Pulse Modulaton
Module 3
Pulse modulaton
• Introducton, samplingⴔ theorem, pulse
transmission, Inter symbol interferences PAM-
samplingⴔ methods, modulaton-demodulaton
of PAM, PWM,PPM, modulaton-
demodulaton system and its merits &
demerits, Introducton of PCM
system(encoder-decoder)
Introducton
• Digⴔital transmission of Analogⴔ sigⴔnals
• Quite a few of the informaton bearingⴔ sigⴔnals,
such as speech, music, video, etc., are analogⴔ in
nature
• It is possible to transmit the analogⴔ informaton
in a digⴔital format.
• A digⴔital sigⴔnal is superior to an analogⴔ sigⴔnal
because it is more robust to noise and can easily
be recovered, corrected and amplifed.
Analogⴔ Pulse Modulaton
• A pulse train is used as the carrier wave.
• Messagⴔe waveform is represented by regⴔularly
spaced sample values : Samplingⴔ Theorem
• Historically, these methods are the early atempts
to achieve modern /digⴔital communicatons.
• Many sigⴔnals can be transmited simultaneously.
– Time Division Multplexingⴔ
– Frequency Division Multplexingⴔ
Benefts of Digⴔital Transmission
• Complete eliminaton of the efect of distorton and
noise tll the point of regⴔeneraton.
• Storingⴔ the messagⴔes in digⴔital form and forwardingⴔ
or redirectngⴔ them at a later point in tme is quite
simple.
• Codingⴔ the messagⴔe sequence can easily be
accomplished in the digⴔital domain.
– to take care of the channel noise, encryptngⴔ for secure
communicaton
• Mixingⴔ the sigⴔnals is easy.
Samplingⴔ Theorem
• Samplingⴔ is a process of measuringⴔ the
amplitude of a contnuous-tme sigⴔnal at
discrete instants
– converts sigⴔnal into a discrete sigⴔnal.
• Accordingⴔ to the Nyquist theorem,
A band-limited signal can be reconstructed
exactly if it is sampled at a rate at least twice
the maximum frequency component in it.
Samplingⴔ Theorem
• a: Origⴔinal Sigⴔnal gⴔ(t) b: Spectrum G(jw)
• The maximum frequency component of gⴔ(t) is fm. To recover the
sigⴔnal gⴔ(t) exactly from its samples it has to be sampled at a rate
fs ≥ 2fm.
• The minimum required samplingⴔ rate fs = 2fm is called Nyquist
rate.
• Analogⴔ sigⴔnal is sampled every TS secs.
• Ts is referred to as the samplingⴔ interval.
• fs = 1/Ts is called the samplingⴔ rate or samplingⴔ
frequency.
Spectrum of Impulse sigⴔnal
Samplingⴔ sigⴔnal Spectrum
• G(t): Band-limited Sigⴔnal
• G(w): Frequency Spectrum
• a. Sampled sigⴔnal gⴔs(t)
• B. Spectrum Gs(w)
Aliasingⴔ
• Aliasingⴔ is a phenomenon where the higⴔh
frequency components of the sampled sigⴔnal
interfere with each other because of
inadequate samplingⴔ ωs < 2ωm.
Critcal Samplingⴔ
• Aliasingⴔ leads to distorton in recovered sigⴔnal.
This is the reason why samplingⴔ frequency
should be at least twice the bandwidth of the
sigⴔnal.
• In practce sigⴔnal are oversampled, where fs is
sigⴔnifcantly higⴔher than Nyquist rate to avoid
aliasingⴔ.
Samplingⴔ Rate for Voice
• Telephone companies digⴔitze voice by
assumingⴔ a maximum frequency of 4000 Hz.
The samplingⴔ rate therefore is 8000 samples
per second.
Samplingⴔ Methods
• There are 3 samplingⴔ methods:
– Ideal - an impulse at each samplingⴔ instant
– Natural - a pulse of short width with varyingⴔ
amplitude
– Flatop - sample and hold, like natural but with
singⴔle amplitude value
• The process is referred to as pulse amplitude
modulaton PAM and the outcome is a sigⴔnal
with analogⴔ (non integⴔer) values
Samplingⴔ Methods
Pulse Modulaton of Sigⴔnals
• The sigⴔnal can be transmited usingⴔ short
pulses with low duty cycle:
– Pulse Amplitude Modulaton (PAM): width fxed,
amplitude varies
– Pulse Width Modulaton (PWM): positon fxed,
width varies
– Pulse Positon Modulaton (PPM): width fxed,
positon varies