12-Hour Intensive Mathematics Study Plan

Elective Mathematics - Complete WASSCE Preparation

⏰ OVERNIGHT STUDY SCHEDULE (10:00 PM - 10:00

AM)
Time Topic Duration
10:00 PM - 12:30 AM Pure Mathematics I 2.5 hrs
12:30 - 12:45 AM Break (Stretch, Snack) 15 min
12:45 - 3:00 AM Pure Mathematics II 2.25 hrs
3:00 - 3:30 AM Break (Light meal, Fresh air) 30 min
3:30 - 5:30 AM Statistics & Probability 2 hrs
5:30 - 5:45 AM Break (Walk around) 15 min
5:45 - 7:45 AM Vectors & Mechanics 2 hrs
7:45 - 8:15 AM Breakfast Break 30 min
8:15 - 10:00 AM Practice & Review 1 hr 45 min

📐 PURE MATHEMATICS I (10:00 PM - 12:30 AM)

1. FUNCTIONS (10:00 - 10:25 PM)

Types of Functions

Linear Function: f(x) = mx + c

 m = gradient (slope)
 c = y-intercept
 Graph: Straight line

Quadratic Function: f(x) = ax² + bx + c

 Graph: Parabola
 Vertex form: f(x) = a(x - h)² + k
o Vertex at (h, k)
 Axis of symmetry: x = -b/2a
 Roots (where f(x) = 0):
o Quadratic formula: x = [-b ± √(b² - 4ac)] / 2a
o Discriminant (Δ = b² - 4ac):
 Δ > 0: Two real roots
  Δ = 0: One real root (repeated)
 Δ < 0: No real roots (complex)
 Sum of roots: α + β = -b/a
 Product of roots: αβ = c/a

Cubic Function: f(x) = ax³ + bx² + cx + d

Exponential Function: f(x) = aˣ

 Growth when a > 1

 Decay when 0 < a < 1

Logarithmic Function: f(x) = log_a(x)

 Inverse of exponential

Function Operations

 (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

 (f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)
 (fg)(x) = f(x) × g(x)

Composite: (f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x))

 (f/g)(x) = f(x) / g(x) (g(x) ≠ 0)


Domain & Range

 Domain: All possible x-values (input)

 Range: All possible y-values (output)

Inverse Functions

 f⁻¹(f(x)) = x
 To find inverse: Swap x and y, solve for y
 Condition: Function must be one-to-one

Practice Questions

1. Find roots of x² - 5x + 6 = 0
o Solution: (x - 2)(x - 3) = 0 → x = 2 or x = 3

2. If f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = x², find (f ∘ g)(x)

o Or use formula: x = [5 ± √(25-24)]/2 = [5 ± 1]/2

o Solution: f(g(x)) = f(x²) = 2(x²) + 3 = 2x² + 3

3. Find inverse of f(x) = 3x - 7
o Solution: y = 3x - 7 → x = 3y - 7 → 3y = x + 7 → f⁻¹(x) = (x + 7)/3

2. INDICES & LOGARITHMS (10:25 - 10:50 PM)

Laws of Indices

1. aᵐ × aⁿ = aᵐ⁺ⁿ
2. aᵐ ÷ aⁿ = aᵐ⁻ⁿ
3. (aᵐ)ⁿ = aᵐⁿ
4. a⁰ = 1 (a ≠ 0)
5. a⁻ⁿ = 1/aⁿ
6. a^(1/n) = ⁿ√a
7. a^(m/n) = ⁿ√(aᵐ) = (ⁿ√a)ᵐ
8. (ab)ⁿ = aⁿbⁿ
9. (a/b)ⁿ = aⁿ/bⁿ

Laws of Logarithms

 log_a(xy) = log_a(x) + log_a(y)

 log_a(x/y) = log_a(x) - log_a(y)
 log_a(xⁿ) = n log_a(x)
 log_a(a) = 1
 log_a(1) = 0
 a^(log_a(x)) = x
 Change of base: log_a(x) = log_b(x) / log_b(a)
 Inverse relationship: If y = aˣ, then x = log_a(y)

Special Cases

 log(x) = log₁₀(x) (common logarithm)

 ln(x) = log_e(x) (natural logarithm, e ≈ 2.718)

Practice Questions

1. Simplify: 2⁵ × 2³ ÷ 2⁴
o Solution: 2⁵⁺³⁻⁴ = 2⁴ = 16
2. Solve: 3^(2x+1) = 27
o Solution: 3^(2x+1) = 3³ → 2x + 1 = 3 → 2x = 2 → x = 1
3. Simplify: log(8) + log(125) - log(1000)
o Solution: log(8 × 125 ÷ 1000) = log(1) = 0
4. Solve: log₂(x) = 5
o Solution: x = 2⁵ = 32

3. SEQUENCES & SERIES (10:50 - 11:20 PM)

Arithmetic Progression (AP)

 Sequence with constant difference

 nth term: Tₙ = a + (n-1)d
o a = first term
 od = common difference
on = term number
 Sum of n terms: Sₙ = n/2[2a + (n-1)d] or Sₙ = n/2(a + l)
o l = last term

Geometric Progression (GP)

 Sequence with constant ratio

 nth term: Tₙ = arⁿ⁻¹
o a = first term
o r = common ratio
 Sum of n terms: Sₙ = a(1 - rⁿ)/(1 - r) or Sₙ = a(rⁿ - 1)/(r - 1)
 Sum to infinity (|r| < 1): S∞ = a/(1 - r)

Practice Questions

1. AP: 3, 7, 11, 15... Find 20th term and sum of first 20 terms
o Solution: a = 3, d = 4
o T₂₀ = 3 + (20-1)4 = 3 + 76 = 79
o S₂₀ = 20/2[2(3) + 19(4)] = 10[6 + 76] = 820
2. GP: 2, 6, 18, 54... Find 8th term
o Solution: a = 2, r = 3
o T₈ = 2(3)⁷ = 2(2187) = 4374
3. Find sum to infinity: 8, 4, 2, 1...
o Solution: a = 8, r = 1/2
o S∞ = 8/(1 - 1/2) = 8/(1/2) = 16

4. BINOMIAL THEOREM (11:20 - 11:45 PM)

Binomial Expansion

 (a + b)ⁿ = ⁿC₀aⁿb⁰ + ⁿC₁aⁿ⁻¹b¹ + ⁿC₂aⁿ⁻²b² + ... + ⁿCₙa⁰bⁿ

Binomial Coefficient

 ⁿCᵣ = n!/(r!(n-r)!) or ⁿCᵣ = (ⁿᵣ)

 Properties:
o ⁿC₀ = ⁿCₙ = 1
o ⁿCᵣ = ⁿCₙ₋ᵣ
o ⁿCᵣ + ⁿCᵣ₊₁ = ⁿ⁺¹Cᵣ₊₁

Pascal's Triangle

1
1 1
1 2 1
 1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1

General Term

 (r+1)th term = ⁿCᵣ aⁿ⁻ʳ bʳ

Special Cases

 (1 + x)ⁿ = 1 + nx + n(n-1)x²/2! + n(n-1)(n-2)x³/3! + ...

Practice Questions

1. Expand (x + 2)⁴
o Solution:
o ⁴C₀x⁴ + ⁴C₁x³(2) + ⁴C₂x²(4) + ⁴C₃x(8) + ⁴C₄(16)
o = x⁴ + 8x³ + 24x² + 32x + 16
2. Find coefficient of x³ in (2x - 1)⁵
o Solution: Term with x³ is ⁵C₃(2x)³(-1)²
o = 10 × 8x³ × 1 = 80x³ → coefficient = 80
3. Find 5th term in expansion of (3 + 2x)⁷
o Solution: T₅ = T₄₊₁ = ⁷C₄(3)³(2x)⁴
o = 35 × 27 × 16x⁴ = 15120x⁴

5. MATRICES & DETERMINANTS (11:45 PM - 12:30 AM)

Matrix Basics

 Rectangular array of numbers

 Order: m × n (m rows, n columns)
 Square matrix: m = n
 Identity matrix (I): Diagonal 1s, rest 0s
 Zero matrix: All elements 0

Matrix Operations

Addition/Subtraction: Same order only

 [a b] + [e f] = [a+e b+f]
 [c d] [g h] [c+g d+h]

Scalar Multiplication

 k[a b] = [ka kb] [c d] [kc kd]

Matrix Multiplication: Rows × Columns

  [a b] × [e f] = [ae+bg af+bh] [c d] [g h] [ce+dg cf+dh]
 Not commutative: AB ≠ BA (generally)
 (AB)C = A(BC) (associative)

Determinant (2×2)

 det|a b| = ad - bc |c d|

Inverse (2×2)

 A⁻¹ = 1/det(A) × [d -b] [-c a]

 AA⁻¹ = A⁻¹A = I
 Inverse exists only if det(A) ≠ 0

Solving Equations

 AX = B → X = A⁻¹B

Determinant (3×3) - Expansion method

 |a b c| |d e f| = a|e f| - b|d f| + c|d e| |g h i| |h i| |g i| |g h|

 = a(ei - fh) - b(di - fg) + c(dh - eg)

Practice Questions

1. Find AB if A = [2 1] and B = [3 0] [4 3] [1 2]
o Solution:
o AB = [2(3)+1(1) 2(0)+1(2)] = [7 2] [4(3)+3(1) 4(0)+3(2)] [15 6]
2. Find determinant: |3 2| |1 4|
o Solution: det = 3(4) - 2(1) = 12 - 2 = 10
3. Find inverse of [2 1] [5 3]
o Solution: det = 6 - 5 = 1
o A⁻¹ = 1/1 × [3 -1] = [3 -1] [-5 2] [-5 2]
4. Solve using matrices: 2x + y = 7, x + 3y = 11
o Solution:
o A = [2 1], X = [x], B = [7] [1 3] [y] [11]
o det(A) = 6 - 1 = 5
o A⁻¹ = 1/5[3 -1] [-1 2]
o X = A⁻¹B = 1/5[3 -1][7 ] = 1/5[10] = [2] [-1 2][11] [15] [3]
o x = 2, y = 3

📐 PURE MATHEMATICS II (12:45 - 3:00 AM)

6. DIFFERENTIATION (12:45 - 1:30 AM)

Basic Derivatives

 d/dx(c) = 0 (constant)
 d/dx(x) = 1
 d/dx(xⁿ) = nxⁿ⁻¹ (power rule)
 d/dx(cx) = c
 d/dx(sin x) = cos x
 d/dx(cos x) = -sin x
 d/dx(eˣ) = eˣ
 d/dx(ln x) = 1/x

Differentiation Rules

Sum/Difference Rule

 d/dx[f(x) ± g(x)] = f'(x) ± g'(x)

Product Rule

 d/dx[f(x)g(x)] = f'(x)g(x) + f(x)g'(x)

Quotient Rule

 d/dx[f(x)/g(x)] = [f'(x)g(x) - f(x)g'(x)] / [g(x)]²

Chain Rule (composite functions)

 d/dx[f(g(x))] = f'(g(x)) × g'(x)

 Or: dy/dx = dy/du × du/dx

Applications

1. Gradient of Curve

 Gradient at point = f'(x) at that point

2. Equation of Tangent

 At point (x₁, y₁): y - y₁ = m(x - x₁) where m = f'(x₁)

3. Equation of Normal

 Perpendicular to tangent
 Gradient = -1/m
  y - y₁ = -1/m(x - x₁)

4. Stationary Points (turning points)

 Where f'(x) = 0
 Maximum: f'(x) = 0 and f''(x) < 0
 Minimum: f'(x) = 0 and f''(x) > 0
 Point of inflection: f''(x) = 0

5. Rate of Change

 Velocity: v = ds/dt (rate of change of displacement)

 Acceleration: a = dv/dt = d²s/dt²

6. Small Changes & Approximations

 δy ≈ dy/dx × δx

Practice Questions

1. Differentiate: y = 3x⁴ - 2x³ + 5x - 7

o Solution: dy/dx = 12x³ - 6x² + 5
2. Find dy/dx if y = (x² + 1)(x³ - 2) (product rule)
o Solution:
o dy/dx = (2x)(x³ - 2) + (x² + 1)(3x²)
o = 2x⁴ - 4x + 3x⁴ + 3x²
o = 5x⁴ + 3x² - 4x
3. Differentiate: y = (2x + 1)⁵ (chain rule)
o Solution: dy/dx = 5(2x + 1)⁴ × 2 = 10(2x + 1)⁴
4. Find stationary points of y = x³ - 3x² - 9x + 5
o Solution:
o dy/dx = 3x² - 6x - 9 = 0
o 3(x² - 2x - 3) = 0 → (x - 3)(x + 1) = 0
o x = 3 or x = -1
o d²y/dx² = 6x - 6
o At x = 3: d²y/dx² = 12 > 0 → minimum
o At x = -1: d²y/dx² = -12 < 0 → maximum
5. Find gradient of y = x² + 2x at point (1, 3)
o Solution: dy/dx = 2x + 2
o At x = 1: gradient = 2(1) + 2 = 4

7. INTEGRATION (1:30 - 2:15 AM)

Basic Integrals

 ∫c dx = cx + C (constant)
  ∫xⁿ dx = xⁿ⁺¹/(n+1) + C (n ≠ -1)
 ∫1/x dx = ln|x| + C
 ∫eˣ dx = eˣ + C
 ∫sin x dx = -cos x + C
 ∫cos x dx = sin x + C
 C = constant of integration

Integration Rules

Sum/Difference

 ∫[f(x) ± g(x)]dx = ∫f(x)dx ± ∫g(x)dx

Constant Multiple

 ∫cf(x)dx = c∫f(x)dx

Definite Integration

 ∫ₐᵇ f(x)dx = [F(x)]ₐᵇ = F(b) - F(a)

 No constant C needed

Integration by Substitution

 Let u = g(x), then du = g'(x)dx

 ∫f(g(x))g'(x)dx = ∫f(u)du

Applications

1. Area Under Curve

 Area = ∫ₐᵇ y dx (above x-axis)

 Area = -∫ₐᵇ y dx (below x-axis)
 Area between curves: ∫ₐᵇ [f(x) - g(x)]dx

2. Volume of Revolution (about x-axis)

 V = π∫ₐᵇ y² dx

3. Reverse of Differentiation

 Velocity → Displacement: s = ∫v dt
 Acceleration → Velocity: v = ∫a dt

Practice Questions
 1. Integrate: ∫(3x² + 4x - 5)dx
o Solution: x³ + 2x² - 5x + C
2. Evaluate: ∫₁³ x² dx
o Solution:
o [x³/3]₁³ = 27/3 - 1/3 = 9 - 1/3 = 26/3 or 8⅔
3. Find area under y = x² from x = 0 to x = 2
o Solution:
o A = ∫₀² x² dx = [x³/3]₀² = 8/3 - 0 = 8/3 square units
4. Integrate: ∫(2x + 1)⁴ dx (substitution)
o Solution:
o Let u = 2x + 1, du = 2dx → dx = du/2
o ∫u⁴(du/2) = 1/2 × u⁵/5 = u⁵/10
o = (2x + 1)⁵/10 + C

8. TRIGONOMETRY (2:15 - 3:00 AM)

Basic Ratios (right triangle)

 sin θ = opposite/hypotenuse
 cos θ = adjacent/hypotenuse
 tan θ = opposite/adjacent = sin θ/cos θ

Reciprocal Ratios

 cosec θ = 1/sin θ
 sec θ = 1/cos θ
 cot θ = 1/tan θ = cos θ/sin θ

Pythagorean Identities

 sin²θ + cos²θ = 1
 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ
 1 + cot²θ = cosec²θ

Special Angles

θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

sin 0 1/2 √2/2 √3/2 1
cos 1 √3/2 √2/2 1/2 0
tan 0 1/√3 1 √3 ∞

Compound Angle Formulas

cos(A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B

 sin(A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B

  tan(A ± B) = (tan A ± tan B)/(1 ∓ tan A tan B)

Double Angle Formulas

 sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A

 cos 2A = cos²A - sin²A = 2cos²A - 1 = 1 - 2sin²A
 tan 2A = 2tan A/(1 - tan²A)

Sine Rule (any triangle)

 a/sin A = b/sin B = c/sin C

 Or: sin A/a = sin B/b = sin C/c

Cosine Rule (any triangle)

 a² = b² + c² - 2bc cos A
 cos A = (b² + c² - a²)/(2bc)

Area of Triangle

 Area = ½ab sin C = ½bc sin A = ½ac sin B

Solving Trig Equations

 Use CAST diagram for quadrants

 All (1st quadrant), Sin (2nd), Tan (3rd), Cos (4th)
 General solutions:
o sin θ = sin α → θ = α, 180° - α, 360° + α...
o cos θ = cos α → θ = α, 360° - α, 360° + α...
o tan θ = tan α → θ = α, 180° + α, 360° + α...

Radian Measure

 π radians = 180°
 1 radian = 180°/π ≈ 57.3°
 To convert: Degrees × π/180 = Radians
 Arc length: s = rθ (θ in radians)
 Area of sector: A = ½r²θ (θ in radians)

Practice Questions

1. If sin θ = 3/5 and θ is acute, find cos θ and tan θ

o Solution:
o cos²θ = 1 - sin²θ = 1 - 9/25 = 16/25
o cos θ = 4/5, tan θ = sin/cos = 3/4
2. Solve: 2sin θ = 1 for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°
 o Solution: sin θ = 1/2
o θ = 30°, 150° (1st and 2nd quadrants)
3. Triangle: a = 7, b = 5, C = 60°, find c (cosine rule)
o Solution:
o c² = 7² + 5² - 2(7)(5)cos 60°
o c² = 49 + 25 - 70(0.5) = 74 - 35 = 39
o c = √39 ≈ 6.24
4. Convert 135° to radians
o Solution: 135 × π/180 = 3π/4 radians
5. Prove: (1 + tan²θ) = sec²θ
o Solution:
o 1 + tan²θ = 1 + sin²θ/cos²θ
o = (cos²θ + sin²θ)/cos²θ = 1/cos²θ = sec²θ ✓

📊 STATISTICS & PROBABILITY (3:30 - 5:30 AM)

9. DATA PRESENTATION (3:30 - 3:55 AM)

Types of Data

 Qualitative: Categorical (colors, names)

 Quantitative: Numerical
o Discrete: Countable (number of students)
o Continuous: Measurable (height, weight)

Frequency Distribution

 Frequency: Number of occurrences

 Class interval: Range of values
 Class width: Upper limit - Lower limit
 Class midpoint: (Upper + Lower)/2
 Cumulative frequency: Running total of frequencies

Data Presentation Methods

1. Bar Chart: Separate bars for discrete data

2. Histogram: Connected bars for continuous data

 Area represents frequency

 Used for grouped data

3. Pie Chart: Circular diagram

  Angle = (Frequency/Total) × 360°

4. Frequency Polygon: Line graph joining midpoints of histogram bars

5. Cumulative Frequency Curve (Ogive): S-shaped curve

 Used to find median, quartiles, percentiles

Practice Question

1. Draw pie chart: A=20, B=30, C=10 (Total=60)

o Solution:
o A: (20/60) × 360° = 120°
o B: (30/60) × 360° = 180°
o C: (10/60) × 360° = 60°

10. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (3:55 - 4:20 AM)

Mean (Average)

 Ungrouped: x̄ = Σx/n
 Grouped: x̄ = Σfx/Σf (f = frequency, x = midpoint)

Median (middle value)

 Ungrouped:
o Arrange in order
o Odd n: Middle value
o Even n: Average of two middle values
 Grouped: Use cumulative frequency curve
o Median = Value at n/2 position

Mode (most frequent)

 Ungrouped: Value with highest frequency

 Grouped: Class with highest frequency (modal class)

Quartiles

 Q₁ (Lower quartile): Value at n/4 position (25th percentile)

 Q₂ (Median): Value at n/2 position (50th percentile)
 Q₃ (Upper quartile): Value at 3n/4 position (75th percentile)

Percentiles

 Pₖ: Value below which k% of data falls

  P₅₀ = Median

Practice Questions

1. Find mean: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
o Solution: x̄ = (2+4+6+8+10)/5 = 30/5 = 6
2. Find median: 3, 7, 2, 9, 5, 8, 4
o Solution: Order: 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9
o Middle value (4th): Median = 5
3. Grouped data: Calculate mean

Score 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49

Freq