Name: ______________________________Grade & Block: _________________ Date Performed: ___________
LABORATORY EXPERIMENT 3
MINI-LAB: INVESTIGATING GAS LAWS
Purpose
To understand gas laws based on their relationships to temperature, pressure and
volume.
FYI
You have not been given any previous information regarding gas laws. This lab is to
get you familiar with two of the gas laws and their relation to the above variables.
Safety
1) Don’t eat or drink anything in the lab.
2) Always wear eye protection.
3) Don’t play around – treat the lab with respect.
4) Hot plates are HOT! Be careful!
Questions
1. Add about 10mL of water to a 50mL Erlenmeyer flask. Place a small balloon
over the opening of the flask and place the flask on the hot plate (hot plate
should be set to 8) until the water boils. When the balloon performs its trick,
remove it soon after so that you don’t get scalded with hot water!
a. Observe and record what you see.
b. What happens to the balloon?
c. Circle the variables you are dealing with: temperature pressure volume
d. Complete this: As ____________________ increases, ________________ increases.
e. The relationship between these variables is ___________________ (direct,
inverse)
2. Place a marshmallow/packaging peanuts in a syringe. Push and pull the syringe
and observe what happens to the marshmallow/packaging peanuts.
a. When I push the syringe, the marshmallow/packaging peanuts
___________________.
b. When I pull the syringe, the marshmallow/packaging
peanuts_____________________.
c. Circle the variables you are dealing with: temperature pressure volume
d. Complete this: As ___________________increases, __________________decreases.
e. The relationship between these variables is ____________________(direct,
inverse)
3. Demo: A small amount of water is placed at the bottom of a pop can and placed
on a hot plate until the water is boiling. The can is then flipped into a bucket of
ice water.
a. Observe and record what you see.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. What happened to the can?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
c. Circle the variables you are dealing with: temperature pressure volume
4. FINAL QUESTION:
After doing some research, answer the following questions:
a. Which law do you think was demonstrated in question one?
________________________________________________________________________________
b. Which law was demonstrated in question two?
________________________________________________________________________________
c. Complete this: The relationship between the variables in question three was
___________________ (direct, inverse). (As __________________ decreased,
______________________ decreased). This demonstrates __________________ Law.
Conclusion
Name: ______________________________Grade & Block: _________________ Date Performed: ___________
LABORATORY EXPERIMENT 4
MOLAR MASS DETERMINATION BY VAPOR DENSITY METHOD
Data & Results
A. Fill up the table below. Take note of the precision of the instrument used by writing the appropriate number
of significant figures for each measurement. (1 pts. each)
Weight of Erlenmeyer flask + Al foil + rubber band + condensed
vapor (g)
Weight of Erlenmeyer flask + Al foil + rubber band (g)
Weight of condensed vapor (g)
Temperature of boiling water (oC)
Atmospheric pressure (atm)
Volume of flask (mL)
Gas Constant, R (L-atm/mole-K)
B. Calculate the molecular weight/mass of the alcohol. (Express your answer in proper number of significant
figures)
a. Temperature of boiling water (1 pt) = ________________ K
b. Volume of flask (1 pt) = ________________ L
c. Atmospheric pressure (1 pt) = ________________ atm
d. Experimental molecular mass (3 pts)
e. Percentage Error:
% Error Points
Theoretical−Experiment
0 – 10 5 % Error = ⌈ ⌉ x 100
Theoretical
10 – 20 4
21 – 30 3
31 – 40 2
41 – 50 1
>50 0
Questions
1. a. Would there be any difference in the mass of the condensed vapor if a large hole was made? (1 pt)
______. Why? (2 pts) _________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
b. How will this affect (increase, decrease, no change) the molecular weight/mass of the sample? (2 pts)
_____________________________________________________________.
2. Two hundred fifty milliliters of its vapor at STP weighs 0.96g. What is the molecular formula? (5 pts). (Use
atomic masses: C = 12.01, H = 1.01).
Name: ______________________________Grade & Block: _________________ Date Performed: ___________
LABORATORY EXPERIMENT 5
METHODS OF SEPARATING THE COMPONENTS OF A MIXTURE
Most of the materials found in nature are mixtures. They are made up of two or more substances
jumbled together in different proportions. Mixtures are physical combination and the methods of separating
the aggregate components are physical too.
The activity identifies the different methods or techniques on how to separate mixtures and devise
methods of separating the components of a given mixture.
Procedure
A. Evaporation
Add 1.0 g of table salt (NaCl) into a 10 mL of water. Stir until salt completely dissolves in water.
Observe.
Pour the mixture into the evaporating dish. Let it evaporate to dryness. With the use of a clean glass rod,
dip the tip of the glass rod to the solid substance left on the evaporating dish and taste it. While waiting
for evaporation to occurr, do procedure B and C.
B. Filtration
Add 3.0 mL of KBr solution to 1.0 mL of Pb(NO 3)2 if not available, use a pinch of pulverized chalk
mixed in water. Observe. Filter the mixture.
C. Decantation
Place 20 mL of water in a 50 mL beaker. Add a pinch of sand. Observe. Decant the supernatant liquid
carefully into another 50 mL beaker.
D. By the Use of Separatory Funnel (Demo)
Mix 10 mL of water and 5 mL of oil in a 50 mL beaker. Observe.
Pour the mixture into the separatory funnel and separate the components. (Your teacher will show the
process).
E. Chromatography
Background Information:
Paper Chromatography is used for separating chemicals based on their different properties (ex:
solubility, size, mass, etc.) and thus, allows scientists to distinguish various organic and inorganic materials.
This technique is commonly used in crime scenes or in laboratories to identify an unknown compound by
comparing it to known compounds.
Paper Chromatography is divided into two phases: Stationary Phase and Mobile Phase. Stationary
Phase describes the paper before the solvents start to move up and Mobile Phase is when the solvents travels
up the chromatography paper while carrying the solute (e.g. pigments).
Objective:
In this experiment, we will observe black ink consists of other pigments and how different pigments
in black ink separate based on their solubility. Capillary action allows solvent to travel up the paper and
different pigments in black ink will separate based on their solubility. Pigment that is more soluble in polar
solvent will travel up the paper along with the solvent, but pigments that are less soluble in polar solvent will
travel more slowly because of their interaction with the chromatography paper.
Materials Needed:
Chromatography Paper (White Paper Towels can be used as a substitute) Pencil
Solvents: must be polar (Ex: distilled water & rubbing alcohol)
Ruler
3 Black Ink Pens/ Markers Tape
Cup (preparably clear, plastic cup but not necessary)
Procedure:
1. Preparing chromatography paper: Cut the paper towel: 2 cm by 15 cm. Then, measure 4
cm from one end and draw a line using a pencil and also a midline dividing the 4 cm line
you just drew (as shown in the picture below). This is the baseline. It’s important to use
pencil because lead will not dissolve in water, preventing experimental error in chemical
separation.
2. Using black ink pen or marker, draw a small dot at the cross section of two lines you have
drawn previously.
3. Preparing Solvent: Mix equal amounts of water and rubbing alcohol in the cup (height ~ 2
cm). Rubbing alcohol by itself is also fine. Make sure the height of the solvent is less than
4cm. (You don’t need large amounts of solvent, just a little bit as depicted in the picture
below).
4. Place the chromatography paper (aka. Paper towel) inside the cup and make sure that the
solvent Does Not reach where the ink is (there should be a gap between ink and solvent).
Also, make sure that the chromatography paper doesn’t touch the bottom of the cup. Tape
the other end of chromatography paper to a pencil and place it on the cup.
5. Wait for about 15 minute. Then, take out the chromatography paper.
6. Using the same set up, repeat the experiment with different types of black ink pen/ marker.
Data and Observation
Analysis Questions
1. How paper chromatography is used to identify unknown chemical?
2. Devise methods on how to separate the mixture of manganese dioxide, ammonium chloride and water.
Manganese dioxide is a solid insoluble in water while ammonium chloride is very soluble in water. Use a
schematic diagram.
Conclusion
Name: ______________________________Grade & Block: _________________ Date Performed: ___________
LABORATORY EXPERIMENT 5
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC/COLORIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE SOLUTIONS
/spectroscopically