Pulse Transmission
• Transmission of pulses (bit stream) over a
noisy baseband channel typically sufers two
channel imperfectons
– Intersymbol interference (ISI)
– Background noise (e.g., AWGN)
• These two interferences/noises ofen occur
simultaneously. However, for simplicity, they
are ofen separately considered in analysis.
Intersymbol interference (ISI)
• The channel is usually dispersive in nature.
Intersymbol interference
• If the rectangular pulses are fltered
improperly as they pass through a
communicatons system, they will spread in
tme, and the pulse for each symbol may be
smeared into adjacent tme slots and cause
Intersymbol Interference.
Intersymbol interference
Example: assume polar NRZ line code. The channel outputs
are shown as spreaded (width Tb becomes 2Tb) pulses
shown (Spreading due to band limited channel
characteristcs).
Channel Input Channel Output
Pulse width Tb Pulse width Tb
Data 1
Tb 0 Tb Tb 0 Tb
Data 0
Tb 0 Tb Tb 0 Tb
Intersymbol Interference
• For the input data stream:
1 0 1 1 0 1
A
0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb
• The channel output is the superpositon of each bit’s output:
0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb
Resultant Channel
Output Waveform
1 0 1 1 0 1
0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb
Pulse Amplitude Modulaton
• Consider discrete pulse-amplitude modulaton (PAM).
• Flat-topped multlevel input signal have pulse shape h(t)
where h(t ) rect (t / ) (t / )
PAM (t ) m (t ) * h(t ) m(nTs ) (t nTs ) * h(t )
n
m(nTs )h(t nTs )
n
Intersymbol interference (ISI)
• Baseband pulse transmission system
• Equivalent Impulse Response he(t)
he (t ) h(t ) * hT (t ) * H C (t ) * hR (t )
• Equivalent transfer functon:
where t sin Ts f
H e ( f ) H ( f ) H T ( f ) H C ( f ) H R ( f ) H ( f ) F Ts
Ts Ts f
Inter-Symbol Interference
• Receiving flter can be designed to produce a needed
He(f) in terms of HT(f) and HC(f):
He ( f )
HR( f )
H ( f )HT ( f )HC ( f )
• Output signal can be rewriten as
wout (t ) m(nTs )he (t nTs )
n
• He(f), chosen such to minimize ISI is called EQUALIZING
FILTER)
Combatng ISI
• Three strategies for eliminatng ISI:
– Use a line code that is absolutely bandlimited
• Would require Sinc pulse shape.
• Can’t actually do this (but can approximate).
– Use a line code that is zero during adjacent sample instants.
• It’s okay for pulses to overlap somewhat, as long as there is no
overlap at the sample instants.
• Can come up with pulse shapes that don’t overlap during adjacent
sample instants.
Raised-Cosine Roll-of pulse shaping
– Use a flter at the receiver to “undo” the distorton
introduced by the channel.
• Equalizer
Eeng 360 9
Nyquist’s First Method for Zero ISI
• ISI can be eliminated by using an equivalent transfer functon, He(f),
such that the impulse response satsfes the conditon:
C , n 0
he (nTs )
0, n 0
Where Is the ofset in the receiver sampling clock tmes
C is a nonzero constant
Now choose he(t) functon as
Sampling Instants
wout (t ) m(nTs )he (t nTs )
ISI occurs but,
n
sin f s t NO ISI is present at the
he (t ) sampling instants
f s t