WEEK 1

Behavioral Objectives:

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Define work, energy, and power in their own words.

2. Identify examples of work, energy, and power in daily life.

3. Calculate work done given force and distance.

4. Describe different forms of energy and give at least one example for each.

TOPIC: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

Meaning of Work, Energy, and Power

Work: Work is done when a force is applied to an object and the object moves in the
direction of the force.
Formula: W = F × d
Unit: Joule (J)
Example: Pushing a box across the floor. If the box doesn’t move, no work is done.

Energy: Energy is the ability to do work.

Unit: Joule (J)

Power: Power is the rate at which work is done.

Formula: P = W / t
Unit: Watt (W)

Calculation Example:
A boy pushes a box with a force of 10 N across a room for 2 meters. How much work
does he do?
Step 1: Identify given values

 Force

𝐹 = 10 N

 Distance

𝑑=2m

Step 2: Use the formula to calculate work

  W=F×d W equals F cross d

𝑊=𝐹×𝑑

 W=10N×2m W equals 10N cross 2m

𝑊=10N×2m

 W=20J

𝑊=20J

Answer:
The boy does 20 J of work.

Power measures how quickly work is done or how fast energy is transferred [1]. Doing
the same amount of work in less time requires more power.
Formula:
Power is calculated by dividing the work done by the time taken:

𝑃=𝑊/𝑡

𝑃
where

is Power (measured in Watts),

W

𝑡
is Work (measured in Joules, J), and

is time (measured in seconds, s) [1].

Units:
The standard unit for power is the Watt (W). One Watt of power is used when 1 Joule of
work is done in 1 second.
Calculation Example:
A machine does 500 J of work in 10 seconds. What is its power?

Step 1: Identify given values

Work done 𝑊= 500 J

Time taken 𝑡= 10 s



Step 2: Use the formula to calculate power


 P=Wt P equals the fraction with numerator W and denominator t end-fraction

𝑃=𝑊𝑡

 𝑃=500J Divided by 10s

𝑃=50W

Answer:
The machine's power is 50 W.

Forms of Energy
- Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion. Example: Moving car, flowing river.
- Potential Energy: Stored energy due to position. Example: Water behind a dam, stretched
spring.
- Heat Energy: Energy that comes from temperature. Example: Boiling water, hot iron.
- Light Energy: Energy from light. Example: Sunlight, torch.
- Sound Energy: Energy transmitted through vibrations. Example: Music, talking.
- Chemical Energy: Energy stored in chemical bonds. Example: Food, fuel.

Week 2: POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY

Behavioral Objectives:

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Differentiate between potential and kinetic energy.

2. Calculate potential energy of an object using mass, gravity, and height.

3. Calculate kinetic energy of a moving object using mass and velocity.

4. Give examples of energy changing from potential to kinetic form.

Potential Energy
Energy stored in an object due to its position or condition.
Formula: PE = m × g × h, where m = mass, g = acceleration due to gravity, h = height.
Example: A book on a shelf, stretched rubber band.
 Kinetic Energy
Energy of a moving object.
Formula: KE = 1/2 × m × v², where m = mass, v = velocity.
Example: A rolling ball, flying bird.

Key Point: Energy can change from potential to kinetic and vice versa. Example: A ball
dropped from a height loses potential energy but gains kinetic energy as it falls..

CALCULATION EXAMPLES

A. Potential Energy (PE)

Formula:
PE = m × g × h

Where:
m = mass (kg)
g = acceleration due to gravity (10 m/s²)
h = height (m)

Example 1

Question:
Calculate the potential energy of a 2 kg book placed on a shelf 5 m high.
(Take g = 10 m/s²)

Solution:
m = 2 kg
h=5m
g = 10 m/s²

PE = m × g × h
PE = 2 × 10 × 5
PE = 100 J

Answer:
The potential energy of the book is 100 joules (J).
Example 2

Question:
A stone of mass 4 kg is lifted to a height of 3 m. Calculate its potential energy.
(Take g = 10 m/s²)

Solution:
PE = 4 × 10 × 3
PE = 120 J

Answer:
The potential energy is 120 joules (J).

B. Kinetic Energy (KE)

Formula:
KE = ½ × m × v²

Where:
m = mass (kg)
v = velocity (m/s)

Example 3

Question:
Calculate the kinetic energy of a ball of mass 2 kg moving at a speed of 4 m/s.

Solution:
m = 2 kg
v = 4 m/s

KE = ½ × m × v²
KE = ½ × 2 × 4²
KE = 1 × 16
KE = 16 J

Answer:
The kinetic energy of the ball is 16 joules (J).
Example 4

Question:
A moving car has a mass of 1 kg and a speed of 6 m/s. Find its kinetic energy.

Solution:
KE = ½ × 1 × 6²
KE = ½ × 36
KE = 18 J

Answer:
The kinetic energy is 18 joules (J).

Example 5

A ball of mass 2 kg is dropped from a height of 5 m.

Potential Energy at the top:

PE = 2 × 10 × 5 = 100 J

As the ball falls:

 Potential energy decreases

 Kinetic energy increases

At the ground, most of the energy becomes kinetic energy.

Week 3: CALCULATIONS INVOLVING WORK DONE

Behavioral Objectives:

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Solve simple numerical problems on work done.

2. Apply the formula W = F \times d in practical situations.

3. Interpret results of work calculations in real-life contexts.

Meaning of Work Done

Work is said to be done when a force moves an object through a distance in the direction
of the force.

Formula for Work Done

W=F×d

Where:

 W = Work done (joules, J)

 F = Force applied (newtons, N)
 d = Distance moved (metres, m)

CALCULATION EXAMPLES

Example 1

Question:
A force of 10 N is used to push a box through a distance of 5 m.
Calculate the work done.

Solution:
F = 10 N
d=5m

W=F×d
W = 10 × 5
W = 50 J

Answer:
The work done is 50 joules (J).
Example 2

Question:
A boy pulls a load with a force of 15 N over a distance of 4 m.
Find the work done.

Solution:
W = 15 × 4
W = 60 J

Answer:
The work done is 60 joules (J).

Example 3

Question:
A girl pushes a chair with a force of 20 N but the chair does not move.
Calculate the work done.

Solution:
Distance moved = 0 m

W=F×d
W = 20 × 0
W=0J

Answer:
No work is done because the object did not move.

REAL-LIFE APPLICATIONS OF WORK DONE

 Lifting a load from the ground

 Pushing a wheelbarrow
 Pulling a bucket from a well
 Moving furniture from one place to another

Example 1: A boy pushes a cart with a force of 50 N for 10 m. W = 50 × 10 = 500 J

Example 2: A weightlifter lifts a 20 kg weight to a height of 2 m. W = m × g × h = 20 × 10 × 2
= 400 J
Week 4: ENERGY TRANSFER WHEN WORK IS DONE
Behavioral Objectives:

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Explain how energy is transferred from one form to another.

2. Identify examples of energy transfer in everyday activities.

3. Demonstrate understanding that energy is neither created nor destroyed,

only transformed.

Here is a clear, Nigeria-standard JSS 1 Basic Science

class note for Week 4: Energy Transfer When Work Is Done, well structured for
lesson notes and supervision.

WEEK 4

TOPIC: ENERGY TRANSFER WHEN WORK IS DONE

BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Explain how energy is transferred from one form to another.

2. Identify examples of energy transfer in everyday activities.
3. Demonstrate understanding that energy is neither created nor destroyed but only
transformed.

Meaning of Energy Transfer

Energy transfer occurs when energy changes from one form to another while work is
being done.

Energy Transfer When Work Is Done

When a force is applied to move an object, energy is transferred from the source to the
object.

Examples:

 When a person lifts a load, chemical energy in the body changes to mechanical
energy.
  When a fan is switched on, electrical energy changes to kinetic energy.
 When a bulb lights up, electrical energy changes to light energy and heat energy.

Examples of Energy Transfer in Everyday Life

Activity Energy Change

Riding a bicycle Chemical → Kinetic

Chemical → Electrical →
Switching on a torch
Light

Ironing clothes Electrical → Heat

Falling object Potential → Kinetic

Chemical → Kinetic +
Car engine working
Heat

Law of Conservation of Energy

The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor
destroyed but can only be changed from one form to another.

. Key Points

 Energy transfer happens whenever work is done.

 Energy only changes form; the total amount remains the same.
 Energy transfer makes machines and daily activities possible.

SIMPLE CLASSROOM EXAMPLE

When a ball is thrown into the air:

 Kinetic energy changes to potential energy as it rises.

 Potential energy changes back to kinetic energy as it falls.

ENERGY TRANSFER

When work is done, energy is transferred from one form to another.

Examples:
1. Lifting a book → chemical energy from muscles becomes potential energy in the book.
2. Pedaling a bicycle → chemical energy → kinetic energy + heat energy.
3. Electrical heater → electrical energy → heat energy.
Key point: Energy is never lost, only transferred or transformed.

Weeks 5–6: FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION

Behavioral Objectives:

By the end of the lessons, students should be able to:

1. Demonstrate effective verbal and non-verbal communication techniques.

2. Explain the importance of honest communication about pubertal changes.

3. Describe the stages of the life span continuum.

4. Identify factors that influence self-worth, including body image.

Communication Techniques
- Verbal communication: Talking, asking questions, giving feedback.
- Non-verbal communication: Body language, gestures, facial expressions.
- Listening actively: Paying attention and responding appropriately.

Importance of Honest Communication

Sharing pubertal concerns (body changes, emotions) with responsible parents or guardians
helps in guidance and preventing misunderstandings.

Life Span Continuum

The stages of life: birth → childhood → adolescence → adulthood → old age → death. Each
stage has different physical, emotional, and social characteristics.

Weeks 7–8: KINETIC THEORY

Behavioral Objectives:

By the end of the lessons, students should be able to:

1. State the main assumptions of the kinetic theory of matter.

2. Describe how the motion of particles explains properties of solids, liquids, and gases.

3. Relate temperature to particle movement and kinetic energy.

 Meaning of Kinetic Theory of Matter

The kinetic theory of matter states that all matter is made up of tiny particles which
are in constant motion.

Main Assumptions of the Kinetic Theory

The kinetic theory of matter states that:

1. All matter is made up of very tiny particles.

2. The particles are in constant random motion.
3. There are spaces between the particles.
4. The particles attract one another.
5. The higher the temperature, the faster the particles move.

Application of Kinetic Theory to States of Matter

a. Solids

 Particles are closely packed together.

 Particles vibrate about fixed positions.
 Strong force of attraction between particles.
 Solids have fixed shape and volume.

b. Liquids

 Particles are close but can move past one another.

 Moderate force of attraction between particles.
 Liquids have fixed volume but no fixed shape.

c. Gases

 Particles are far apart and move freely.

 Very weak force of attraction between particles.
 Gases have no fixed shape and no fixed volume.

Relationship Between Temperature and Particle Motion

 Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles.

 When temperature increases, particles move faster.
  When temperature decreases, particles move slower.

Example:

 Heating water increases the movement of its particles until it boils.

 Cooling air slows down particle movement.

Key Points

 All matter is made of moving particles.

 Different states of matter depend on particle arrangement and movement.
 Temperature affects how fast particles move.

WEEK 9

TOPIC: EXPLANATION OF SOME PHENOMENA USING KINETIC THEORY

BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Explain diffusion using kinetic theory.

2. Explain thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases in terms of particle
motion.
3. Describe how gas pressure is created by particle collision

Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration.

Explanation Using Kinetic Theory:

 Particles are always in constant motion.

 Because of this motion, particles spread out and mix with one another.

Examples of Diffusion:

 Smell of perfume spreading in a room

  Drop of ink spreading in water

Thermal Expansion
Thermal expansion is the increase in size of a substance when it is heated.

a. Expansion of Solids

 When solids are heated, their particles vibrate faster.

 This causes particles to move slightly apart, leading to expansion.

Example:

 Expansion of railway tracks in hot weather

b. Expansion of Liquids

 Heating increases the movement of liquid particles.

 Particles move further apart, causing the liquid to expand.

Example:

 Rise of liquid in a thermometer

c. Expansion of Gases

 Gas particles move faster and farther apart when heated.

 Gases expand more than solids and liquids.

Example:

 Hot air balloon rising

3. Gas Pressure

Explanation Using Kinetic Theory:

 Gas particles move freely and randomly.

 They collide with the walls of the container.
  These collisions create pressure.

Example:

 Air in a bicycle tyre

 Inflated balloon

KEY POINTS

 Diffusion occurs due to constant particle motion.

 Heating increases particle movement, causing expansion.
 Gas pressure is caused by particle collisions with container walls.

WEEK 10

TOPIC: BOILING AND EVAPORATION

BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Distinguish between boiling and evaporation.

2. Explain boiling and evaporation using kinetic theory.
3. Identify factors that affect the rate of evaporation.
4. Give real-life examples of boiling and evaporation.

Boiling
Boiling is the rapid change of a liquid into gas at a fixed temperature called the boiling point.

Explanation Using Kinetic Theory:

 At boiling point, liquid particles gain enough energy to overcome forces holding
them together.
 Bubbles form throughout the liquid and rise to the surface.

Example:

 Boiling water in a pot

 Evaporation
Evaporation is the slow change of a liquid into gas at any temperature below its boiling point.

Explanation Using Kinetic Theory:

 Fast-moving particles escape from the surface of the liquid.

 This process occurs only at the surface.

Example:

 Drying of wet clothes

 Puddles drying after rain

Differences between Boiling and Evaporation

Boiling Evaporation

Occurs at any
Occurs at a fixed temperature
temperature

Occurs at the
Occurs throughout the liquid
surface only

Very fast Slow process

No bubbles
Bubbles are formed
formed

Factors Affecting the Rate of Evaporation

 Temperature (higher temperature increases evaporation)

 Surface area (larger surface area increases evaporation)
 Wind or air movement
 Humidity of the air

KEY POINTS

 Boiling occurs at boiling point; evaporation does not.

 Both processes involve particle motion and energy gain.
 Evaporation helps in cooling.