1. EARTHQUAKE De!

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1. EARTHQUAKE
Definition An earthquake is the sudden shaking
of the Earth caused by movement of plates inside
the Earth.
Types (with simple definition)
1. Tectonic earthquake – Occurs due to
movement of tectonic plates.
2. Volcanic earthquake – Occurs due to
volcanic eruptions.
3. Collapse earthquake – Occurs due to
collapse of underground caves or mines.
4. Induced earthquake – Occurs due to
human activities like dams and drilling.
Causes (10)
1. Movement of tectonic plates causes
earthquakes.
2. Pressure builds up along fault lines.
3. Sudden release of energy shakes the
Earth.
4. Volcanic eruptions create vibrations.
5. Underground mining weakens rocks.
6. Construction of large dams increases
pressure.
7. Nuclear tests cause ground shaking.
8. Friction between plates releases energy.
 9. Cracks in the Earth’s crust expand.
10. Human drilling activities trigger tremors.
Effects (10)
1. Earthquakes cause loss of human life.
2. Buildings and houses collapse.
3. Roads and bridges are damaged.
4. Fire breaks out due to gas leaks.
5. Landslides are triggered.
6. Tsunami may occur in coastal areas.
7. Water and power supply get disrupted.
8. People become homeless.
9. Heavy economic loss occurs.
10. Fear and panic spread among people.
Mitigation Measures (10)
1. Construct earthquake-resistant buildings.
2. Follow proper building codes.
3. Identify earthquake-prone areas.
4. Conduct mock drills regularly.
5. Use strong construction materials.
6. Strengthen old buildings.
7. Avoid construction near fault lines.
8. Install early warning systems.
9. Educate people about safety rules.
10. Monitor seismic activity.
Remedial Measures (10)
1. Start rescue operations immediately.
2. Provide first aid to injured people.
3. Supply food and clean water.
4. Arrange temporary shelters.
5. Clear debris from affected areas.
6. Restore electricity and water supply.
7. Provide financial help to victims.
8. Rebuild damaged houses.
 9. Provide counseling to affected people.
10. Implement rehabilitation programs.

2. TSUNAMI
Definition A tsunami is a series of very large sea
waves caused by disturbances under the sea.
Types
1. Earthquake tsunami – Caused by
undersea earthquakes.
2. Volcanic tsunami – Caused by volcanic
eruptions.
3. Landslide tsunami – Caused by
underwater landslides.
4. Meteor tsunami – Caused by meteor
impact in oceans.
Causes (10)
1. Undersea earthquakes displace water.
2. Sudden movement of the seabed creates
waves.
3. Volcanic eruptions under the sea cause
tsunamis.
4. Underwater landslides push water
upward.
5. Meteor impact creates huge waves.
6. Plate subduction zones trigger tsunamis.
7. Sudden collapse of island slopes.
8. Shallow coastal waters increase wave
height.
9. Vertical fault movement occurs.
10. Strong seismic activity in oceans.
Effects (10)
1. Coastal areas get flooded.
 2. Large loss of human life occurs.
3. Houses and villages are destroyed.
4. Ports and boats are damaged.
5. Farmland becomes salty and useless.
6. Drinking water sources get polluted.
7. Roads and bridges wash away.
8. Diseases spread due to dirty water.
9. People lose their livelihood.
10. Long-term economic loss occurs.
Mitigation Measures (10)
1. Install tsunami warning systems.
2. Avoid settlements near seashores.
3. Grow mangrove forests along coasts.
4. Prepare evacuation plans.
5. Conduct public awareness programs.
6. Build shelters on higher ground.
7. Monitor ocean seismic activity.
8. Prepare hazard maps.
9. Train coastal communities.
10. Strengthen coastal embankments.
Remedial Measures (10)
1. Evacuate affected people quickly.
2. Provide medical treatment.
3. Supply food and clean water.
4. Provide temporary housing.
5. Remove debris from coastal areas.
6. Restore fishing activities.
7. Rebuild houses and roads.
8. Provide compensation to victims.
9. Give psychological support.
10. Rehabilitate affected coastal areas.

3. LANDSLIDE
Definition A landslide is the downward movement
of soil, rocks, or debris on a slope.
Types
1. Rock slide – Movement of large rocks.
2. Mudslide – Flow of mud mixed with
water.
3. Debris slide – Movement of soil, stones,
and waste.
4. Slump – Slow downward movement of
soil.
Causes (10)
1. Heavy rainfall loosens soil.
2. Earthquakes trigger landslides.
3. Deforestation weakens hill slopes.
4. Steep slopes increase landslide risk.
5. Road cutting damages hill stability.
6. Mining disturbs soil layers.
7. Volcanic activity shakes the land.
8. Poor drainage causes soil saturation.
9. Construction adds extra weight.
10. Weathering weakens rocks.
Effects (10)
1. Landslides cause loss of life.
2. Houses are buried or damaged.
3. Roads and railways are blocked.
4. Rivers get blocked.
5. Floods may occur upstream.
6. Agricultural land is destroyed.
7. Communication lines break.
8. Transport services stop.
9. Economic loss increases.
10. People are displaced.
Mitigation Measures (10)
 1. Plant trees on hill slopes.
2. Build retaining walls.
3. Improve drainage systems.
4. Avoid construction on steep slopes.
5. Monitor landslide-prone areas.
6. Stabilize slopes scientifically.
7. Control mining activities.
8. Follow land-use planning.
9. Install early warning systems.
10. Educate people about landslide risks.
Remedial Measures (10)
1. Rescue trapped people.
2. Clear debris from roads.
3. Provide medical help.
4. Arrange temporary shelters.
5. Restore transport facilities.
6. Rebuild damaged houses.
7. Give compensation to victims.
8. Strengthen damaged slopes.
9. Support livelihoods of affected people.
10. Rehabilitate affected areas.

4. MINING DISASTER
Definition A mining disaster is a serious accident
that happens during mining operations.
Types
1. Mine collapse – Roof of mine falls.
2. Gas explosion – Explosion due to
methane gas.
3. Mine flooding – Water enters the mine.
4. Mine fire – Fire accident inside the mine.
Causes (10)
 1. Weak mine structures.
2. Poor safety measures.
3. Leakage of poisonous gases.
4. Over-excavation of mines.
5. Poor ventilation systems.
6. Old and unsafe equipment.
7. Human negligence.
8. Lack of worker training.
9. Water seepage into mines.
10. Ignoring safety rules.
Effects (10)
1. Death of mine workers.
2. Serious injuries occur.
3. Mines get closed.
4. Heavy economic loss occurs.
5. Environmental pollution increases.
6. Land subsidence happens.
7. Families lose income.
8. Health problems increase.
9. Social problems arise.
10. Long recovery period is needed.
Mitigation Measures (10)
1. Follow strict safety rules.
2. Improve ventilation systems.
3. Conduct regular inspections.
4. Use modern mining equipment.
5. Install gas detection systems.
6. Train workers properly.
7. Provide emergency exits.
8. Control depth of mining.
9. Monitor mining activities.
10. Strengthen mine supports.
Remedial Measures (10)
 1. Conduct rescue operations immediately.
2. Provide medical treatment.
3. Pay compensation to families.
4. Offer counseling services.
5. Repair damaged mines.
6. Improve safety standards.
7. Restore environment.
8. Provide alternative employment.
9. Take legal action if needed.
10. Implement rehabilitation programs.

5. AVALANCHE
Definition An avalanche is the sudden sliding of a
large mass of snow down a mountain slope.
Types
1. Loose snow avalanche – Dry snow
slides down slowly.
2. Slab avalanche – A thick layer of snow
breaks and slides.
3. Wet snow avalanche – Snow mixed with
water slides down.
Causes (10)
1. Heavy snowfall increases snow weight.
2. Sudden rise in temperature.
3. Steep mountain slopes.
4. Weak layers of snow.
5. Earthquakes cause vibrations.
6. Loud sounds or explosions.
7. Human movement on slopes.
8. Strong winds deposit snow.
9. Climate change affects snow stability.
10. Poor slope management.
Effects (10)
1. Avalanches cause loss of life.
2. People get buried under snow.
3. Houses and huts are destroyed.
4. Roads get blocked.
5. Transport services stop.
6. Power lines are damaged.
7. Tourism is affected.
8. Communication systems fail.
9. Environmental damage occurs.
10. Economic loss increases.
Mitigation Measures (10)
1. Install avalanche warning systems.
2. Use controlled snow blasting.
3. Avoid high-risk areas.
4. Build snow fences.
5. Plant trees on slopes.
6. Plan safe travel routes.
7. Conduct awareness programs.
8. Monitor weather conditions.
9. Train rescue teams.
10. Follow proper land-use planning.
Remedial Measures (10)
1. Start rescue operations immediately.
2. Use search and rescue tools.
3. Provide medical help.
4. Arrange temporary shelters.
5. Clear snow from roads.
6. Restore communication systems.
7. Provide compensation.
8. Give psychological support.
9. Rebuild damaged infrastructure.
10. Rehabilitate affected people.