTIONS
(USING USER-DEFINED FUNCTION)

1. Find the series sum from 1 to N.

2. Read a number. Then check the number is Prime or Not.
3. Read a number. Then print the number and its factorial.
4. Read a number. Then check the number is Armstrong or not.
5. Read a number. Then print the number and the sum of digits.
6. Read a number. Then check the number is a Palindrome or Not.
7. Read two numbers. Then print its LCM.
8. Read two numbers. Then print its HCF.
9. Read a number. Print the sum of digits in single digit form.
(Example: 1235 = 1+2+3+5 = 11 = 1+1 = 2)
[Link] a number. Print the number and the reverse number.
[Link] any three numbers. Print its sum and average.

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 DEFAULT PARAMETERS / ARGUMENTS

 The function formal arguments / parameters are

assigned with some default values.
 When the function is called without
argument/parameter, the formal argument consider its
default value.
 The default values are assigned in the formal arguments
from right to left direction.
 Syntax (Function Definition):
def FunctionName(Variable-1=value-1, Variable-2=Value-2, .…)
Statement(s)
....

 Syntax (Function Calling):

Function_Name(Argument-1, Argument-2,…….)
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 EXAMPLE

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 FUNCTION WITH AN ARBITRARY
NUMBER OF ARGUMENTS
 Define a function that is capable of taking an arbitrary number
of arguments can be done by prefixing one of the arguments
with a *.
 Syntax (Function Definition):
def Function_Name(*Argument):
.... Statement-1

.... ---------------

.... Statement-N

 Syntax (Function Calling):

Function_Name(Argument-1, Argument-2, …….)

 The Argument will be a tuple containing all the values that are
passed in by calling the function.
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 EXAMPLE-1

OUTPUT

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 EXAMPLE-2

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 OUTPUT

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 EXAMPLE-3

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 FUNCTION WITH AN ARBITRARY NUMBER
OF KEYWORD ARGUMENTS
 An arbitrary number of arguments with a name by defining an
argument in the function definition with two * prefix it.

 Syntax (Function Definition):

def
.... Function_Name(**Argument):
.... Statement-1

.... ---------------

Statement-N
 The Argument will be a dictionary containing the names as
keys and the values as values.

 Syntax (Function Calling):

Function_Name(Variable1=Value1, Variable2=Value2, …….)
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 EXAMPLE

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SCOPE AND LIFETIME
OF VARIABLES

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 LOCAL VARIABLES

 The variable(s) are created in a function are scoped only

to that function and are not accessible or visible outside
of the function.

 These variables are referred to as local variables since

they are local to the function.

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 EXAMPLE

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 GLOBAL VARIABLES

 Any variables declared in a program in python are

considered as global variable.

 To use any global variable inside a function definition,

then the keyword global must prefix the global variable
name.

 Syntax: global variable_name

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 EXAMPLE-1

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 EXAMPLE-2

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 EXAMPLE-3

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 EXAMPLE-4

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 OUTPUT

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 NON-LOCAL VARIABLES

 Local variables are local to a specific function; even

functions defined within another function cannot
modify the outer functions local variables.
 To modify the local variable of outer function inside the
inner function, then outer function’s local variable must
prefix the keyword nonlocal with the outer function’s
local variable.
 Syntax: nonlocal outer_function_local_variable
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 EXAMPLE-1

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 EXAMPLE-2

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 COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS

 The arguments that are given after the name of the Python
script are known as Command Line Arguments at the
command line while running the program.
 Input function is not used in the script.
 Three Python modules are used in parsing and managing
the command line arguments:
• sys Module
• getopt Module
• argparse Module
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 COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS
 sys Module
• The sys module provides functions and variables used to
manipulate different parts of the Python Runtime Environment.
• This module provides access to some variables used or
maintained by the interpreter.
 To run the Python script at the command prompt, then type
python script_name.py Data-1 Data-2 …… Data-N 

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 EXAMPLE-1

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 EXAMPLE-2

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 

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 EXCEPTION HANDLING

 Errors might disrupt the normal execution of the program and are
called exceptions.
 An exception is a Python object that represents an error.
 When an error occurs during the execution of a program, an
exception is said to have been raised.
 Such an exception needs to be handled by the programmer so that
the program does not terminate abnormally.
 Examples:
Trying to open a file that does not exist.
Division by zero and so on.
 There are two types of exceptions such as BUILT-IN
EXCEPTIONS and USER-DEFINED EXCEPTIONS.
 Exception problem is solved by using try and except statements.

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 BUILT-IN EXCEPTION

Sl.
EXCEPTION DESCRIPTION
No.
1. Exception Base class for all exceptions.
2. SystemExit Raised by the [Link]( ) function.
Base class for all errors that occur for numeric
3. ArithmeticError
calculation.
It is raised when there is an error in the syntax of
4. SyntaxError
the Python code.
It is raised when the denominator in a division
5. ZeroDivisionError
operation is zero.
It is raised when the index or subscript in a
6. IndexError
sequence is out of range.
It is raised when a built-in method receives an
7. ValueError
argument of mismatched or inappropriate values.
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 try...except...else SYNTAX
(except clause with no EXCEPTION)

try:
# Statement(s)
except:
# Statement(s)
else:
# Statement(s)

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 EXAMPLE

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try...except...else SYNTAX

try:
# Statement(s)
except Exception-1:
# Exception-1 Statement(s)
except Exception-2:
# Exception-2 Statement(s)
--------------------------------------
else:
# Statement(s)

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 EXAMPLE

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 try...except...else SYNTAX
(except clause with multiple EXCEPTION)

try:
# Statement(s)
except (Exception-1, [Exception-2, ........., Exception-N]):
# Statement(s)
else:
# Statement(s)

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 EXAMPLE

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 try...finally SYNTAX
 It is an optional clause.
 The statements inside the finally block are always executed
regardless of whether an exception is occurred in the try block or
not.
 It should always be placed at the end of try clause.

try:
# Statement(s)
except Exception-1:
# Statement(s)
except Exception-2:
# Statement(s)
-------------------------
finally:
# Statement(s)
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 EXAMPLE

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