554 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and calorimetry

f
'

- Chapter

12
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry
Temperature (8) NTP or STP implies 273.15K (0°C = 32°F)

Scales of Temperature

Boiling 212°F 100°C 373 K

water

Freezing 32°F 0°C 273 K

water

Temperature is defined as the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.

The natural flow of heat is from higher temperature to lower temperature.
Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin
Two bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium with each other, Fig. 12.1
The centigrade (°C), Farenheite (°F), Kelvin (K), Reaumer (R),
when no heat flows from one body to the other. That is when both the
Rankine (Ra) are commonly used temperature scales.
bodies are at the same temperature.
(1) To construct a scale of temperature, two fixed points are taken.
(1) Temperature is one of the seven fundamental quantities with
First fixed point is the freezing point (ice point) of water, it is called lower
dimension [ ]. It is a scalar physical quantity with S.I. unit kelvin. fixed point (LFP). The second fixed point is the boiling point (steam point)
(2) When heat is given to a body and its state does not change, the of water, it is called upper fixed point (UFP).
temperature of the body rises and if heat is taken from a body its (2) Celsius scale : In this scale LFP (ice point) is taken 0° and UFP
temperature falls i.e. temperature can be regarded as the effect of cause (steam point) is taken 100°. The temperature measured on this scale all in
“heat”. degree Celsius (°C).
(3) According to kinetic theory of gases, temperature (macroscopic (3) Farenheite scale : This scale of temperature has LFP as 32° F and
physical quantity) is a measure of average translational kinetic energy of a UFP as 212°F. The change in temperature of 1° F corresponds to a change
molecule (microscopic physical quantity). of less than 1° on Celsius scale.
(4) Although the temperature of a body can to be raised without limit, (4) Kelvin scale : The Kelvin temperature scale is also known as
it cannot be lowered without limit and theoretically limiting low thermodynamic scale. The triple point of water is also selected to be the
temperature is taken to be zero of the kelvin scale. zero of scale of temperature. The temperature measured on this scale are
(5) Highest possible temperature achieved in laboratory is about 10 K 8 in Kelvin (K).
while lowest possible temperature attained is 10 K. –8

The triple point of water is that point on a P-T diagram where the
(6) Temperature of the core of the sun is 10 K while that of its surface
7 three phases of water, the solid, the liquid and the gas, can coexist in
is 6000 K. equilibrium.

(7) Normal temperature of human body is 310. 15 K (37°C = 98.6°F). Table 12.1 : Different measuring scales
El 556 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and calorimetry
(4) Thermoelectric thermometers : These are based on “Seebeck
effect” according to which when two distinct metals are joined to form a
closed circuit called thermocouple and the difference in temperature is
maintained between their junctions, an emf is developed. The emf is called
thermo-emf and if one junction is at 0°C, thermoelectric emf varies with
temperature of hot junction (t) according to e = at + bt ; where a and b are
2

constants.
G

Fe When matter is heated without any change in it’s state, it usually

Cu expands. According to atomic theory of matter, a symmetry in potential
energy curve is responsible for thermal expansion. As with rise in
temperature the amplitude of vibration and hence energy of atoms
increases, hence the average distance between the atoms increases. So the
Hot Ice
matter as a whole expands.
(1) Thermal expansion is minimum in case of solids but maximum in
case of gases because intermolecular force is maximum in solids but
Fig. 12.2
Thermoelectric thermometers have low thermal capacity and high minimum in gases.
thermal conductivity, so can be used to measure quickly changing
temperature (2) Solids can expand in one dimension (linear expansion), two
dimension (superficial expansion) and three dimension (volume expansion)
Table 12.2 : Different temperature range while liquids and gases usually suffers change in volume only.
Thermo couple Temperature range (3) Linear expansion : When a solid is heated and it's length increases,
Copper-iron thermocouple 0°C to 260°C then the expansion is called linear expansion.
L0 L0 + L = L
Iron-constantan thermocouple 0°C to 800°C

Tungsten-molybdenum thermocouple 2000oC to 3000°C

(A) Before heating - (B) After heating

Fig. 12.4
(5) Pyrometers : These are the devices used to measure the
(i) Change in length  L = L T
temperature by measuring the intensity of radiations received from the 0

body. They are based on the fact that the amount of radiations emitted (L = Original length, T = Temperature change)
0

from a body per unit area per second is directly proportional to the fourth
(ii) Final length L = L (1 + T)
power of temperature (Stefan’s law). 0

L
Telescope (iii) Co-efficient of linear expansion  
L0 T
-�----
Radiations
Lamp (iv) Unit of  is C 1 or K 1 . It's dimension is [ 1 ]
-
- (4) Superficial (areal) expansion : When the temperature of a 2D
Red glass object is changed, it's area changes, then the expansion is called superficial
filter expansion.
A
- - -,
f

L0
Fig. 12.3
Et i
f

(i) These can be used to measure temperatures ranging from 800°C to

f

L
f

1
6000°C. L0
• f

(ii) They cannot measure temperature below 800° C because the f

f
j
amount of radiations is too small to be measured. f

L
(6) Vapour pressure thermometer : These are used to measure very
'
f

_______ !

low temperatures. They are based on the fact that saturated vapour Fig. 12.5
pressure P of a liquid depends on the temperature according to the relation (i) Change in area is A = A T 0

c (A = Original area, T = Temperature change)

log P  a  bT  0

T
(ii) Final area A = A (1 + T)
The range of these thermometers varies from 0.71 K to 120 K for
0

different liquid vapours. A

(iii) Co-efficient of superficial expansion  
Thermal Expansion A0 T

(iv) Unit of  is °C or K .
–1 –1
 558 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and calorimetry

 stress  expands less) but later on, it starts rising due to faster expansion of the
So Thermal stress  Y   AsY  strain  liquid.
 
R
or Force on the supports F  YA   P
Q PQ  represents expansion of vessel
(4) Error in scale reading due to expansion or contraction : If a scale ,
, ,
,
QR  represents the real
expansion of liquid
gives correct reading at temperature , at temperature  (  ) due to
, ,

PR  Represent the apparent

, ,
,
, ,
linear expansion of scale, the scale will expand and scale reading will be ,, , expansion of liquid
lesser than true value so that,
True value = Scale reading [1   (    )]

i.e. TV  SR [1    ] with   (    ) Fig. 12.11

(3) The actual increase in the volume of the liquid = The apparent
0 a 0 SR a 0 a SR increase in the volume of liquid + the increase in the volume of the vessel.
(4) Liquids have two coefficients of volume expansion.
(i) Co-efficient of apparent expansion ( ) : It is due to apparent (that
a

appears to be, but is not) increase in the volume of liquid if expansion of

at  at  >  at  <  vessel containing the liquid is not taken into account.
TV = SR TV > SR TV < SR
Apparent expansion in volume (V )a
Fig. 12.9 a  
However, if     , due to contraction of scale, scale reading will be Initial volume   V  
more than true value, so true value will be lesser than scale reading and will (ii) Co-efficient of real expansion ( ) : It is due to the actual increase
r

still be given by above equation with   (    ) negative. in volume of liquid due to heating.
Real increase in volume (V )r
(5) Expansion of cavity : Thermal expansion of an isotropic object may r  
be imagined as a photographic enlargement. So if there is a hole A in a Initial volume   V  
plate C (or cavity A inside a body C), the area of hole (or volume of cavity) (V )Vessel
(iii) Also coefficient of expansion of flask  Vessel 
will increase when body expands on heating, just as if the hole (or cavity) V  
were solid B of the same material. Also the expansion of area (or volume) of (iv)  Real   Apparent   Vessel
the body C will be independent of shape and size of hole (or cavity), i.e.,
(v) Change (apparent change) in volume in liquid relative to vessel is
will be equal to that of D.
Vapp  V  app  = V( Real   Vessel )  V( r  3 )

I
 = Coefficient of linear expansion of the vessel.
a A r r a
B D Table 12.4 : Different level of liquid in vessel

C I  V Level
b b Level of liquid in
Expansion of A = Expansion of B Expansion of C = Expansion of D  Real   Vessel (=3)  app  0 Vapp is positive vessel will rise on
heating.
Fig. 12.10
Level of liquid in
(6) Some other application  Real   Vessel (=3)  app  0 Vapp is negative vessel will fall on
heating.
(i) When rails are laid down on the ground, space is left between the
level of liquid in
ends of two rails.  Real   Vessel (=3)  app  0 Vapp  0 vessel will remain
same.
(ii) The transmission cable are not tightly fixed to the poles.
(iii) Test tubes, beakers and crucibles are made of pyrex-glass or silica (5) Anomalous expansion of water : Generally matter expands on
because they have very low value of coefficient of linear expansion. heating and contracts on cooling. In case of water, it expands on heating if
its temperature is greater than 4°C. In the range 0°C to 4°C, water
(iv) The iron rim to be put on a cart wheel is always of slightly smaller contracts on heating and expands on cooling, i.e.  is negative. This
diameter than that of wheel. behaviour of water in the range from 0°C to 4°C is called anomalous
expansion.
(v) A glass stopper jammed in the neck of a glass bottle can be taken
out by warming the neck of the bottle This anomalous behaviour of water causes ice to form first at the
surface of a lake in cold weather. As winter approaches, the water
Thermal Expansion in Liquids temperature increases initially at the surface. The water there sinks because
of its increased density. Consequently, the surface reaches 0°C first and the
(1) Liquids do not have linear and superficial expansion but these only lake becomes covered with ice. Aquatic life is able to survive the cold winter
have volume expansion. as the lake bottom remains unfrozen at a temperature of about 4°C.
(2) Since liquids are always to be heated along with a vessel which At 4°C, density of water is maximum while its specific volume is
contains them so initially on heating the system (liquid + vessel), the level of minimum.
liquid in vessel falls (as vessel expands more since it absorbs heat and liquid
max
min
Anomalous

I
behaviour

Anomalous
behaviour
vol/mass

Density

0°C 4°C Temperature 0°C 4°C Temperature

(A) (B)
Fig. 12.12
 560 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and calorimetry

Specific Heat of Solids (3) The variation of specific heat with temperature for water is shown
in the figure. Usually this temperature dependence of specific heat is
When a solid is heated through a small range of temperature, its neglected.
volume remains more or less constant. Therefore specific heat of a solid
may be called its specific heat at constant volume C . V
I
1.0089

Sp. heat cal/g C°

Y 3R 1.004
CV 1.000
0.996
20 40 60 80 100
Temp. in °C
X
T Debye temp. (4) As specific heat of water is Fig.
very12.14
large; by absorbing or releasing
large amount of heat its temperature changes by small amount. This is why,
Fig. at
(1) From the graph it is clear that 12.13
T = 0, C tends to zero it is used in hot water bottles or as coolant in radiators.
V

(2) With rise in temperature, C increases and at a particular Specific Heat of Gases
V

temperature (called Debey's temperature) it becomes constant = 3R = 6

(1) In case of gases, heat energy supplied to a gas is spent not only in
cal/mole  kelvin = 25 J/mole  kelvin raising the temperature of the gas but also in expansion of gas against
(3) For most of the solids, Debye temperature is close to room atmospheric pressure.
temperature. (2) Hence specific heat of a gas, which is the amount of heat energy
required to raise the temperature of one gram of gas through a unit degree
(4) Dulong and Petit law : Average molar specific heat of all metals at shall not have a single or unique value.
room temperature is constant, being nearly equal to 3R = 6 cal. mole K = –1 –1

(3) If the gas is compressed suddenly and no heat is supplied from

25 J mole K , where R is gas constant for one mole of the gas. This
outside i.e. Q = 0, but the temperature of the gas raises on the account of
–1 –1

statement is known as Dulong and Petit law. compression.

(5) Debey's law : It was observed that at very low temperature molar Q 0
 c  0
specific heat  T 3 (exception are Sn, Pb and Pt) m( ) m 

cal (4) If the gas is heated and allowed to expand at such a rate that rise
(6) Specific heat of ice : In C.G.S. cice  0 .5 in temperature due to heat supplied is exactly equal to fall in temperature
gm  C
due to expansion of the gas. i.e.  = 0
cal Joule
In S.I. c  500  2100 .  c
Q

Q

kg  C kg  C
ice

m( ) 0
Table 12.5 : Specific heat of some solids at room temperature and atmospheric (5) If rate of expansion of the gas were slow, the fall in temperature of
pressure the gas due to expansion would be smaller than the rise in temperature of
Substance Specific heat Molar specific heat the gas due to heat supplied. Therefore, there will be some net rise in
(J-kg–1 K–1) (J-g mole–1 K–1) temperature of the gas i.e. T will be positive.
Aluminium 900.0 24.4 Q
 c  Positive
Copper 386.4 24.5 m ( )
Silver 236.1 25.5
(6) If the gas were to expand very fast, fall of temperature of gas due
Lead 127.7 26.5 to expansion would be greater than rise in temperature due to heat
Tungsten 134.4 24.9 supplied. Therefore, there will be some net fall in temperature of the gas i.e.
 will be negative.
Specific Heat of Liquid (Water) Q
 c  Negative
(1) Among all known solids and liquids specific heat of water is m( )
maximum i.e. water takes more time to heat and more time to cool w.r.t. Hence the specific heat of gas can have any positive value ranging
other solids and liquids. from zero to infinity. Further it can even be negative. The exact value
(2) It is observed that by increasing temperature, initially specific heat depends upon the mode of heating the gas. Out of many values of specific
of water goes on decreasing, becomes minimum at 37° C and then it start heat of a gas, two are of special significance, namely C and C , in the P V

increasing. Specific heat of water is – chapter “Kinetic theory of gases” we will discussed this topic in detail.
1 cal cal J Specific heat of steam : c steam  0.47 cal / gm  C
 1000  4200
gm  C kg  C kg  C
Phase Change and Latent Heat
(This value is obtained between the temperature 14.5°C to 15.5°C)
 562 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and calorimetry
removed, it freezes again. This phenomenon is called regelation. S.V.P. at dew point
R.H.(%)   100
(3) Vaporisation/liquefication (condensation) : The phase change from S.V. P. at given temperatu re
liquid to vapour is called vaporisation. The reverse transition is called (10) Variation of melting point with pressure : For those substances
liquefication or condensation. with contract on melting (e.g. water and rubber), the melting point
decreases with pressure. The reason is the pressure helps shrinking and
(4) Sublimation : Sublimation is the conversion of a solid directly into hence melting. Most substances expand on melting. (e.g. max, sulpher etc.)
vapours. Sublimation takes place when boiling point is less than the melting
point. A block of ice sublimates into vapours on the surface of moon An increase of pressure opposes the melting of such substances and
their melting point is raised.
because of very very low pressure on its surface. Heat required to change
unit mass of solid directly into vapours at a given temperature is called heat (11) Variation of latent heat with temperature and pressure : The
of sublimation at that temperature. latent heat of vapourization of a substance varies with temperature and
hence pressure because the boiling point depends on pressure. It
(5) Hoar frost : Direct conversion of vapours into solid is called hoar increases as the temperature is decreased. For example, water at 1 atm
frost. This process is just reverse of the boils at 100°C and has latent heat 2259 Jg but at 0.5 atm it boils at 82°C
–1

process of sublimation, e.g., formation and has latent heat 2310 Jg –1

of snow by freezing of clouds.

P P Critical point
Critical point

Fusion
L L
I /
Vaporization Vaporization
(6) Vapour pressure : When the S
Fig. 12.18
space above a liquid is closed, it soon S Triple point
Triple point
becomes saturated with vapour and a dynamic equilibrium is established. V
The pressure exerted by this vapour is called Saturated Vapour Pressure V
The latent heat of fusion shows
T
similar but less pronounced pressure
T
(S.V.P.) whose value depends only on the temperature – it is independent of dependence.
any external pressure. If the volume of the space is reduced, some vapour Fig. 12.20for (a) a substance (e.g., water)
The figures show the P-T graphs
liquefies, but the pressure is unchanged.
which contracts on melting an (b) a substance (e.g. wax) which expands on
A saturated vapour does not obey the gas law whereas the unsaturated melting. The P-T graph consists of three curves.
vapour obeys them fairly well. However, a vapour differs from a gas in that (i) Sublimation curve which connects points at which vapour (V) and
the former can be liquefied by pressure alone, whereas the latter cannot be solid (S) exist in equilibrium.
liquefied unless it is first cooled. (ii) Vapourization curve which shows vapour and liquid (L) existing in
(7) Boiling : As the temperature of a liquid is increased, the rate of equilibrium.
evaporation also increases. A stage is (iii) Fusion curve which shows liquid and solid existing in equilibrium.
reached when bubbles of vapour start The three curves meet at a single point which is called the triple point.
forming in the body of the liquid It is that unique temperature-pressure point for a substance at which all the
which rise to the surface and escape. A three phases exist in equilibrium.
liquid boils at a temperature at which (12) Freezing mixture : If salt is added to ice, then the temperature of
the S.V.P. is equal to the external mixture drops down to less than 0°C. This is so because, some ice melts
pressure. down to cool the salt to 0°C. As a result, salt gets dissolved in the water
formed and saturated solution of salt is obtained; but the ice point (freeing
It is a fast process. The boiling point Fig. 12.19 point) of the solution formed is always less than that of pure water. So, ice
changes on mixing impurities. cannot be in the solid state with the salt solution at 0°C. The ice which is in
(8) Dew point : It is that temperature at which the mass of water contact with the solution, starts melting and it absorbs the required latent
vapour present in a given volume of air is just sufficient to saturate it, i.e. heat from the mixture, so the temperature of mixture falls down.
the temperature at which the actual vapour pressure becomes equal to the Joule's Law (Heat and Mechanical Work)
saturated vapuor pressure.
(9) Humidity : Atmospheric air always contains some water vapour.
The mass of water vapour per unit volume is called absolute humidity.
The ratio of the mass of water vapour (m) actually present in a given
volume of air to the mass of water vapour (M) required to saturate the
same volume at the same temperature is called the relative humidity (R.H.).
m
Generally, it is expressed as a percentage, i.e., R.H.(%)   100(%)
M
R.H. May also be defined as the ratio of the actual vapour pressure (p)
Whenever heat is converted into mechanical work or mechanical work is
p
of water at the same temperature, i.e. R.H.(%)   100(%) converted into heat, then the ratio of work done to heat produced always
P
W
Thus R.H. may also be defined as remains constant. i.e. W  Q or J
Q
 564 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and calorimetry

the atmosphere to melt down.

So, in the mountains, when
snow falls, one does not feel
too cold, but when ice melts, he feels too cold.

(1) In the region OA temperature of solid is changing with time so,  There is more shivering effect of ice-cream on teeth as compared to
that of water
Q  mc S T  P t  mc S T [as Q = Pt]
(obtained from ice).
But as (T/t) is the slope of temperature-time curve This is because, when ice-cream
1 melts down, it absorbs large
cs 
Slope of line OA amount of heat from teeth.
i.e. specific heat (or thermal capacity) is inversely proportional to the  Branch of physics dealing with production and measurement of
slope of temperature-time curve. temperatures close to 0K is known as cryogenics while that dealing with
the measurement of very high temperature is called as pyrometry.
(2) In the region AB temperature is constant, so it represents change
of state, i.e., melting of solid with melting point T . At A melting starts and
1
 It is more painful to get burnt by steam rather than by boiling
at B all solid is converted into liquid. So between A and B substance is water at same temperature. This is so because when steam at 100°C gets
partly solid and partly liquid. If L is the latent heat of fusion. Q  mL F or
F converted to water at 100°C, then it gives out 536 calories of heat. So, it
P(t 2  t1 ) is clear that steam at 100°C has more heat than water at 100°C (i.e.,
LF  [as Q  P(t 2  t1 ) ] boiling of water).
m

or L  length of line AB  A solid and hollow sphere of same radius and material, heated to
the same temperature then expansion of both will be equal because
F

i.e. Latent heat of fusion is proportional to the length of line of zero thermal expansion of isotropic solids is similar to true photographic
1 enlargement. It means the expansion of cavity is same as if it has been a
slope. [In this region specific heat  ] solid body of the same material. But if same heat is given to the two
tan 0
spheres, due to lesser mass, rise in temperature of hollow sphere will be
(3) In the region BC temperature of liquid increases so specific heat
  Q 
(or thermal capacity) of liquid will be inversely proportional to the slope of more As     .
line BC   mc 

1 Hence its expansion will be more.

i.e., c L 
Slope of line BC  Specific heat of a substance can also be negative. Negative specific
heat means that in order to raise the temperature, a certain quantity of
(4) In the region CD temperature is constant, so it represents the
heat is to be withdrawn from the body.
change of state, i.e., boiling with boiling point T . At C all substance is in
2

liquid state while at D in vapour state and between C and D partly liquid e.g. Specific heat of saturated vapours.
and partly gas. The length of line CD is proportional to latent heat of
 Specific heat for hydrogen is maximum (3.5 cal / gm o C) and it
vaporisation
is minimum for radon and actinium ~ 0.022 cal / gm  C  .
i.e., L  Length of line CD [In this region specific heat 
V

1  The minimum possible temperature is 0 K.

]
tan 0  Amount of steam at 100°C required to just melt m gm of ice at 0°C
(5) The line DE represents gaseous state of substance with its is m/8 gm.
temperature increasing linearly with time. The reciprocal of slope of line will  If we put the beaker containing water in melting ice, the water in
be proportional to specific heat or thermal capacity of substance in vapour the beaker will cool to 0°C but will never freeze.
state.

Water

Tips& Tricks Melting Ice

 A pressure in excess of 25 atm is required to make helium solidfy.

 After snow falls, the temperature of the atmosphere becomes very At 1 atm pressure, helium remains a liquid down to absolute zero.
low. This is because  Boiling temperature of water, if pressure is different from normal
the snow absorbs the heat from pressure is t = [100°C – (760 – P in mm)  0.037]°C
Boiling
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry 567

7. The temperature of the sun is measured with 18. One quality of a thermometer is that its heat capacity should be
small. If P is a mercury thermometer, Q is a resistance thermometer
[Pb. PMT 1998; CPMT 1998; Pb. PET 1997, 2001]
and R thermocouple type then [CPMT 1997]
(a) Platinum thermometer
(a) P is best, R worst (b) R is best, P worst
(b) Gas thermometer (c) R is best, Q worst (d) P is best, Q worst
(c) Pyrometer
19. Two thermometers are used to record the temperature of a room. If
(d) Vapour pressure thermometer the bulb of one is wrapped in wet hanky
8. Absolute temperature can be calculated by [AFMC 1994] [AFMC 1997]
(a) Mean square velocity (b) Motion of the molecule (a) The temperature recorded by both will be same
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above (b) The temperature recorded by wet-bulb thermometer will be
greater than that recorded by the other
9. Thermoelectric thermometer is based on
[CPMT 1993, 95; AFMC 1998] (c) The temperature recorded by dry-bulb thermometer will be
greater than that recorded by the other
(a) Photoelectric effect (b) Seeback effect
(d) None of the above
(c) Compton effect (d) Joule effect
20. The temperature of a body on Kelvin scale is found to be x K. When
10. Maximum density of H 2 O is at the temperature it is measured by Fahrenheit thermometer, it is found to be x°F,
then the value of x is
[CPMT 1996; Pb. PMT 1996]
[UPSEAT 2000; Pb. CET 2004]
(a) 32°F (b) 39.2°F
(a) 40 (b) 313
(c) 42°F (d) 4°F
(c) 574.25 (d) 301.25
11. The study of physical phenomenon at low temperatures (below
liquid nitrogen temperature) is called [CPMT 1992] 21. A centigrade and a Fahrenheit thermometer are dipped in boiling
water. The water temperature is lowered until the Fahrenheit
(a) Refrigeration (b) Radiation thermometer registers 140°. What is the fall in temperature as
(c) Cryogenics (d) Pyrometry registered by the Centigrade thermometer
12. ‘Stem Correction’ in platinum resistance thermometers are [CBSE PMT 1992; AIIMS 1998]
eliminated by the use of [AIIMS 1998] (a) 30° (b) 40°
(a) Cells (b) Electrodes (c) 60° (d) 80°
(c) Compensating leads (d) None of the above 22. At what temperature the centigrade (Celsius) and Fahrenheit,
13. The absolute zero is the temperature at which readings are the same
[AIIMS 1998] [RPMT 1997, 99, 2003; BHU 1997; MNR 1992;
(a) Water freezes DPMT 1998; CPMT 1995; UPSEAT 1999; KCET 2000]

(b) All substances exist in solid state (a) – 40° (b) + 40°
(c) Molecular motion ceases (c) 36.6° (d) – 37°
(d) None of the above 23. Standardisation of thermometers is obtained with
[CPMT 1996]
14. Absolute scale of temperature is reproduced in the laboratory by
making use of a [SCRA 1998] (a) Jolly’s thermometer
(a) Radiation pyrometer (b) Platinum resistance thermometer
(b) Platinum resistance thermometer (c) Thermocouple thermometer
(c) Constant volume helium gas thermometer (d) Gas thermometer
(d) Constant pressure ideal gas thermometer 24. The gas thermometers are more sensitive than liquid thermometers
15. Absolute zero (0 K) is that temperature at which because [CPMT 1993]

[AFMC 1993] (a) Gases expand more than liquids

(a) Matter ceases to exist (b) Gases are easily obtained
(b) Ice melts and water freezes (c) Gases are much lighter
(c) Volume and pressure of a gas becomes zero (d) Gases do not easily change their states
(d) None of these 25. Mercury thermometers can be used to measure temperatures upto
16. On which of the following scales of temperature, the temperature is [CBSE PMT 1992, 96; BHU 1998; UPSEAT 1998]
never negative [EAMCET 1997] (a) 100°C (b) 212°C
(a) Celsius (b) Fahrenheit (c) 360°C (d) 500°C
(c) Reaumur (d) Kelvin
26. A constant volume gas thermometer shows pressure reading of
17. The temperature on Celsius scale is 25°C. What is the corresponding 50cm and 90cm of mercury at 0°C and 100°C respectively. When the
temperature on the Fahrenheit scale
pressure reading is 60 cm of mercury, the temperature is
[AFMC 2001]
[MNR 1991; UPSEAT 2000; Pb. CET 2004]
(a) 40°F (b) 77°F
(c) 50°F (d) 45°F (a) 25°C (b) 40°C
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry 569

1 1 19. Density of substance at 0°C is 10 gm/cc and at 100°C, its density is

 t  86400  t  86400 9.7 gm/cc. The coefficient of linear expansion of the substance will
(c) 2 (d) 2 be
 t
2 t
1   1 [BHU 1996; Pb. PMT 1999; DPMT 1998, 2003]
 2  2
(a) 10 2
(b) 10 –2

10. When a bimetallic strip is heated, it [CBSE PMT 1990] (c) 10 –3

(d) 10 –4

(a) Does not bend at all 20. Coefficient of real expansion of mercury is 0.18  10 /°C. If the –3

(b) Gets twisted in the form of an helix density of mercury at 0°C is 13.6 gm/cc. its density at 473K is
(c) Bend in the form of an arc with the more expandable metal (a) 13.11 gm/cc (b) 26.22 gm/cc
outside (c) 52.11 gm/cc (d) None of these
(d) Bends in the form of an arc with the more expandable metal 21. The real coefficient of volume expansion of glycerine is 0.000597
inside per°C and linear coefficient of expansion of glass is 0.000009 per° C.
11. A solid ball of metal has a concentric spherical cavity within it. If the Then the apparent volume coefficient of expansion of glycerine is
ball is heated, the volume of the cavity will (a) 0.000558 per°C (b) 0.00057 per°C
[AFMC 1997; Orissa PMT 2004]
(c) 0.00027 per°C (d) 0.00066 per°C
(a) Increase (b) Decrease
22. A beaker is completely filled with water at 4°C. It will overflow if [EAMCET 199
(c) Remain unaffected (d) None of these (a) Heated above 4°C
12. A litre of alcohol weighs [AFMC 1994] (b) Cooled below 4°C
(a) Less in winter than in summer (c) Both heated and cooled above and below 4°C respectively
(b) Less in summer than in winter (d) None of the above
(c) Some both in summer and winter 23. The volume of a metal sphere increases by 0.24% when its
temperature is raised by 40°C. The coefficient of linear expansion of
(d) None of the above the metal is .......... °C [Kerala PMT 2005]
13. 5 litre of benzene weighs [MNR 1996] (a) 2  10 –5
(b) 6  10 –5

(a) More in summer than in winter (c) 2.1  10 –5

(d) 1.2  10 –5

(b) More in winter than in summer 24. Ratio among linear expansion coefficient (), areal expansion
(c) Equal in winter and summer coefficient () and volume expansion coefficient () is
(d) None of the above (a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 2 : 1
14. Water has maximum density at [Pb. PMT 1997] (c) 4 : 3 : 2 (d) None of these
(a) 0°C (b) 32°F 25. If on heating liquid through 80° C, the mass expelled is (1/100) of th

mass still remaining, the coefficient of apparent expansion of liquid

(c) – 4°C (d) 4°C
is [RPMT 2004]
15. At some temperature T, a bronze pin is a little large to fit into a
hole drilled in a steel block. The change in temperature required for (a) 1.25  10 /°C –4
(b) 12.5  10 /°C –4

an exact fit is minimum when

(c) 1.25  10 /°C –5
(b) None of these
[SCRA 1998]
26. In cold countries, water pipes sometimes burst, because
(a) Only the block is heated
(a) Pipe contracts
(b) Both block and pin are heated together
(c) Both block and pin are cooled together (b) Water expands on freezing
(d) Only the pin is cooled (c) When water freezes, pressure increases
16. If the length of a cylinder on heating increases by 2%, the area of its (d) When water freezes, it takes heat from pipes
base will increase by [CPMT 1993; BHU 1997] 27. A cylindrical metal rod of length L is shaped into a ring with a small
0

(a) 0.5% (b) 2% gap as shown. On heating the system

(c) 1% (d) 4% X

17. The volume of a gas at 20° C is 100 cm at normal pressure. If it is

3

heated to 100°C, its volume becomes 125 cm at the same pressure,

3

r
then volume coefficient of the gas at normal pressure is [Pb. PET 2002; DPMT 2001]
(a) 0.0015/°C (b) 0.0045/°C
(c) 0.0025/°C (d) 0.0033/°C (a) x decreases, r and d increase d
18. The coefficient of superficial expansion of a solid is 2  10 /°C. It's
–5
(b) x and r increase, d decreases
coefficient of linear expansion is [KCET 1999] (c) x, r and d all increase
(a) 4  10 /°C
–5
(b) 3  10 /°C –5
(d) Data insufficient to arrive at a conclusion
(c) 2  10 /°C
–5
(d) 1  10 /°C
–5
28. The length of a metallic rod is 5m at 0°C and becomes 5.01 m, on
heating upto 100°C. The linear expansion of the metal will be
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry 571

(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 8 (a) From 14.5°C to 15.5°C at 760 mm of Hg

(c) 1 : 4 (d) 2 : 1 (b) From 98.5°C to 99.5°C at 760 mm of Hg
16. Work done in converting one gram of ice at –10°C into steam at (c) From 13.5°C to 14.5°C at 76 mm of Hg
100°C is
(d) From 3.5°C to 4.5°C at 76 mm of Hg
[MP PET/PMT 1988; EAMCET (Med.) 1995; MP PMT 2003]
26. 100 gm of ice at 0°C is mixed with 100 g of water at 100°C. What
(a) 3045 J (b) 6056 J
will be the final temperature of the mixture
(c) 721 J (d) 616 J
[SCRA 1996; AMU 1999]
17. If mass energy equivalence is taken into account, when water is
cooled to form ice, the mass of water should (a) 10°C (b) 20°C
[AIEEE 2002] (c) 30°C (d) 40°C
(a) Increase (b) Remain unchanged 27. At atmospheric pressure, the water boils at 100°C. If pressure is
(c) Decrease (d) First increase then decrease reduced, it will boil at [MP PMT 1984]
18. Compared to a burn due to water at 100° C, a burn due to steam at (a) Higher temperature (b) Lower temperature
100°C is [KCET 1999; UPSEAT 1999] (c) At the same temperature (d) At critical temperature
(a) More dangerous (b) Less dangerous 28. A closed bottle containing water at 30° C is carried to the moon in a
(c) Equally dangerous (d) None of these space-ship. If it is placed on the surface of the moon, what will
19. 50 gm of copper is heated to increase its temperature by 10°C. If the happen to the water as soon as the lid is opened
same quantity of heat is given to 10 gm of water, the rise in its (a) Water will boil
temperature is (Specific heat of copper = 420 Joule-kg °C )
–1 –1
[EAMCET (Med.) 2000]
(b) Water will freeze
(a) 5°C (b) 6°C
(c) Nothing will happen on it
(c) 7°C (d) 8°C
20. Two liquids A and B are at 32°C and 24°C. When mixed in equal (d) It will decompose into H 2 and O2
masses the temperature of the mixture is found to be 28° C. Their
29. The thermal capacity of 40 gm of aluminium (specific heat = 0.2
specific heats are in the ratio of [DPMT 1996]
cal/gm/°C) is [CBSE PMT 1990]
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 2 : 3
(a) 40 cal/°C (b) 160 cal/°C
(c) 1 : 1 (d) 4 : 3
(c) 200 cal/°C (d) 8 cal/°C
21. A beaker contains 200 gm of water. The heat capacity of the beaker
30. If temperature scale is changed from °C to °F, the numerical value of
is equal to that of 20 gm of water. The initial temperature of water
specific heat will [CPMT 1984]
in the beaker is 20°C. If 440 gm of hot water at 92°C is poured in
it, the final temperature (neglecting radiation loss) will be nearest to[NSEP 1994] (a) Increases (b) Decreased
(a) 58°C (b) 68°C (c) Remains unchanged (d) None of the above
(c) 73°C (d) 78°C 31. By exerting a certain amount of pressure on an ice block, you
22. Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a body through (a) Lower its melting point
1K is called its (b) Make it melt at 0°C only
[KCET 1996; MH CET 2001; AIEEE 2002]
(c) Make it melt at a faster rate
(a) Water equivalent (b) Thermal capacity
(d) Raise its melting point
(c) Entropy (d) Specific heat
32. When we rub our palms they gets heated but to a maximum
23. A metallic ball and highly stretched spring are made of the same temperature because
material and have the same mass. They are heated so that they melt,
the latent heat required [AIIMS 2002]
(a) Heat is absorbed by our palm
(a) Are the same for both (b) Heat is lost in the environment
(b) Is greater for the ball (c) Produced of heat is stopped
(c) Is greater for the spring (d) None of the above
(d) For the two may or may not be the same depending upon the 33. A bullet moving with a uniform velocity v, stops suddenly after
metal hitting the target and the whole mass melts be m, specific heat S,
24. A liquid of mass m and specific heat c is heated to a temperature initial temperature 25°C, melting point 475°C and the latent heat L.
2T. Another liquid of mass m/2 and specific heat 2c is heated to a Then v is given by
temperature T. If these two liquids are mixed, the resulting [NCERT 1972]
temperature of the mixture is 2
1 mv
[EAMCET 1992] (a) mL  mS (475  25)  
2 J
(a) (2/3)T (b) (8/5)T
(c) (3/5)T (d) (3/2)T mv 2
(b) mS (475  25)  mL 
2J
25. Calorie is defined as the amount of heat required to raise
temperature of 1g of water by 1°C and it is defined under which of mv 2
the following conditions (c) mS (475  25)  mL 
J
[IIT-JEE (Screening) 2005]
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry 573

52. The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid becomes (c) 0°C (d) 50°C
equals to the external (atmospheric) pressure is its
62. During constant temperature, we feel colder on a day when the
[Kerala (Engg.) 2001] relative humidity will be [Pb. PMT 1996]
(a) Melting point (b) Sublimation point (a) 25% (b) 12.5%
(c) Critical temperature (d) Boiling point (c) 50% (d) 75%
53. When the pressure on water is increased the boiling temperature of
63. Which of the following is the unit of specific heat
water as compared to 100°C will be
[MH CET 2004]
[RPET 1999]
1
(a) Lower (a) J kg C (b) J / kg C
(b) The same
(c) kg C / J (d) J / kg C 2
(c) Higher
64. 50 gm of ice at 0°C is mixed with 50 gm of water at 80°C, final
(d) On the critical temperature temperature of mixture will be [DCE 2002]
54. Calorimeters are made of which of the following (a) 0°C (b) 40°C
[AFMC 2000] (c) 40°C (d) 4°C
(a) Glass (b) Metal 65. The freezing point of the liquid decreases when pressure is
(c) Wood (d) Either (a) or (c) increased, if the liquid [DCE 1995]
(a) Expands while freezing
55. Triple point of water is [CPMT 2002]
(b) Contracts while freezing
(a) 273.16°F (b) 273.16 K
(c) Does not change in volume while freezing
(c) 273.16°C (d) 273.16 R
(d) None of these
56. A liquid boils when its vapour pressure equals
66. The relative humidity on a day, when partial pressure of water
[MP PET 2002]
vapour is 0.012  10 5 Pa at 12°C is (take vapour pressure of
(a) The atmospheric pressure
water at this temperature as 0.016  10 5 Pa )
(b) Pressure of 76.0 cm column of mercury
[AIIMS 1998]
(c) The critical pressure
(a) 70% (b) 40%
(d) The dew point of the surroundings (c) 75% (d) 25%
57. The amount of work, which can be obtained by supplying 200 cal of 67. A hammer of mass 1kg having speed of 50 m/s, hit a iron nail of
heat, is [Pb. PET 2001, 03; BHU 2004] mass 200 gm. If specific heat of iron is 0.105 cal/gm°C and half the
energy is converted into heat, the raise in temperature of nail is
(a) 840 dyne (b) 840 W
(a) 7.1°C (b) 9.2°C
(c) 840 erg (d) 840 J
(c) 10.5°C (d) 12.1°C
58. How many grams of a liquid of specific heat 0.2 at a temperature 68. Latent heat of 1gm of steam is 536 cal/gm, then its value in joule/kg
40°C must be mixed with 100 gm of a liquid of specific heat of 0.5 is [RPMT 1999]
at a temperature 20°C, so that the final temperature of the mixture
becomes 32°C [Pb. PET 1999] (a) 2.25  10 6 (b) 2.25  10 3
(c) 2.25 (d) None
(a) 175 gm (b) 300 g
69. Which of the following has maximum specific heat
(c) 295 gm (d) 375 g
[RPMT 1999]
59. 1 g of a steam at 100°C melt how much ice at 0°C? (Latent heat of (a) Water (b) Alcohol
ice = 80 cal/gm and latent heat of steam = 540 cal/gm) [Pb. PET 2000]
(c) Glycerine (d) Oil
(a) 1 gm (b) 2 gm 70. 50 gm ice at 0°C in insulator vessel, 50g water of 100°C is mixed in
(c) 4 gm (d) 8 gm it, then final temperature of the mixture is (neglect the heat loss)
60. 5 g of ice at 0°C is dropped in a beaker containing 20 g of water at (a) 10°C (b) 0  Tm  20C
40°C. The final temperature will be [Pb. PET 2003] (c) 20°C (d) Above 20°C
(a) 32°C (b) 16°C 71. A stationary object at 4°C and weighing 3.5 kg falls from a height of
(c) 8°C (d) 24°C 2000 m on a snow mountain at 0°C. If the temperature of the object
just before hitting the snow is 0°C and the object comes to rest
61. One kilogram of ice at 0°C is mixed with one kilogram of water at
immediately (g  10 m / s 2 ) and (latent heat of
80°C. The final temperature of the mixture is
ice  3.5  10 joule / sec ), then the object will melt
5

(Take : specific heat of water  4200 J kg 1 K 1 , latent heat of ice

(a) 2 kg of ice (b) 200 gm of ice
 336 kJ kg 1 ) [KCET 2002] (c) 20 gm ice (d) 2 gm of ice
(a) 40°C (b) 60°C
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry 575

6. A steel scale measures the length of a copper wire as 80.0 cm, (c) It will start solidifying from the middle, upward and downward
at equal rates
when both are at 20C (the calibration temperature for scale).
What would be the scale read for the length of the wire when both (d) The whole mass will solidify simultaneously
6
are at 40C ? (Given  steel
 11  10 per°C and  copper
13. A substance of mass m kg requires a power input of P watts to
 17  10 6
per C ) remain in the molten state at its melting point. When the power is
turned off, the sample completely solidifies in time t sec. What is the
[CPMT 2004] latent heat of fusion of the substance
(a) 80.0096 cm (b) 80.0272 cm [IIT JEE 1992]
(c) 1 cm (d) 25.2 cm Pm Pt
(a) (b)
7. A bimetallic strip is formed out of two identical strips, one of t m
copper and other of brass. The coefficients of linear expansion of the m t
two metals are  C and  B . On heating, the temperature of the (c) (d)
Pt Pm
strip goes up by T and the strip bends to form an arc of radius of 14. Steam at 100ºC is passed into 1.1 kg of water contained in a
curvature R. Then R is calorimeter of water equivalent 0.02 kg at 15ºC till the temperature
[IIT-JEE (Screening) 1999] of the calorimeter and its contents rises to 80º C. The mass of the
steam condensed in kg is
(a) Proportional to T
[IIT 1995]
(b) Inversely proportional to T (a) 0.130 (b) 0.065
(c) Proportional to |  B   C | (c) 0.260 (d) 0.135
(d) Inversely proportional to |  B   C | 15. 2 kg of ice at – 20°C is mixed with 5 kg of water at 20°C in an
insulating vessel having a negligible heat capacity. Calculate the final
8. Two metal strips that constitute a thermostat must necessarily differ
mass of water remaining in the container. It is given that the specific
in their [IIT-JEE 1992]
heats of water and ice are 1 kcal/kg per °C and 0.5 kcal/kg/°C while
(a) Mass the latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg [IIT-JEE (Screening) 2003]
(b) Length (a) 7 kg (b) 6 kg
(c) Resistivity
(c) 4 kg (d) 2 kg
(d) Coefficient of linear expansion
16. Water of volume 2 litre in a container is heated with a coil of 1 kW
9. A metal ball immersed in alcohol weighs W1 at 0°C and W 2 at
at 27 C . The lid of the container is open and energy dissipates at
59°C. The coefficient of cubical expansion of the metal is less than
that of alcohol. Assuming that the density of metal is large rate of 160 J / s. In how much time temperature will rise from
compared to that of alcohol, it can be shown that 27 C to 77 C [Given specific heat of water is 4.2 kJ / kg ] [
[CPMT 1998]
(a) 8 min 20 s (b) 6 min 2 s
(a) W1  W2 (b) W1  W2 (c) 7 min (d) 14 min
(c) W1  W2 (d) W2  (W1 / 2) A lead bullet at 27°C just melts when stopped by an obstacle.
17.
Assuming that 25% of heat is absorbed by the obstacle, then the
10. The coefficient of volumetric expansion of mercury is
velocity of the bullet at the time of striking (M.P. of lead = 327° C,
18 × 10 /ºC. A thermometer bulb has a volume 10 m and cross
–5 –6 3

section of stem is 0.004 cm . Assuming that bulb is filled with

2
specific heat of lead = 0.03 cal/gm°C, latent heat of fusion of lead = 6
mercury at 0ºC then the length of the mercury column at 100ºC is [Pb. PMT 1998,cal/gm 1997,
DPMT and J2001]
= 4.2 joule/cal) [IIT 1981]

(a) 18.8 mm (b) 9.2 mm (a) 410 m/sec (b) 1230 m/sec
(c) 7.4 cm (d) 4.5 cm (c) 307.5 m/sec (d) None of the above
11. A piece of metal weight 46 gm in air, when it is immersed in the 18. If two balls of same metal weighing 5 gm and 10 gm strike with a
liquid of specific gravity 1.24 at 27º C it weighs target with the same velocity. The heat energy so developed is used
30 gm. When the temperature of liquid is raised to 42º C the metal for raising their temperature alone, then the temperature will be
piece weight 30.5 gm, specific gravity of the liquid at 42ºC is 1.20, higher
then the linear expansion of the metal will be (a) For bigger ball
[BHU 1995] (b) For smaller ball
(a) 3.316 × 10 /ºC –5
(b) 2.316 × 10 /ºC –5

(c) Equal for both the balls

(c) 4.316 × 10 /ºC –5
(d) None of these
(d) None is correct from the above three
12. It is known that wax contracts on solidification. If molten wax is
19. The temperature of equal masses of three different liquids A, B and
taken in a large vessel and it is allowed to cool slowly, then [CBSE PMT 1994]
C are 12ºC, 19ºC and 28ºC respectively. The temperature when A
(a) It will start solidifying from the top downward and B are mixed is 16ºC and when B and C are mixed is 23ºC. The
(b) It will start solidifying from the bottom upward temperature when A and C are mixed is
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry 577

3. A block of ice at –10°C is slowly heated and converted to steam at

100°C. Which of the following curves represents the
phenomenon qualitatively [IIT-JEE (Screening) 2000]

(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Temperature

Temperature

Density

Density
I ( I �

Heat supplied Heat supplied

(c) (d)
8.
Temperature
-
If a graph is plotted taking the temperature in Fahrenheit along Y-
Temperature
Temperature

Temperature

axis and the corresponding temperature in Celsius along the X-axis,

it will be a straight line [AIIMS 1997]
(a) Having a +ve intercept on Y-axis
(b) Having a +ve intercept on X-axis
Heat supplied Heat supplied (c) Passing through the origin
4. The portion AB of the indicator diagram representing the state of
matter denotes (d) Having a – ve intercepts on both the axis
P A 9. Which of the curves in figure represents the relation between
Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures
C °C
B (a) 1
D 2 3
(b) 2
V
(a) The liquid state of matter (c) 3 °F
(b) Gaseous state of matter (d) 4 4 1
(c) Change from liquid to gaseous state
10. Heat is supplied to a certain homogenous sample of matter, at a
(d) Change from gaseous state to liquid state uniform rate. Its temperature is plotted against time, as shown.
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn
5. The figure given below shows the cooling curve of pure wax
material after heating. It cools from A to B and solidifies along BD. If
L and C are respective values of latent heat and the specific heat of
Temperature

the liquid wax, the ratio L/C is

Y
T°C A
90
(a) Its specific heat capacity is greaterTime
in the solid state than in the
B D liquid state
80
(b) Its specific heat capacity is greater in the liquid state than in
2 min 4 min the solid state
X
Time (Min.) (c) Its latent heat of vaporization is greater than its latent heat of
(a) 40 (b) 80 fusion
(c) 100 (d) 20 (d) Its latent heat of vaporization is smaller than its latent of fusion
11. A student takes 50gm wax (specific heat = 0.6 kcal/kg°C) and heats
6. A solid substance is at 30°C. To this substance heat energy is it till it boils. The graph between temperature and time is as follows.
supplied at a constant rate. Then temperature versus time graph is Heat supplied to the wax per minute and boiling point are
as shown in the figure. The substance is in liquid state for the respectively [BHU 1994]
portion (of the graph) [RPET 1990, 94]
250
F
Temperature (°C)

240 200
Temperature (T°C)

210 D 150
B E 100
60
C 50
30 0
(a) BC A CD
(b) Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(a) 500 cal, 50°C Time (b) 1000
(Minute) cal, 100°C
(c) ED (d) EF
(c) 1500 cal, 200°C (d) 200°C
7. The variation of density of water with temperature is represented by
the 12. The graph signifies [JIPMER 1999]

(a) (b)
Temperature
Density

Density

Temperature Time
Temperature
 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry 579

1 d 2 b 3 a 4 c 5 b 1 b 2 c 3 a 4 a 5 d
6 d 7 c 8 a 9 b 10 b 6 b 7 a 8 a 9 a 10 bc
11 c 12 c 13 c 14 c 15 c 11 c 12 c 13 c 14 c
16 d 17 b 18 c 19 c 20 c
21 c 22 a 23 d 24 a 25 c Assertion and Reason
26 a 27 b 28 a 29 c 30 c
1 a 2 c 3 e 4 a 5 a
31 a 32 d 33 a 34 d 35 a
6 a 7 c 8 a 9 a 10 b

Thermal Expansion 11 a 12 d 13 a 14 d

1 c 2 a 3 b 4 d 5 c
6 c 7 c 8 c 9 b 10 c --
11 a 12 b 13 b 14 d 15 a
-
-
-
-

-- -
-
-- -
16 d • 17 •
d •
18 d •19 • d • 20 •
a
'

21 b 22 c 23 a 24 a 25 a
•
26 b '
• 27 '
• c '
• 28
'

'
d •29
'
• a '
• 30 '
• d Thermometry
31 b 32 a 33 a 34 c
1. (d) T  273.15  tC  0  273.15  tC
Calorimetry  t  273.15C

C F  32 183 F  32
1 b 2 b 3 c 4 c 5 d 2. (b)     F  297F
5 9 5 9
6 a 7 c 8 a 9 d 10 a
11 b 12 c 13 a 14 c 15 b F  32 K  273 F  32 95  273
3. (a)     F  288F
9 5 9 5
16 a 17 b 18 a 19 a 20 c
• •
21 b • 22 '
• b '
• 23
'

a •24 '
• d '
• 25 '
• a 4. (c) Temperature change in Celsius scale = Temperature change in
'

Kelvin scale = 27 K
26 a • 27 • b • 28 a •29 • d • 30 • b
(b) Change in resistance 3.70  2.71  0.99  corresponds to
'

31 a
5.
•32 •
b •
33 b •34 • a • 35 •
a
interval of temperature 90°C.
'

36 b • 37 •
c •
38 b •39 • a • 40 •
a
So change in resistance 3.26  2.71  0.55  Corresponds
'

41 a 42 b 43 d 44 b 45 c
•
46 c '
l 47 '
a '
48
'

b 49 '
b '
50 '
a to change in temperature
•
51 c 52 d 53 c 54 b 55 b
'
' ' ' ' '
90
  0 .55  50C
• • • • • • •
'

56 a • 57 • d • 58 d •59 • d • 60 • b 0 .99
'

61 c • 62 •
a •
63 a •64 • a • 65 •
a 6. (d) – 200°C to 600°C can be measured by platinum resistance
thermometer.
'

66 c •
67 •
a •
68 a •
69 •
a •
70 •
a
(c) Pyrometer can measure temperature from 800°C to 6000°C.
'

71 b 72 d 73 c 74 a 75 d 7.
• Hence temperature of sun is measured with pyrometer.
76 b 77 c 78 b 79 d 80 c
'
' ' ' ' ' '
• • • • • • •
'

81 b • 82 • d •
'
• • • • 8. (a) v 2  T
9. (b) Thermoelectric thermometer is based on Seeback Effect.
Critical Thinking Questions 10. (b) Maximum density of water is at 4°C
C F  32 4 F  32
1 c 2 a 3 d 4 c 5 b Also -  --  -  --  F  39.2F
'
• 5 9 5 9
' ' ' ' ' '
6 a l 7 bd 8 d 9 c 10 d
'
• 11. (c) Production and measurement of temperature close to 0 K is
' ' ' ' '
11 b 12 b 13 b 14 a 15 b done in cryogenics
'
•
' ' ' ' ' '
16 a l 17 a 18 c 19 c 20 b 12. (c)
•
13. (c) At absolute zero (i.e. 0 K) v becomes zero.
'
' ' ' ' '
21 a l 22 c 23 d 24 c 25 c rms

•
' '
'

' ' ' 14. (c)

26 b 27 a
•
'
• 15. (c) We know that P  P0 (1  t) and V  V0 (1  t)
' ' ' ' '

Graphical Questions
s 582 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry
30. (c) Initial volume V1  47.5 units 6. (c) Stress  Y  ; hence it is independent of length.
7. (c) Solids, liquids and gases all expand on being heated as result
Temperature of ice cold water T1  0C  273 K density (= mass/volume) decreases.
Final volume of V2  67 units 8. (c) As coefficient of cubical expansion of liquid equals coefficient of
cubical expansion of vessel, the level of liquid will not change
V1 V2 on heating.
Applying Charle’s law, we have 
T1 T2 T 1 1
9. (b) Loss in time per second     (t  0)
(where temperature T2 is the boiling point) T 2 2
 loss in time per day
V2 67  273
or T2   T1   385 K  112C 1  1 1
V1 47.5 t   t  t  t  (24  60  60)  t  86400
2  2 2
31. (a) Temperature on any scale can be converted into other scale by
10. (c) A bimetallic strip on being
x  LFP x  20 60
= Constant for all scales   heated bends in the form of
UFP  LFP 150  20 100 an arc with more
A >B
x  98C expandable metal (A)

32. (d)
C F  32
 
C 140  32
  C  60C
outside (as shown) correct. A
B
- B
A
B
5 9 5 9
11. (a) When the ball is heated, A B
A
33. (a) Rapidly changing temperature is measured by thermocouple expansion of ball and cavity
thermometers. both occurs, hence volume of cavity increases.
34. (d) Difference of 100°C = difference of 180°F 12. (b) In summer alcohol expands, density decreases, so 1 litre of
180 alcohol will weigh less in summer than in winter.
 Difference of 30°   30  54
100 13. (b) Similar to previous question, benzene contracts in winter. So 5
litre of benzene will weigh more in winter than in summer.
35. (a)
14. (d) Water has maximum density at 4°C.
15. (a) Since coefficient of expansion of steel is greater than that of
Thermal Expansion bronze. Hence with small increase in it's temperature the hole
expand sufficiently.
1. (c) When a copper ball is heated, it’s size increases. As Volume
(radius) and Area  ((radius) , so percentage increase will be A L A
A  L2   2   2  2  4% .
3 2

16. (d)
largest in it’s volume. Density will decrease with rise in A L A
temperature.
V1 1   t1 100 1    20
 (1   1 )  0  17. (d)      = 0.0033/°C
h1 V2 1   t2 125 1    100
2. (a)  1     
h2  2 (1    2 )  (1   ) 
 2  10 5
50 1    50 18. (d)     10 5 / C
     0.005 / C 2 2
60 1    100
19. (d) Coefficient of volume expansion
3. (b)  r   a   v ; where  r  coefficient of real expansion,  (   2 ) (10  9 .7)
 a  coefficient of apparent expansion and  v  coefficient of    1   3  10  4
.T .(  ) 10  (100  0)
expansion of vessel.
Hence, coefficient of linear expansion
For copper  r  C  3 Cu  C  3 A

For silver  r  S  3  Ag   10  4 / C
3
C  S  3A
 C  3 A  S  3 Ag   Ag  20. (a)   0 (1   . )  13.6[1  0.18  10 3 (473  273)]
3
4. (d) Fractional change in period  13.6[1  0.036]  13.11 gm / cc .
T 1 1 21. (b) As we know  real   app.   vessel
    2  10  6  10  10  5
T 2 2
  app.   glycerine   glass
T
% change   100  10 5  100  10  3 %
T  0.000597  0.000027  0.00057 / C
L 1   ( )1 22. (c) Water has maximum density at 4°C, so if the water is heated
5. (c) L  L0 (1   )  1  above 4°C or cooled below
L2 1   ( )2 Density
4°C density decreases i.e.
10 1  11  10 6  20 volume increases. In other
   L2  9.99989 words, it expands so it
L2 1  11  10  6  19
overflows in both the cases.
 Length is shorten by 23. (a) 0°C 4°C Temp.
5
10  9.99989  0.00011  11  10 cm
 584 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry
Hence work done W  JQ  4.2  725  3045 J 33. (b) Firstly the temperature of bullet rises up to melting point, then
it melts. Hence according to W  JQ .
17. (b) When water is cooled at 0°C to form ice then 80 calorie/gm
(latent heat) energy is released. Because potential energy of the 1
 mv 2  J .[m.c.  mL ]  J[m S (475  25)  mL ]
molecules decreases. Mass will remain constant in the process 2
of freezing of water.
mv 2
18. (a) Steam at 100°C contains extra 540 calorie/gm energy as  mS (475  25)  mL 
compare to water at 100°C. So it’s more dangerous to burn 2J
with steam then water. 1 gh
34. (a) As W  JQ  (mgh)  J  mc    
19. (a) Same amount of heat is supplied to copper and water so 2 2 Jc
m c cc  c  mW cW  W 9.8  84
   0.098C
2  4.2  1000
m c cc ( )c 50  10 3  420  10
 W    5C
mW cW 10  10  3  4200 ( cwater  1000
cal
)
kg  C
 Ac A   BcB
20. (c) Temperature of mixture  mix  g
c A  cB Short trick : Remember the value of  0 .0023 , here
JcW
32  c A  24  c B 1 1
 28     (0.0023)h   0 .0023  84  0.098C
c A  cB 2 2
cA 1 35. (a) W  JQ  mgh  J  Q
 28 c A  28 cB  32 c A  24 cB  
cB 1 mgh 5  9.8  30
 Q   350 cal
21. (b) Heat lost by hot water = Heat gained by cold water in beaker + J 4.2
Heat absorbed by beaker 36. (b) W  JQ  4.18  400  1672 joule
 440(92   )  200  (  20)  20  (  20)
37. (c) Energy supplied  0.93  3600 joules = 3348 joules
   68C Heat required to melt 10 gms of ice
22. (b) Q  m.c. ; if   1 K then Q  mc  Thermal  10  80  4.18  3344 joules
capacity.
Hence block of ice just melts.
23. (a) Latent heat is independent of configuration. Ordered energy 38. (b) Suppose person climbs upto height h, then by using
spent in stretching the spring will not contribute to heat which
is disordered kinetic energy of molecules of substance. W  JQ  mgh  JQ
24. (d) Temperature of mixture  28 
 60  9 .8  h  4 .2  10 5    h  200 m
m  100 
m  c  2T  (2c)T
m c   m 2 c2 2 3
 mix  1 1 1  2  T 39. (a) When water falls from a height, loss of potential energy causes
m1c1  m 2 c2 m
m .c  (2c) 2 rise in temperature.
2
40. (a) W  JQ  mg h  J (m.c. )
25. (a)
Li gh
W  100 
80     0 .0023 h  0.0023  84  0 .196C
cW Jc
26. (a)  mix   1  10C
2 2 41. (a) Suppose m kg ice melts out of m kg then by using
27. (b) When pressure decreases, boiling point also decreases.
28. (a) Boiling occurs when the vapour pressure of liquid becomes W  JQ  mgh  J (mL) . Hence fraction of ice melts
equal to the atmospheric pressure. At the surface of moon,
m  gh 9.8  1000 1
atmospheric pressure is zero, hence boiling point decreases and    
water begins to boil at 30°C. m JL 4.18  80 33
29. (d) Thermal capacity  mc  40  0.2  8 cal / C . W Joule
42. (b) J 
Q Q cal
30. (b) Q  m.c.  c 
m . 43. (d) W  JQ  (2m)gh  J  mc
In temperature measurement scale  F   C so  2  5  10  10  4.2(2  1000   )
(c) F  (c)C .
   0.1190C  0.12C
31. (a) Increasing pressure lowers melting point of ice.
32. (b) Work done changes into heat energy, when the temperature of 1 1  V2
palm becomes above the atmosphere so it starts losing heat to 44. (b) W  JQ   mV 2   J  mS    
22  4 JS
the surroundings.
45. (c) ‘J’ is a conversion
s 586 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry
Total heat required Q  Q1  Q2  Q3 3. (d) The expansion of solids can be well understood by potential
energy curve for two adjacent atoms in a crystalline solid as a
 5  80  5  1  (100  0)  5  540  3600 cal function of their internuclear separation (r).
74. (a) Let L be the latent heat and using principle of calorimetry. U
2L + 2 (100 – 54.3) = 40  (54.3 – 25.3)
 L = 540.3 cal/gm. I

m iL i r

75. (d)  mix 

m W W 
cW

100  50  10 
80
1  38.2 C E
P3
FT
-
P2
m i  mW 10  100
3
C D T2
P1
76. (b) Let the final temperature be T °C. A B T
r0 1
Total heat supplied by the three liquids in coming down to 0°C = r1 T3> T2 > T1
m 1 c1 T1  m 2 c 2 T2  m 3 c 3 T3 ..... (i) At ordinary temperaturer2 : Each molecule of the solid vibrate
about it' s equilibrium position P between A and B (r is the
Total heat used by three liquids in raising temperature from equilibrium distance of it from some other molecule)
1 0

0 C to T C
o o

At high temperature : Amplitude of vibration increase (C  D

= m 1 c1 T  m 2 c 2 T  m 3 c 3 T .....(ii) and E  F). Due to asymmetry of the curve, the equilibrium
By equating (i) and (ii) we get positions (P and P ) of molecule displaced. Hence it's distance
2 3

from other molecule increases (r > r > r ).

(m 1 c1  m 2 c 2  m 3 c 3 ) T 2 1 0

Thus, on raising the temperature, the average equilibrium

= m 1 c1 T1  m 2 c 2 T2  m 3 c 3 T3 distance between the molecules increases and the solid as a
whole expands.
m 1 c1 T1  m 2 c 2 T2  m 3 c 3 T3 4. (c) Initial diameter of tyre = (1000 – 6) mm = 994 mm, so initial
 T  .
m 1 c1  m 2 c 2  m 3 c 3 radius of tyre R 
994
 497 mm
77. (c) At triple point all the phases co-exist 2
Q 6
78. (b) c  ; as  = 0, hence c becomes . and change in diameter D = 6 mm so R   3 mm
m . 2
79. (d) Let final temperature of water be  After increasing temperature by  tyre will fit onto wheel
Heat taken = Heat given Increment in the length (circumference) of the iron tyre
 
110 1 ( – 10) + 10 ( – 10) = 220  1 (70 – ) L = L      L    [As   ]
3 3
  = 48.8°C  50°C.
  3 R 33
80. (c) We know that thermal capacity of a body expressed in calories 2 R  2 R       
is equal to water equivalent of the body expressed in grams. 3  R 3 .6  10  5  497

t    500 o C
m s (2 t)  1 .5 (m s) 
m1c11  m 2 c2 2 5. (b) Due to volume expansion of both liquid and vessel, the change
81. (b)  mix   3 t
m1c1  m 2 c2 m s  1 .5 (m s) in volume of liquid relative to container is given by V =
V0 [ L   g ]
82. (d) We know that when solid carbondioxide is heated, it becomes
vapour directly without passing through its liquid phase. Given V = 1000 cc,  = 0.1×10 /°C –4

Therefore it is called dry ice. 0 g

  g  3 g  3  0.1  10 4 / C  0.3  10 4 / C
Critical Thinking Questions
 V = 1000 [1.82 × 10 – 0.3 × 10 ] × 100 = 15.2 cc
–4 –4

1. (c) Due to volume expansion of both mercury and flask, the 6. (a) With temperature rise (same 25°C for both), steel scale and
change in volume of mercury relative to flask is given by
copper wire both expand. Hence length of copper wire w.r.t.
V  V0 [ L   g ]  V[ m  3 g ] steel scale or apparent length of copper wire after rise in
temperature
 50 [180  10 6  3  9  10 6 ] (38  18)  0.153 cc
Lapp  L'cu  L'steel  [L0 (1  Cu  )  L0 (1   s  )
2. (a)  =  + 
 Lapp  L0 (Cu   s )
real app. vessel

So ( +  ) = ( +  )
app. vessel glass app. vessel steel

 153 × 10 + ( ) = (144 × 10 +  ) –6

vessel glass
–6

vessel steel
 80(17  10 6  11  10 6 )  20 = 80.0096 cm
Further, ( ) = 3 = 3 × (12 × 10 ) = 36 × 10 /ºC
vessel steel
–6 –6
7. (b, d) Let L be the initial length of each strip before heating.
0

 153 × 10 + ( ) = 144 × 10 + 36 × 10 –6

vessel glass
–6 –6
Length after heating will be
 ( ) = 3 = 27 × 10 /ºC   = 9 × 10 /ºC
vessel glass
–6 –6
L B  L0 (1   B T )  (R  d)

LC  L0 (1   C T )  R d

R 
s 588 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry
C A 15 l2 l2
  ...(i) l2   l 2 (1   22 t 2  2 2 t)  (1  12 t 2  21t)
C C 16 4 4
If  is the temperature when A and C are mixed then, Neglecting  22 t 2 and 12 t 2
CA 28   l2 2
C A (  12) = C C (28   )   ...(ii) 0  l 2 (2 2 t)  (21t)  2 2  1 ; 1  4 2
CC   12 4 4
On solving equation (i) and (ii)  = 20.2ºC. 24. (c) It is given that the volume of air in the flask remains the same.
20. (b) Suppose m kg steam required per hour This means that the expansion in volume of the vessel is exactly
equal to the volume expansion of mercury.
Heat released by steam in following three steps
i.e., Vg  VL or Vg g   VL L 
(i) When 150°C steam 
 100C steam
Q 1
Vg g 1000  (3  9  10 6 )
Q = mc  = m  1 (150 – 100) = 50 m cal  VL    150 cc
1 Steam
L 1 .8  10  4
(ii) When 150°C steam 
 100C water
Q 2 25. (c) Heat given by water Q1  10  10  100 cal.
Q = mL = m  540 = 540 m cal
2 V Heat taken by ice to melt
(iii) When 100°C water 
 90C water
Q
Q = 10  0.5  [0 – (– 20)] + 10  80 = 900 cal
2
2
As Q1  Q2 , so ice will not completely melt and final
Q = mc  = m  1  (100 – 90) = 10 m cal
3 W
temperature = 0°C.
Hence total heat given by the steam Q = Q +Q + Q = 600 mcal 1 2 3
As heat given by water in cooling up to 0° C is only just
... (i) sufficient to increase the temperature of ice from – 20°C to
Heat taken by 10 kg water 0°C, hence mixture in equilibrium will consist of 10 gm ice and
10 gm water at 0°C.
Q'  mc W   10  10 3  1  (80  20)  600  10 3 cal
26. (b) L  L0 
Hence Q = Q  600 m = 600  10 3

75
Rod A : 0.075 = 20    100   A   10  6 / C
 m = 10 gm = 1kg. 3 A

2
21. (a) Suppose, height of liquid in each arm before rising the 45
temperature is l. rod B : 0.045 = 20    100   B 
B
 10  6 / C
2
t1 For composite rod : x cm of A and (20 – x) cm of B we have
t2
l l
l1 - x -- (20 – x) -
l2
A A B B
With temperature rise height of liquid in each arm increases 20cm
0.060 = x   100 + (20 – x)   100
i.e. l > l and l > l
1 2
A B

l1 l2  75 
Also l    x   10 6  100  (20  x ) 
45
 10  6  100 
1   t1 1   t2  2 2 
l1  l2 On solving we get x = 10 cm.
 l1   l1t2  l2   l2 t1   
l2 t1  l1 t2 27. (a) Let m gm of steam get condensed into water (By heat loss).
This happens in following two steps.
22. (c) V  V0 (1   )
100°C 100°C
L3  L0 (1  1 )L20 (1   2  )2  L30 (1  1 )(1   2  )2
(H1 = m  540)
Steam I}} Water
Since L30  V0 and L3  V

Hence 1    (1  1 ) (1   2  )2 [H2 = m  1  (100 – 90)]

I
~ (1    ) (1  2  ) ~ (1     2  ) 90°C
1 2 1 2

  =  + 2 Water
1 2
Heat gained by water (20°C) to raise it’s temperature upto 90°
2
l  22  1  (90  20)
23. (d) (OR)2  (PR)2  (PO)2  l 2   
2 Hence, in equilibrium heat lost = Heat gain
2
l   m  540  m  1  (100  90)  22  1  (90  20)
 [l(1   2 t)]2   (1  1t)
 2   m  2.8 gm
 590 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry
8. (a) As   2 and   3 , i.e., coefficient of volume expansion
of solid is three time coefficient of linear expansion and 1.5
times the coefficient of superficial expansion, on heating a solid
iron ball, percentage increase in its volume is largest.
9. (a) Water has maximum density at 4°C. On heating above 4°C or
cooling below 4°C, density of water decreases and its volume
increases. Therefore, water overflows in both the cases.
10. (b) The Latent heat of fusion of ice is amount of heat required to
convert unit mass of ice at 0°C into water at 0°C. For fusion of
ice
L  80 cal / gm  80000 cal / gm  8000  4.2 J / kg

 336000 J / kg .

11. (a) When two bodies at temperature T1 and T2 are brought in

thermal contact, they do settle to the mean temperature
(T1  T2 ) / 2 . They will do so, in case the two bodies were of
same mass and material i.e., same thermal capacities. In other
words, the two bodies may be having different thermal
capacities, that’s why they do not settle to the mean
temperature, when brought together.
12. (d) Specific heat of a body is the amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of unit mass of the body through unit degree.
When mass of a body is less than unity, then its thermal
capacity is less than its specific heat and vice-versa.
13. (a) Water would evaporate quickly because there is no atmosphere
on moon, due to which surface temperature of moon is much
higher than earth (Maximum surface temperature of moon is
123ºC).
14. (d) The potential energy of water molecules is more. The heat
given to melt the ice at 0ºC is used up in increasing the
potential energy of water molecules formed at 0º C.
 592 Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry

1. (b) When salt crystals dissolves, crystal lattice is destroyed. The Now we can write V = V (1 +  T) 0

process requires a certain amount of energy (latent heat) which

Since V = Al = [A (1 + 2T)]l = V (1 + 2T)
is taken from the water. 0 0 0 0

In vessel (B), a part of intermolecular bonds has already been Hence V (1 +  T) = V (1 + 2T)   = 2.
0 0

destroyed in crushing the crystal. Hence less energy is require 12. (c) By using
to dissolve the powder and the water will be at higher
temperature.   0.0023 h  0.0023  500  1.15C  1.16C

2. (a) Fire is extinguished by the vaporisation do water which lowers 13. (b) According to energy conservation, change in potential energy of
the temperature of the burning body. Further, the water the ball, appears in the form of heat which raises the
vapour envelops the body, keeping oxygen away. Hot water temperature of the ball.
evaporates more than cold water as i.e. mg(h1  h2 )  m.c.
t
3. (c) The thermometer has to attain the temperature of the body. To h1
g(h1  h2 )
do this, it should draw as little heat from the body as possible,    Gt
c h2
so that the existing temperature of the body is not disturbed. '
I
10(10  5 .4 ) IL
I
L L 5  10 5   0 .1 C •
4. (b) As we know        5C 460
L0   L0 10  10  6  1
Li 80
5. (b) Since 102.2°F  39°C and 98.6°F  39°C w  100 
CW
14. (c)  mix   1  10C
Hence Q = m. s. Q = 80 × 1000 × (39 – 37) 2 2
= 16 × 10 cal = 160 kcal.
4 15. (c) Ice (0°C) converts into water (100°C) in following two steps.
6. (b) If the sheet is heated then both d and d will increase since the
1 2

thermal expansion of isotropic solid is similar to true ice

photographic enlargement. 0°C (Q1 = mLi) (Q2 = mcW)
1 2 1 2  Water at 0°C Water at 100°C
7. (a) W  JQ  I  J (MS  )   MR 2   2
2 2 5  Total heat required
Q  Q1  Q2  1  80  1  1  (100  0)  180 cal
R 2 2
 J (MS  )   
5 Js

m 
8. (b) W  JQ  J (mL)  P  t  J (mL)  P  J   L ;
 t 

m
where  rate of melting of ice by chewing
t
60 gm 1 gm
   P = 4.2  1  80 = 336 W.
min sec
X L C 62  (10) C
9. (c)    (C = 60°C)
U  L 100 110  (10) 100

***

10. (d) Heat released to convert x gm of steam at 100°C to water at

100°C is x  540 cals.
If y gm of ice is converted from 0°C to water at 100°C it
requires heat y  80 + y  1  100 = 180 y
y 540 3
 x  540  180 y or  
x 180 1
11. (b) When length of the liquid column remains constant, then the
level of liquid moves down with respect to the container, thus 
must be less than 3.