MADHAV ACADEMY
By:-Lord Krishna
CLASS-XI
SESSION-2024-25
STATISTICS
By-Anubhav Awasthi
TOPIC- 3
CENSuS & SAmPLINg
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CENSUS
Meaning :- It is that method in which data are collected covering every item of the universe
or population relating to the problem under investigation .
-Suitability :- (a)Small size of population.
(b)Widely Diverse items in the population.
(c)Requirement of intensive examination of different items.
(d)High degree of accuracy & reliability.
-Merit:-
* Reliable & Accurate :- Results based ln census method are accurate and highly reliable
.This is because each and every item of the population is studied.
* Extensive Information :- Information collected through the census method is quite
exhaustive and therefore, more meaningful because all items of a universe are examined.
*Study of diverse characteristics :- By using census method , one can study diverse
characteristics of the universe.
*Study of complex investigation :- When items in a universe are of complex nature and it is
necessary to study each item, only census method can produce the desired results. Data on
country’s population are collected by this method.
*Indirect Investigation :- Census method can be successfully used in indirect investigations
relating to unemployment , poverty , corruption etc.
-Demerit:-
*Costly:- Census method is very costly and, therefore generally not used for ordinary
investigations. Only the Government or some big institutions can afford to use this method
and that too for specific purpose only.
*Large Manpower:- Census method requires large manpower(enumerators).Training of a
large number of enumerators becomes essential, which is a very difficult process.
*Not Suitable for large Investigations:- If the universe comprises a large number of items,
then it may not be possible to cover each and every item. Census method becomes practically
inoperative in such situations.
SAMPLING
Meaning :- It is that method in which data is collected about the sample on a group of items
taken from the population for examination and conclusions are drawn on their basis.
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-Suitability :- (a)The size of population is very large.
(b)When different units of the universe are broadly similar to each other.
(c)Intensive examination of diverse items is not required..
(d)High degree of accuracy is not needed.
-Factors Affecting Size of Sample:-
*Size of Population: In case of large size of population, sample size would be bigger and
vice-versa.
*Degree of Accuracy Desired: If greater degree of accuracy is desired, the size of sample
should be larger.
*Homogeneity or Heterogeneity of the Population: In case, the population consists of
homogeneous units, a small sample will serve the purpose. On the other hand, if the
population consists of heterogeneous units, a large sample is required.
*Nature of the Study: In case of intensive and continuous study, a small sample is quite
appropriate. In case of unrepeated and extensive study, it may be necessary to take a larger
sample size.
*Respondent’s Nature: If it is seen that a large number of respondents will not co-operate,
then a larger sample should be selected.
-Merit:-
*Economical: Sample method of investigation is economical because only some units of the
population are studied.
*Time Saving: In this method, only limited number of the items are investigated. As such
the process of investigation is time-saving, not time-consuming.
*Identification of Error: Because only a limited number of items are covered ,errors can be
easily identified. To that extent sampling method shows better accuracy.
*Large Investigation: Sample method is more feasible in situations of large investigations
than the census method which generally involves unaffordable cost.
*Administrative Convenience: There is an administrative convenience in handling a
limited number of items. More capable and efficient investigators can be appointed.
*More Scientific: Sample method is more scientific because the sample data can be
conveniently investigated from various angles.
-Demerit:-
*Partial: It is only a partial investigation of the universe. The investigator's bias in the
selection of the sample is not ruled out. Accordingly, the results may biased as well.
*Wrong Conclusions: If the selected sample does not represent the characteristics of the
universe, the study may end up with wrong conclusions.
*Difficulty in Selecting Representative Sample: It is not very easy to select a sample
which would represent the characteristics of the entire population.
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*Difficulty in Framing a Sample: Sometimes the universe maybe so diverse that it
becomes difficult to frame a sample.
*Specialised Knowledge: To be effective, sampling technique required a particular level of
specialized knowledge. If the services of experts are not used in the collection and analysis
of sample data, the results of investigation are likely to be unsatisfactory.
-Types of Sampling Method :-
1-Simple Random Sampling(unrestricted) :- It refers to a method in which every item in
the universe has a known chance of being chosen for the sample.
• The selection of sample items is independent of the person making the study.
• It is also known as ‘Probability sampling’.
• There are two methods of doing simple random sampling.
a)Lottery Method:- This is the simplest method of selecting a random sample.
Steps conducting Lottery Method:
• All items of the population are numbered or named on separate paper of identical size
and shape.
• These slips are then folded and placed in a bowl (pot or drum)and mixed thoroughly.
• A blindfolded or unbiased person is asked to select a slip from the bowl. In these
circumstances, each slip has equal probability of being drawn.
b)Use of Random number table :- Use Of Random Number Table: The lottery method
becomes very inconvenient and time consuming in case of large size of [Link] such
situations, random selection of the sample can be made by the use of random number tables.
Random number table is simply a table of number generated by scrambling the digits 0,1,2.9
in a random manner.
-Merits:
• This method is free from personal bias of the investigator.
• Each and every item of the universe stands equal chances of being selected.
• The universe gets fairly represented by the sample.
• This is a very simple and straightforward method.
-Demerits:-
• This method does not guarantee proportionate representation of different items in the
universe.
• Random sampling does not give weightage to certain important items in the universe .
2- Stratified Sampling(restricted) :- In this method, the universe or the entire population is
divided into a number of groups or ‘strata’ and then certain number of items are taken from
each group at random.
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• Its basic purpose is to ensure that all the characteristics of a heterogeneous population
are adequately represented in the sample.
• It also helps in increasing the accuracy of the results of investigation .
-Merits:
1-This method covers diverse characteristics of the population.
2-On the basis of diverse characteristics of the population , comparative analysis of the data
becomes possible.
3-This method of sampling offers reliable as well as meaningful results.
-Demerits:
1-This method is suitable only when there is a complete knowledge about the diverse
characteristics of the population . Therefore , this has a limited scope.
2- There is a possibility of bias at the time of classification of the population in to different
strata.
3-When the size of population is already small, it may be difficult to further divide it into
smaller parts/strata.
3- Systematic Sampling(restricted)- Under this method, out of the complete list of
available population , the sample is selected by taking every nth item from this list.
• Units of the population are numerically, geographically and alphabetically arranged.
• This method is also known as ‘Quasi-random sampling’.
-Merits:
1- This is a very simple method. Sample is easily determined.
2- There is hardly any possibility of personal bias in this method.
-Demerits:
1- Every item in the population doesn’t get equal chance of being selected because only the
first item is selected on the basis of random sampling .
2- If all the items in the population are homogeneous , this method of sampling serves no
specific purpose.
4- Purposive sampling (Non-Random)- Under this method , the choice of sample items
depends exclusively on the judgement of investigator.
• The selection is deliberate and is based on own idea of the investigator about the
sample units. He draws the sample such that it becomes a representative of the
population.
• The chance of inclusion of some items in the sample is very high while that of others
is very low.
-Merits:
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1-Simple and easy: This method is simple and easy to adapt as it does not require
complicated procedures to draw a sample.
2-Proper Representation: This method enables the sample to be true representative of the
population when the investigator has full knowledge of the composition of the universe and
is free from bias.
3-Avoid Irrelevant items: It prevents unnecessary and irrelevant items entering into the
sample.
-Demerits:
1-Personal Prejudice: The personal prejudice or bias of the investigator may lead to a
sample which may not represent the population.
2-Error of Judgment: The investigator should have the knowledge of the complete
constitution of the population, which may not be possible in many cases.
3-Not an objective method: It may be noted that even if a judgment sample is reasonably
representative, there is no objective method for determining the size or likelihood of
sampling error.
5-Ouota Sampling :- Under this method, the items of the population are subdivided into
various groups and then a quota( number of items to be selected from each subgroup) is
fixed. But, within the given quota, the selection of sample units depends upon the personal
judgement of the investigation.
• Quota sampling is a special form of stratified sampling. It is very popular in the
marked surveys and opinion polls.
• Since quota sampling is a combination of stratified sampling and purposive sampling,
it enjoys the merits of both.
-Merits:
1-Reliable Results- If the investigators are skilled and experienced, it gives more reliable
and dependable results.
2-Economical- The cost of preparing sample and field work is very low.
-Demerits:
1-Personal Prejudice – There is considerable risk that a biased sample may be selected
according to the personal prejudice of the investigator.
2-Not possible to estimate sample error – It is not possible to estimate the sampling error
and the degree of accuracy achieved .
6-Convenience Sampling :- Under this method while selecting the sample units, the
investigator gives special attention to his convenience .
• This method of selecting the sample is also called ‘chunk method’.
-Merits:
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1-Economical – It is less expensive and less time consuming.
2-Easy command – The units of the sample after easily located and contacted by the
investigator.
3-Suitabkle for Pilot Surveys- It is often used for making Pilot studies in which questions
are pre-tested and preliminary information is obtained before finalizing the sample design.
-Demerits:
1-Lack of representation – The units of the sample selected under this method hardly
represent the universe
2-Personal Prejudice – Convenience samples are prone to bias by their nature.
3-Unsatisfactory results – The results obtained under this method are found to be
unsatisfactory and misleading.
Short Note:-
1. Census of India:
A decennial publication of the Government of India which is published by the Registrar General
& Census Commissioner, India is known as Census of India. The Census is being conducted on
regular basis every 10 years since 1881, and the first Census after Independence was held in
1951. It is a comprehensive source of data and is related to the population size and different
aspects of demographic changes in India. The Census of India mainly includes statistical
information on some parameters, such as:
• State of Literacy
• Density of Population
• Population Projections
• Sex Composition of Population, and
• Size, Growth Rate, and Distribution of Population in India
2. Reports and Publications of National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO):
Another important source of collecting secondary data is Reports and Publications of NSSO. It
is a government organisation that comes under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation. The organisation helps in collecting data by conducting regular sample
surveys for collection of basic statistical information related to different economic activities in
rural and urban parts of the country. For example, the 78th round of NSSO started from
1st January 2020 for the collection of data on ‘Domestic Tourism Expenditure’ and ‘Multiple
Indicators’. Reports and Publications of NSSO mainly offer statistical information on different
parameters of economic change such as:
• Housing Conditions and Migration with special emphasis
• Land and Livestock Holdings
• Employment and Unemployment Status in India
• Consumer Expenditure in India (which includes level and pattern of consumer
expenditure of diverse categories of people, and
• Sources of Household Income in India
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