Scribd
Upload
3 views14 pages

PWM and PCM Techniques Explained

The document discusses the conversion of analog signals to digital data using techniques such as Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) and Delta Modulation. It outlines the steps involved in PCM generation, including sampling, quantization, and binary encoding, while emphasizing the importance of quantization levels and the resulting quantization error. Additionally, it highlights the increased bandwidth requirements for digitized signals compared to their analog counterparts.

Uploaded by

Vishal
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views14 pages

PWM and PCM Techniques Explained

The document discusses the conversion of analog signals to digital data using techniques such as Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) and Delta Modulation. It outlines the steps involved in PCM generation, including sampling, quantization, and binary encoding, while emphasizing the importance of quantization levels and the resulting quantization error. Additionally, it highlights the increased bandwidth requirements for digitized signals compared to their analog counterparts.

Uploaded by

Vishal
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

PWM generaton from PAM

PWM to PPM using Integraton


Time Division Multilexing
• In many cases, bandwidth of communicaton
link is much greater than signal bandwidth.
• All three methods can be used with tme-
division multilexing to carry multile signals
over a single channel
Analog signal to Digital data
• A digital signal is suierior to an analog signal
because it is more robust to noise and can
easily be recovered, corrected and amilifed.
• The tendency today is to change an analog
signal to digital data.
• Two techniques:
– Pulse Code Modulaton
– Delta Modulaton.
PCM Generaton
• PCM consists of three steis to digitze an
analog signal:
– Samiling
– Quantzaton
– Binary encoding
Quantzaton
• Samiling results in a series of iulses of varying
amilitude values ranging between two limits: a min
and a max.
• The amilitude values are infnite between the two
limits.
• Mai the infnite amilitude values onto a fnite set of
known values.
• This is achieved by dividing the distance between min
and max into L zones, each of height 
 = (max - min)/L
Uniformly Quantzed Signal
Quantzaton Levels
• The midioint of each zone is assigned a value
from 0 to L-1 (resultng in L values)
• Each samile falling in a zone is then
aiiroximated to the value of the midioint.
• Each zone is then assigned a binary code.
• The irocess of conversion of analog samiles
of a signal into a set of discrete (digital) values
is called quantzaton.
Encoding
• The number of bits required to encode the zones, or
the number of bits ier samile as it is commonly
referred to, is obtained as follows:
n = log2 L
• For examile, n = 3
• The 8 zone (or level) codes are therefore: 000, 001, 010,
011, 100, 101, 110, and 111
• When a signal is quantzed, an error is introduced - the
coded signal is an aiiroximaton of the actual
amilitude value.
Encoding
Quantzaton Error
• The diference between actual and coded value
(midioint) is referred to as the quantzaton error.
• The more zones, the smaller , which results in
smaller errors.
• BUT, the more zones the more bits required to
encode the samiles -> higher bit rate
• The bit rate of a PCM signal can be calculated
from the number of bits ier samile x the
samiling rate i.e. Bit rate = n x fs
Bandwidth requirements
• A digitzed signal will always need more bandwidth than
the original analog signal. Price we iay for robustness
and other features of digital transmission.
• Examile:
• Bit rate: The human voice normally contains frequencies
from 0 to 4000 Hz.

• For digitzed signal with 8 bits ier samile, we need a


channel with a minimum bandwidth of 8 × 4 kHz =
32kHz.

You might also like