MILITARY ROBOT

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Agriculture plays a vital role in sustaining global food security and economic development, serving as
the primary livelihood for millions of people across the world. Despite its significance, farmers often
struggle to select the most suitable crop for cultivation due to the complex relationships among soil nutrients,
environmental conditions, and climatic factors. Traditional methods such as manual soil testing, experience-
based decisions, and expert consultations are not only time-consuming and expensive but also limited in
their ability to analyze multiple parameters simultaneously. These limitations create challenges for small-
scale farmers who lack access to modern agricultural assistance, leading to reduced productivity and
inefficient land use.
The Crop Recommendation System aims to overcome these challenges by integrating artificial
intelligence with domain-specific agricultural knowledge to deliver reliable, data-driven crop
recommendations. This system leverages a deep neural network implemented using [Link], enabling
the model to run directly in the browser without requiring high-end hardware or server support. The neural
network analyzes seven key parameters—Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), temperature,
humidity, pH, and rainfall—to determine the most suitable crops from a diverse dataset of 24 crop types.
These include cereals, cash crops, vegetables, and fruits, making the system useful across multiple
agricultural contexts.

To enhance practicality and accuracy, the system incorporates established agronomic rules that refine
the AI-generated predictions. For instance, crops like rice require high rainfall, whereas wheat grows best in
moderately cool temperatures and neutral pH ranges. By combining machine learning predictions with
domain knowledge, the system delivers recommendations that are both scientifically sound and field-ready.

A user-friendly web interface built using React and styled with Tailwind CSS ensures easy
accessibility for farmers. Interactive charts generated using Recharts help users visualize suitability scores,
understand parameter alignment, and compare multiple crops. Along with crop recommendations, the system
also provides detailed suitability analysis and fertilizer suggestions, enabling farmers to take corrective
measures to improve soil health and yield potential.

Overall, the Crop Recommendation System represents a modern, scalable, and accessible approach to
precision agriculture. By offering intelligent insights through a lightweight, browser-based platform, it
empowers farmers to make informed decisions, optimize land usage, and contribute to sustainable
agricultural growth.

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 1

 MILITARY ROBOT

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Traditional and Rule-Based Systems

Early crop recommendation efforts primarily relied on non-machine learning approaches, particularly rule-
based expert systems. These systems consist of structured agronomic rules that determine suitable crops
depending on soil nutrients and climatic conditions. For example, typical rules specify that rice requires rainfall
exceeding 1000 mm annually and a pH between 5.5 and 7.0. Although simple and easy to interpret, such
systems are rigid because they cannot learn or adapt from new data. As agricultural ecosystems are dynamic—
with soil composition, temperature, and rainfall varying significantly—rule-based systems fail to capture the
complex, non-linear interactions among these parameters.
Another major drawback is the dependence on manual soil testing, which is time-consuming and costly,
especially in rural regions where laboratory facilities are limited. This reduces accessibility for small-scale
farmers and delays timely crop selection. Literature consistently notes the lack of scalability in traditional
systems, reinforcing the need for automated, data-driven approaches that are both adaptive and widely
accessible.

2. Machine Learning Approaches in Crop Recommendation

The introduction of machine learning (ML) significantly improved the capability of crop recommendation
systems by enabling models to learn patterns from data rather than relying solely on manually defined rules. A
prominent work by Manna, Saha, and colleagues (2021) presented a system that integrates soil and weather data
using Decision Trees and Random Forest algorithms. These models demonstrated moderate accuracy (80–
85%), benefiting from their interpretability and ability to analyze multiple environmental variables
simultaneously. However, they struggle when dealing with noisy, high-dimensional data, which is common in
agriculture.
Another direction explored in the literature is the use of Support Vector Machines (SVMs), which perform well
on smaller datasets and effectively determine boundaries between crop classes. However, SVMs require
extensive feature engineering and precise hyperparameter tuning. Their performance degrades as dataset size
increases, making them unsuitable for large-scale agricultural applications.
K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) has also been examined for crop suitability prediction, operating on the principle
of similarity between input conditions and historical crop data. Although intuitive, KNN becomes
computationally expensive with large datasets and is highly sensitive to outliers. This reduces its reliability in
real-life farm environments, where environmental variations are frequent.

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 2

 MILITARY ROBOT
In addition to soil-based approaches, recent work by IIT Roorkee introduced IoT-driven systems that employ
sensors for collecting real-time data on soil moisture, temperature, and pH. Combined with big data analytics,
these systems provide dynamic crop recommendations. While promising, they require costly sensor
installations and stable connectivity, making them less feasible for small or resource-limited farms. Still, these
studies highlight the increasing importance of integrating real-time environmental data in decision-support
tools.

---

3. Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Models (MCDM)

Researchers have also proposed multi-criteria decision analysis models that account for a broader range of
factors, including market demand, farmer preferences, water availability, and soil fertility. Zhou et al. (2020)
developed a system that integrates sensor data, satellite imagery, and climate forecasting to optimize crop
selection. These approaches are powerful because they incorporate economic and environmental dimensions
beyond soil chemistry alone. However, they rely heavily on large, high-quality datasets and require specialized
infrastructure, which may not be readily available in developing agricultural regions.

---

4. Deep Learning Approaches

Deep learning has emerged as a transformative approach in precision agriculture, offering superior performance
in modeling complex interactions among multiple variables. Studies applying Deep Neural Networks (DNNs)
have achieved accuracy levels exceeding 90%, outperforming classical ML algorithms in tasks such as crop
suitability prediction, yield estimation, and pest detection. DNNs excel at handling large datasets and learning
non-linear spatial and temporal relationships inherent in agricultural data.

Some researchers have explored the use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)—typically used for image-
based tasks—for tabular agricultural datasets. While CNNs offer strong feature extraction capabilities, they are
computationally intensive and less suitable for structured, non-image data such as soil parameters.

A notable advancement in this domain is the introduction of [Link], which allows machine learning
models to run directly in a web browser using JavaScript. This innovation reduces dependence on servers and

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 3

 MILITARY ROBOT
makes AI tools more accessible, especially in low-resource settings where farmers primarily use smartphones.
Despite this progress, literature reveals that few existing systems combine deep learning with domain-specific
agricultural knowledge, limiting their practical relevance and interpretability.

---

5. Identified Gaps and Need for Improvement

Although the literature highlights significant progress across ML, IoT, and deep learning approaches, several
critical gaps remain:

1. Limited Integration of Domain Knowledge:

Many models produce predictions solely from data, without incorporating agronomic principles such as rainfall
thresholds or nutrient ranges, reducing practical usefulness.

2. Lack of User-Friendly Interfaces:

Most systems are research prototypes and not optimized for end-user accessibility, especially for farmers with
limited technical skills.

3. High Infrastructure Requirements:

IoT and big-data-based models require sensors, servers, and stable connectivity, restricting their adoption in
rural regions.

4. Insufficient Real-World or Large-Scale Datasets:

Many studies rely on small, synthetic, or region-specific datasets, making models less generalizable.

5. Inadequate Visualization Tools:

Farmers benefit from graphical representations of crop suitability, but only few studies incorporate intuitive
visual interfaces.

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 4

 MILITARY ROBOT

These gaps underscore the need for a system that is accurate, accessible, interpretable, and deployable in-
browser without requiring expensive tools or computational resources.

Z. Abdul Rahman, S. N. Yasin, M. F. I. Asrol, “Autonomous Surveillance Robot for Enhanced

Security”, Southeast Asian Journal of Technology and Science, Vol. published June 2025, pp. 16-21.
This paper presents an autonomous surveillance robot designed to enhance security through automated
monitoring and threat detection. The system integrates sensors, onboard processing, and autonomous
navigation to perform continuous area surveillance with minimal human intervention. The paper
emphasizes real-time detection, wireless communication, and rapid response capabilities, demonstrating how
autonomous robots can improve situational awareness and reduce manual security workload.

[1] M. U. Islam, D. D. Purkaystha, A. D. Gupta, S. Saha, D. Banik & M. H. Bhuyan, “Advanced

Autonomous Surveillance Robot for Enhanced Monitoring and Individual Identification”, Turkish
Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), Vol. 15, No. 3, 2024, pp. 25-34.
This paper presents an advanced autonomous surveillance robot designed to improve monitoring efficiency
and support individual identification in sensitive environments. Their system incorporates intelligent
navigation, multi-sensor data processing, and automated target recognition to enhance security operations. The
robot is capable of real-time observation, wireless communication, and autonomous decision-making,
reducing the need for continuous human supervision. This study is closely aligned with the present project, as
both emphasize multi-sensor integration, automated threat detection, and remote operator interaction to
strengthen surveillance accuracy and situational awareness in defence and security applications.

[2] Bhargavi, D. Swaniha, E. Sharanya, “Smart Surveillance Robot for Military Applications using
IoT”, International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2024,
pp. 38-45.
The work proposes a smart surveillance robot developed for military applications using IoT-based
communication and control. The system integrates sensors, wireless modules, and onboard processing to
detect threats, transmit alerts, and enable remote monitoring over a secure network. Their robot supports real-
time data transmission, remote navigation, and continuous surveillance, making it suitable for hostile or
hazardous environments where human presence is risky. This work aligns with the present project by
emphasizing IoT- enabled control, sensor-based threat detection, and enhanced situational awareness for
military field operations.

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 5

MILITARY ROBOT

[3] Preeti Mohanty, Manu S. R., Shreyas M., Vishnumahanthi Uttam, Bhagya R Navada, Sravani V,
Santhosh K V, “Integrating Multi-Sensors and AI to Develop Improved Surveillance Systems”,
Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC), Vol. 6, No. 2, Apr. 2025, pp. 980-994.
The paper presents a detailed study on the development of advanced surveillance systems through the
integration of multiple sensors and artificial intelligence techniques. The paper focuses on combining data
from diverse sensors such as vision systems, environmental detectors, and motion sensors to improve
accuracy, reliability, and real-time decision-making. AI algorithms are employed for data fusion, pattern
recognition, and automated threat assessment, enabling the system to operate with minimal human
intervention. The study highlights how multi-sensor integration and intelligent processing can significantly
enhance the overall performance and adaptability of modern surveillance platforms.

[4] H. Shin and J. Kim, “Applications of AI in Military Robotics,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 110932-
110944, 2021.
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of how artificial intelligence is integrated into modern
military robotics. The paper discusses key AI applications such as autonomous navigation, target
recognition, decision- making systems, and adaptive control for unmanned ground and aerial vehicles. It also
examines machine learning techniques used to improve threat detection, situational awareness, and mission
efficiency in combat environments. The authors highlight current advancements, practical use cases, and the
challenges associated with deploying AI-driven robots in military operations.

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 6

MILITARY ROBOT

CHAPTER 3

PROBLEM FORMULATION

3.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Military surveillance operations require an autonomous robot capable of detecting hazards, identifying
threats, and responding in real time. Current systems lack integrated multi-sensor detection, instant alerts, and
secure remote control. Hence, development of a compact military robot is required which continuously
monitors for metal objects and toxic gases, automatically alerts the operator and halts during threats. Also
supporting remote navigation, security actions, and live video streaming to improve battlefield situational
awareness is important.

3.2 OBJECTIVES
The proposed system aims to achieve the following objectives in developing a multifunctional
military robot with wireless control and integrated defense capabilities.

1. To design and construct a multi-purpose robotic system that is lightweight, portable, and cost-effective
for military applications such as landmine and metal detection, toxic gas detection and environment
monitoring.
2. To enable the robot’s movement and functionality through wireless control using an android mobile
application.
3. To incorporate a defensive mechanism and develop a user-friendly interface for military and security
applications.

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 7

MILITARY ROBOT

CHAPTER 4

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND METHODOLOGY

4.1 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

The block diagram shown in Fig 4.1 demonstrates the working of the military surveillance robot that
integrates various sensors and modules with an Arduino microcontroller. It highlights how the system collects
data, processes it, and performs functions like movement, surveillance and defense mechanisms.

Fig 4.1 Block Diagram of Proposed System

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 8

MILITARY ROBOT

4.2 METHODOLOGY
The working of the robot begins with the sensing unit, which consists of a metal sensor and a gas
sensor. These sensors continuously scan the surrounding environment for two major threats: metallic objects
that may indicate landmines and hazardous gases that pose environmental risks. The output signals from both
sensors are sent directly to the Arduino Uno, which acts as the brain of the system. The Arduino processes
these inputs, identifies abnormal readings, and decides whether they indicate the presence of dangerous
conditions.

Once the Arduino processes the sensor data, it uses the HC-05 Bluetooth module to wirelessly transmit the
information to a mobile application. This app serves as the operator’s remote interface, showing real-time
alerts such as metal detection or harmful gas detection. The same Bluetooth link also allows the operator to
send control commands back to the robot. A Li-ion battery powers the control unit and ensures continuous
operation of sensors, communication, and processing components.

The Mobility Unit is responsible for driving the robot across the terrain. Movement commands received from
the mobile app via Bluetooth are interpreted by the Arduino and forwarded to the L293N motor driver. The
motor driver then controls the BO motors, enabling forward, backward, left, and right movement. This allows
the robot to navigate hazardous environments where human presence would be risky. The mobility system
operates entirely under the instructions generated by the operator through the mobile interface.

For enhanced safety and situational monitoring, the robot includes a dedicated security and surveillance unit.
This unit consists of a relay-controlled taser for protection and an ESP32-CAM module for real-time video
streaming. When the operator triggers the taser remotely, the Arduino activates the relay, powering the taser
for defensive action. Meanwhile, the ESP32-CAM continuously captures video and sends the live feed to the
mobile app, enabling the operator to visually inspect the surroundings, verify sensor alerts, and assess
potential threats without approaching the danger zone.

Finally, the system integrates all these units so that sensors detect threats, the Arduino processes information,
the communication module exchanges data with the operator, the mobility system executes movement, and
the security components ensure defense and real-time surveillance. This coordinated operation results in a
multi- functional robotic platform capable of performing landmine detection, hazardous gas monitoring, safe
remote exploration, and field surveillance, all controlled from a secure distance.

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 9

MILITARY ROBOT

4.3 WORKING FLOW AND MECHANISM

The Fig 4.2 illustrates the robot’s operational flow. The robot’s operation begins with the activation of
its metal and gas sensors, after which the Arduino continuously reads and evaluates environmental data.

Fig 4.2 Flowchart of Proposed System

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 10

MILITARY ROBOT

The system maintains a looping process where it repeatedly scans for the presence of metal objects
or hazardous gases. If no threat is detected, the robot simply returns to the sensor-reading stage and continues
monitoring. When either metal or gas is detected, the robot immediately sends an alert to the mobile
application through the HC-05 Bluetooth module and stops its movement to avoid risk. Once halted, the
system checks whether the user has sent any movement commands. If a command is received, the
corresponding motion is executed using the L293N motor driver.
If the received command is security-related such as activating the taser or enabling live video streaming, the
robot triggers the appropriate modules, including the relay system and the ESP32-CAM. After executing the
movement or security functions, or if no commands are received, the robot returns to its monitoring loop and
resumes continuous sensor scanning until shut down.

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 11

MILITARY ROBOT

CHAPTER 5

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

5.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

1. Arduino UNO

Fig 5.1: Arduino UNO

The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the Microchip ATmega328P
microcontroller and developed by [Link]. The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog
input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The
board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the
Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by the USB
cable or by an external 9-volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts. It is similar to the
Arduino Nano and Leonardo.

2. HC-05 Bluetooth Module

Fig 5.2: HC-05 Bluetooth Module

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 12

MILITARY ROBOT

HC-05 is the popular bluetooth module. This HC-05 module is slave mode only. It’s very easy to add
wireless serial connectivity for your device with this module. Once you pair with other bluetooth devices you
work, it connects with normal UART to exchange data. This module has built-in 3.3V voltage regulator and
helps to break out the important pins (Vcc, Gnd, Txd, Rxd). Based on CSR BC4 chip, Bluetooth V2.0 + EDR,
we can set the baud rate, name and pair password by AT commands when there is no bluetooth connection.
This module is a slave which can be paired with Computer-Bluetooth, master-mobile phone-PDA-PSP and so
on.

3. Lithium-Ion Battery

Fig 5.3: Li-ion Battery

A lithium-ion battery is a rechargeable battery that uses the movement of lithium ions between a
negative electrode (anode) and a positive electrode (cathode) to store and release energy. They are known for
being lightweight, having high energy density, and a long lifespan, making them common in consumer
electronics like smartphones and laptops, as well as in electric vehicles. It comes with a rated voltage of 3.7
volts and a capacity of 2600mAh. It is a single cell, compact, and powerful battery cell with 2600 mAh
capacity.

4. ESP32-CAM Module

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 13

MILITARY ROBOT
Fig 5.4: ESP32-CAM Module

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 14

MILITARY ROBOT

The ESP32-CAM is a small, low-cost development board that combines the ESP32 Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
microcontroller with an integrated camera module (usually the OV2640). It is designed for IoT projects that
require a camera, such as wireless video monitoring, image uploading, and facial recognition. Key features
include a built-in camera, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity, a TF card slot for storage, and low power
consumption modes. ESP integrates WiFi, traditional Bluetooth, and BLE Beacon, with 2 high-performance
32-bit LX6 CPUs, 7-stage pipeline architecture. It has the main frequency adjustment range of 80MHz to
240MHz, on-chip sensor, hall sensor, temperature sensor, etc.

5. 1-Channel Relay Module

Fig 5.5: 1-Channel Relay Module

Relay modules serve as interface devices that enable the transfer of signals and information between
different devices or systems. They act as a bridge, allowing low-powered digital electronics, such as
microcontrollers like Arduino or Raspberry Pi, to control high-powered devices like motors or lighting circuits.
This 1-channel 5V control Single-Pole Double-Throw (SPDT) High-level trigger AC power relay board can be
controlled directly via a microcontroller. The inputs of 1 Channel 5V Relay Module are isolated to protect any
delicate control circuitry.

6. BO Motor

Fig 5.6: BO Motor

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 15

MILITARY ROBOT

The BO series straight motor gives good torque and rpm at lower operating voltages, which is the
biggest advantage of these motors. A small shaft with matching wheels gives an optimized design for your
application or robot. Mounting holes on the body & lightweight makes it suitable for in-circuit placement.
This motor can be used with 69mm diameter wheel for plastic gear motors and 87mm diameter multipurpose
wheel for plastic gear motors. The motor is ideal for DIY enthusiasts. This motor set is inexpensive, small, easy to
install, and ideally suited for use in a mobile robot car. They are commonly used in our 2WD platforms.

7. MQ-135 Gas Sensor

Fig 5.7: MQ-135 Gas Sensor

The MQ135 is a gas sensor module designed to detect and monitor air quality by sensing a wide range
of harmful gases, including ammonia, sulfur compounds, benzene, smoke, and carbon dioxide. It is commonly
used in applications like air purifiers, pollution detection systems, and home or industrial safety equipment.
The module provides both a digital and an analog output signal and is easily interfaced with microcontrollers
like Arduino. Sensor module for Arduino has lower conductivity in clean air. When the target combustible gas
exists, the conductivity of the sensor is higher along with the gas concentration rising.

8. Inductive Metal Sensor

Fig 5.8: Metal Sensor

Inductive sensors are used for detecting metallic objects without physical contact, making them ideal for
a wide range of applications in industrial automation, manufacturing, robotics, and transportation. They
monitor position, detect movement, and measure distance in environments like automated assembly lines,
conveyor systems, and traffic lights. An inductor develops a magnetic field when an electric current flows
through it;
DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 16
MILITARY ROBOT

alternatively, a current will flow through a circuit containing an inductor when the magnetic field through it
changes. This effect can be used to detect metallic objects that interact with a magnetic field. Non-metallic
substances, such as liquids or some kinds of dirt, do not interact with the magnetic field, so an inductive
sensor can operate in wet or dirty conditions.

9. High Voltage Taser

Fig 5.9: High Voltage Taser

Taser is a line of handheld Conducted Energy Devices (CED) sold by Axon Enterprise. The device
fires two small barbed darts intended to puncture the skin and remain attached to the target until removed by
the user of the device. The darts are connected to the main unit by thin wires that achieve a high dielectric
strength and durability given the extremely high-voltage electric current they conduct, which can be delivered
in short- duration pulses from a core of copper wire in the main unit. This enormous rush of voltage into the
body produces effects ranging from localized pain to strong involuntary long muscle contractions, causing
"Neuromuscular Incapacitation" (NMI), based on the mode of use and connectivity of the darts. When
successfully used, the target is said to have been "tased".

10. Robot Chassis and Wheels

Fig 5.10: Robot Chassis and Wheels

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 17

MILITARY ROBOT

Robot chassis with wheels are available in various DIY kits, ranging from simple 2WD (two-wheel
drive) options for beginners to advanced 4WD (four-wheel drive) or omnidirectional platforms made of
materials like acrylic or aluminum alloy. These kits often include motors and are designed for educational
robotics and programming projects.

11. L293N Motor Driver

Fig 5.11: L293N Motor Driver

The L298N motor driver is a dual H-bridge module that controls the speed and direction of two DC
motors or one stepper motor. It uses Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) to adjust motor speed and an H-bridge
circuit to reverse the direction of rotation. This module is popular in robotics for its affordability, ease of use,
and ability to handle a wide voltage range (5V to 35V) and up to 2A of current per channel. The L293D is
designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. Both devices
are designed to drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, DC and bipolar stepping motors, as well as
other high- current/high-voltage loads in positive-supply applications.

12. Jumper Wires

Fig 5.12: Jumper Wires

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 18

MILITARY ROBOT

Jumper wires are used to create temporary connections between electronic components, primarily on
breadboards and circuit boards, without soldering. They allow for easy prototyping, testing, and
troubleshooting by acting as a conduit for electrical current and signals between different points in a circuit.
These wires come in various types, such as male-to-male, male-to-female, and female-to-female, and are
essential for DIY electronics and professional circuit design.

5.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

1. Arduino IDE

2. Libraries:

 ‘SoftwareSerial.h’ for Bluetooth communication

 ‘ESP32-CAM’ related libraries for video streaming

3. Custom code for sensor data processing

4. Serial Bluetooth Terminal app

Fig 5.13: Arduino IDE Fig 5.14: Serial Bluetooth Terminal App

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 19

MILITARY ROBOT

5.3 COMPONENT COMPARISON OVERVIEW

The table below compares each selected component with its common equivalent and highlights the advantages
that guided the selection.

Table 5.1: Component Comparison

COMPONENTS EQUIVALENT ADVANTAGES OF SELECTED

USED IN PROJECT COMPONENT COMPONENTS

Arduino Uno Arduino Nano More pins, more stable, easier to use

HC-05 Bluetooth HC-06 Bluetooth

Supports both master & slave modes
Module Module

L293N Motor Driver L298N Motor Driver Smaller, less heat, lower power need

100 RPM BO Motors Metal gear motors Lighter, cheaper, low power use

Capacitive Proximity
Inductive Metal Sensor More accurate for metal detection, less affected by
Sensor dust, soil, or humidity

MQ-135 Gas Sensor MQ-3 Gas Sensors Detects a broader range of harmful gases

High-Voltage Taser Buzzer / Alarm Module Provides real defense, not just alert

ESP32-CAM Module Standard USB Camera Wireless, compact, low power

Relay Module Transistor switch Better isolation and high-voltage control

Easier to use, beginner-friendly, wide library

Arduino IDE PlatformIO
support, quick code upload

Serial Bluetooth Bluetooth Electronics Simple interface, stable connection, fast command
Terminal App App sending, works smoothly with HC-05

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 20

MILITARY ROBOT

CHAPTER 6

PROJECT PROGRESS

The project is currently in the development phase, with major conceptual and design elements completed as
shown below:

 The system requirements, functional specifications, and overall workflow for the military surveillance
robot have been clearly defined.
 The block diagram and operational logic has been finalized, and the initial flowchart structure has been
drafted.
 Hardware selection such as sensors, microcontroller, communication modules, and mobility
components has been completed, and preliminary integration planning is underway.
 The software framework for sensor detection, mobile command processing, and alert generation has
been outlined but is not yet coded or tested.
 At this stage, the focus is on converting the finalized workflow into a complete flowchart representation
and then implementing the flow into the system’s embedded program.

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 21

MILITARY ROBOT

CHAPTER 7

COST OF THE PROJECT

Table 7.1: Cost Estimation

COMPONENT QUANTITY COST

Arduino UNO 1 Rs 335

Li-ion Battery 2 Rs 199

Metal Sensor 1 Rs 147

Gas Sensor 1 Rs 270

High Voltage Taser 1 Rs 219

Relay Module 1 Rs 240

L293N Motor Driver 1 Rs 199

BO Motor 4 Rs 200

HC-05 Bluetooth Module 1 Rs 708

ESP32-CAM Module 1 Rs 809

Robot Chassis 1 Rs 1592

Voltage Regulator 1 Rs 129

Jumper Wires 3 sets Rs 151

Total Cost Rs 5198

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 22

MILITARY ROBOT

CHAPTER 8
ACTION PLAN

Table 8.1: Project Timeline

SL TENTATIVE
ACTION PLAN EXPECTED OUTCOME
NO. DEADLINE

2nd week of
1 Finalizing the flowchart Completed flowchart & implementation
December

Begin Hardware-Software 4th week of

2 Fully integrated working setup
Integration December

Develop Android Application 3rd week of

3 Working app for robot control
Controls January

1st week of
4 Prototype Assembly Functional physical prototype
Febraury

Prototype Testing & 4th week of

5 Stable and reliable working robot
Troubleshooting Febraury

2nd week of
6 Performance Evaluation Evaluation results and performance data
March

3rd week of
7 Documentation of Results Data for report analysis chapter
April

Final project report ready for 1st week of

8 Report Writing
submission May

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 23

MILITARY ROBOT

CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION
The designed military robot will integrate detection, surveillance, protection, and mobility systems into a
single unit. By using sensors such as the gas sensor and inductive metal sensor, the robot will be capable of
detecting harmful gases and landmines, ensuring safety in hazardous environments. The camera module
provides real- time video surveillance, while the high-voltage taser enhances self-defense capabilities.
Controlled through Arduino and Bluetooth communication, the robot ensures efficient remote operation and
reliable mobility. With the core system working as intended, the project is well on track, needing only final
testing, refinement, and performance optimization to reach full operational capability. Overall, this system
demonstrates a cost-effective and versatile solution for defense, surveillance, and hazardous area monitoring
applications, as it uses low-cost, open-source components that reduce development and maintenance expenses,
while its multifunctional design enables landmine detection, gas sensing, surveillance, mobility, and self-
defense in a single platform suitable for diverse military and security environments.

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 24

MILITARY ROBOT

REFERENCES

[1] M. Heidi, “Bluetooth technology and Implementations”, John Wiley & Sons, 1999

[2] Z. Abdul Rahman, S. N. Yasin, M. F. I. Asrol, “Autonomous Surveillance Robot for Enhanced Security”,
Southeast Asian Journal of Technology and Science, Vol. published June 2025, pp. 16-21.

[3] M. U. Islam, D. D. Purkaystha, A. D. Gupta, S. Saha, D. Banik & M. H. Bhuyan, “Advanced Autonomous
Surveillance Robot for Enhanced Monitoring and Individual Identification”, Turkish Journal of Computer and
Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), Vol. 15, No. 3, 2024, pp. 25-34.

[4] Bhargavi, D. Swaniha, E. Sharanya, “Smart Surveillance Robot for Military Applications using IoT”,
International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2024, pp. 38-45.

[5] Preeti Mohanty, Manu S. R., Shreyas M., Vishnumahanthi Uttam, Bhagya R Navada, Sravani V, Santhosh
K V, “Integrating Multi-Sensors and AI to Develop Improved Surveillance Systems”, Journal of Robotics and
Control (JRC), Vol. 6, No. 2, Apr. 2025, pp. 980-994.

[6] H. Shin and J. Kim, “Applications of AI in Military Robotics,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 110932– 110944,
2021.

[7] Sharath Sethu Raghavan, Jasim M, “Hazardous Gas & Mine Detecting Robot", International Journal of
Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT)-volume 28 Number 1-JUNE 2020.

[8] Premkumar. M, “Unmanned multi-functional robot using zigbee adopter network for defense application”
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 2,
Issue 1, January 2020.

[9] Tarunpreet Kaur, Dilip Kumar, “Wireless Multifunctional Robot for Military Applications", Proceedings
of 2015 RAECS UIET, Punjab University Chandigarh, 21-22nd, December 2020.

[10] M. Rivera, T. Zhang, “Deep Learning-Based Real-Time Detection of Surface Landmines Using Optical
Imaging”, Remote Sensing, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 677-690, 2024.

[11] S. Ahmed, R. Malik, “IoT-Integrated Reinforcement Learning–Based Mine Detection System for
Military and Humanitarian Applications”, ICCK Transactions on Machine Intelligence, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 17-
28, 2025.

[12] K. S. Raghavan, M. D. Thomas, “AI-Integrated Rover for Landmine Detection”, International Journal on
Science and Technology (IJSAT), Vol. 16, Issue 1, pp. 45-55, January-March 2025.

[13] R. Kumar, V. Prasad, “Landmine Detection Robotic Vehicle Using ARM Cortex (STM32)”, Journal on
Electronic and Automation Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 286–297, 2025.

DEPT. OF ECE, PESCE, MANDYA 2025-2026 25

 FEEDBACK FORM

FEEDBACK ON SYNOPSIS FORMATTING AND QUALITY

• The report is formatted as per the template. ——Yes/No.

• Objectives and problem statement are properly formulated. ——Yes/No.

• Picture-diagrams-tables are numbered properly. ——Yes/No.

• Syntax and Grammar usage is standard. ——Yes/No.

• References are cited properly and listed in order. ——Yes/No.

• Remarks and comments:

Signature of the Guide Signature of the Project Coordinator