Ange _Modu.
laion,
Tn angBe Mooulation the bhade Angla of
vajcol h accor
n
ç vatd
igh ree cia sial
dance witm instantoneous value of medulatng yn
fhe aþitule Cons tant.
Ct) = A Cos tphae
fre.
dt
t
Modulaton CFM)’ In frq ueny
OPaeguny mooulotion the fray
Ca rrier Signal u vajeol n
nstanteneous Value ot mouetia
accorolance
Signal keeping mp itude onstant. Phase
vajed ch di re c+Iy.
) Phase Mootulation CPM) In phade mocl
aion the þhax
phase
vaved oli recHy n accordance i
ange is
csian tanerus alut mo oluloing sigo
Am þitiole ontant.
kehing
For (FM)
sith ma.
bitvasey
et mct) arbitra moduloing signa
freq wm
for (PM) moduloting Slgral iths ma
rbitay modulog
et mit) : arbitvasy
Preq
AM PM
CCt) = A 6s e t CCt) Ac Gs Wet
CCt) =A os Ct) CCt) - Ae osOet)
X EMCt) =Ac Gs O;ct)| |XpmCtJ = A osO; ce))
+KK¢ mGt)
t
Oi Ct) = wt + kp'm Ct)
t
O; (t) = t t kmct) dt XpEt) Ae Cos , t +Kpmt)
KeyCt) A G:t+ k¢ met) dt
Re lation betoeen FM & PM Sgnals
XEyt)- Ae os oe t t Ke | mCtSt
t) = Ac o s o t + Ke m Ct)
Xpm
mCt)
dt PM Signal
t
mct)
P1 ’ FM signd
om t) t
dt
= Ae Gs t + Kp m(t)
PMEM Ae Gs t+ ke m ct)dt
Sinusoidal Modulaioe
Sinusoidal FM Sinusoidal PM
mCt) = Am osmt
mCt Am Cos com t
CCty = Ar Cos wt
CCt = Ac Cos oct
) - wt
t) = t
cCt)= Ac Cos 0;ct) cCt : Ac Cos (t)
|Xemct): Ae Cosict Xpyt)= Ac Cos O;Ct)
wict)= wet KtAm Gs mt
9iCt) = 9Ct) t KpAm Gs ont
eak Preq: Deviahion Ca) = KAm
Peak phaseDeviation CeP) Ke Am
wict +0w. Cos cmt
t
+aw Cos wtdt
|pM Ct)= Ae os}t tP PM Cos mt
S;Ct = wt +A) Sin mt
m
Mocwotion Lnde CPen]= =t
Wm
fm
FM
Sin mt
e Ct) : Ac os t +Ben Sin nt| DR Omay
Diffehen e bels eam PM &PM.
PM
9; Ct) wet +kp: Am os comt
by cli tt.
wict ce +K'Am- Gs wmt wict ekpAm Sin yt
PM
B w = kp Am
P 2pM ’
lIme domaur sebre sentaton
mCt)
dmct)
-dt
cCt) Ac
’t
4Caie ondy PreBoaeK Try:
Tnere decres fc.
XFM Ct)
Cai
on ly Lncr, to fe jcerena' Incree
XPy Ct)
t
E +; fe + K¹ Am Gr Omt
ti Cmax=fe t t, Am te t af
ticmin = fe- Ke Am = fe - sf
PM
dt
’PM
synal.
mct)
mct) b taing the
form.
ds torteol fox m)
’ Du to giaalal Chaug
modulated ghal PM FM moclulation whet st
distoreol Sinusotdal Osillati an.
moclulati ensEM)
frequney
Ac Coswet +Bsin t7
XEy Ct
o wt. Gs (B Sin Omt )-Sin [Link] (p sin,
XEn Ct) = Ae| cibo teel
Debendng toon the volue od B Jhess aie tuo
arrow band PM dhen Vety-2 small.
0) cot)
Cwe dovy ne u rach'
Sin A
Cos CB Sin mt) !
Sin ( sin mt ) Bsin mt
^NaE t) : Aeos t . -sin wtpsin Qmt
a, t sin umt
Ct) : Ac Gs wt - AcBSin
Sin A sin B osCA-B)- Gs CA+B)
Aç osot + Ac B as Cwtm)t- Ae' as C-Omt
ANBENCt)
2
Freauancy Domain Rebreetation ’
X NGFM Cuo)
Ac
twm
- Aç P-T
Sini lar to AM excabt thot
Jhe NBEM Signal ws A
WoFMthe Yooei Siole band in I80 o t bhase
w-rt Casie al wcl as pþe side banl.
Wide band fre. Moculation CwGPM ’
Since tte changy frg. auses the time segwie
to omplete One a
tire weguued to ce om blee next toy yee so
the Qctual aoaue a clsbrkel sesoidol
Oscilloton.
The -ighe mattematical analyus
Bewe's fonction hocsA that the clis for ie
O4ci lotion. corvestonoing to a coaue nth
Siusotdal FM a malo. o ninie no f
fAyuncy Componens spacot by moclula
frequny
Jere Cos CB cin wmt) 2 Sin CAsin Om t ) ae
beuooic Signals wtith funatametal feuany
w shues He fousi ee Bensbrm for each a
these signals i
at inkgd muliple y cOm anol
bro jo ional fo Gessafnction fast kindl.
Cos CA Sin wn t) V% CP)+ 2 T, CB Cos 2cmtt 2 Ty CBD Cos4mt
Jsins t +
SsCBsin wmt)= 2T, CA) Sin'mt+ 2T (B) Sin 3wmtt 2 J- (A
Cost o& Csin mt J, [Link] 2JS) GAVet
o.s 2em t t 2 [Link]) o&wt. Co s
Sin wt. Sin bSin Wmt) = CPsin tSinmt +27, c2D
Sih e t . Sih 3 J n t - - - .
(etmt,
osCz S1n) TC2) +25Jz3o2C24)
K=l
Sincesin):2Ja C2)SinCak+De)
Cut -3 t
= AcJn mdluot'on tror.
nh
ambitucle of Caies Jn(m
M+2m
0:2
in CAtm)
Freaueney domaun Rebresentaton >
wide ban FM Signal ontain
0 Jhe sbectrum
he Side bands
cnfinie no Side 'bendl Com ponent. AN
ae centered aondl carri freg. ( or fe) ord
betoeen each spectral Gmponent ú
themarmum
spaloting tr wm or(fm)ghe
J-octe. Ac-In seresent thc an þituse of
n - pai of siole banol.
(35ice the sHectu oSicdeclole bandl AM
bands So. actua
Contoinu infiik wicle banol
transmisso Bw seg ie d for
EM PM signos
colda bendb P
away
u not fra ci cally. posi be. (A8 e moe
from caie fre. the sign icant ambutuse
o lifant sioe boncl ombonet go on decreting
hence ois ten t sie band can be sogeckal wih o
echng fhe qua ty tnsmision.
cojclo.
So the bracica transnmi»jom Bw
bend EM2jde band pM slg giver
Carson 's Rule
CBwDy 2CAw t w m r a d /sec.
= 2 Caft fm ) Hz.
Coete tay asnel freg teneoe ton ins
Jletyo inpt and ffreg cetc signola. ßn
olaedf pefo, to nd a
i stvotychas vco tt
lineny
nt chapes frg svco fhe he VCo
we lete
-Am mCt)1
Abþieal
Ct m Am
fe-of
fe
fetAf
KHz |S
KHz 75 - max
+fm) CAf 2 -
transmission. cical bra Sn
2-C75t*)
7skHz Af
tIs) Bw
2
kHz 22S 3At
kHZ l6 =
C7s+s) Bw=2.
C7s4s) Bw2
kHz 7s Af
PM FM
/tec ’rad
Modlaton u
Moduoion
Do fM the yge
%. Modu la Hon = actuot
sf, Max.
%. age xl0y, = 33. 33/
7S
EM aves ’
Geresation
genetion FM saus
Jhee ae too mehocla for
freg uang
) Diect. Mehod- Jhe basic Concept
vasy the Carier-f
modulotion ç to
naccooa nee. oi th hoclu
m ing
lala H Sig nal. The Carrier
fe LC oscr
LC arc, the
generatol by an
nent 4 the
ixcol by the om þo
aniex Preg.i
Cariey be vaied
tan k CKt. and these fore t may he oscY
choinging either Lorc tonk cKt .
In accovclance
accoYlance ait Vo
cohose fre u vaied in
CMoculating signal dej Gase af FM ) ç khoanLt)
Voltage ontroled asc cvco). Cmt) =Co t ac
2[7JG MCE
mCt vco m t)
Binomel expaon
Signal
AC-mct)
’vQvactor Diode’ att ording
mCt) bactas
vay
Du advantoqe o Direc nethodl MOst LC sC ap
not stable enotugl to fouiole a aiieyee signol he
Casaler freg. ussally vasy lue to tnperotu
etc.
Vaation,d Hunjdity , aeging f om poneN
So inst f uing cc oc a crystad
must be wied But sine they vey
prouidesmaly
h
Stabe Carrler Preg. so
fre oleiatHon Jhat
indirect method of FM Aeneratt useo.
e Loirect Mehod Apmstyays
jncrcnes he deiotow
NBEM
wBFM
mCt) Integrote Frequeny
Tsignad
output wi tu
- eo Hhe steble
AMHe OscY
ony
Acos ct
þhase
shit
Ae Sin et
’NBFM
Ac Sin wet
Balancea
Sigral
modulaor Ac B Sin wet. sin wmt
MCt) = B. Sin omt
: Ae osot -Accin etSin onmt
n’muli þi cation faco y
ycts =
Ct Ac o oet + ßSin om t)
2.
We ’ 200c
(m Gencazeol
he detecHon P.M waves ’
ftaf
fe
figmin
-fe-f
’ Atþi ed
Am - An vot tope
freg
Setetiue Ambi tue Enwelope
Vaiation Vaiaion Detectoy >mt)
N/
Jhee ae fue methods fer the cletection
(H Slobe Detectien ’
DUcstr
Amþli tude
vaiohioal
Resbone
RLC
resonant
E.D
eveloo
duteetor
tetsg freq ’t
freg
Vajaton
clea
deau
He CKt nor Cin cho
hamoniC cikhon.
G) Ba lanceel Slope detecto .frs aho
siope
CKT I
eNvelope
Detecto
FM mCt)
slobe Envelobe
CKT 2 DetectoY
T
in
fe-f Agt
D,
fe +sf
fin < fe
three tunedd Ckts ase
h ba lanceel slope detechor Cide.
one ut in secon day
Eu
is þracheally
that ç his
Posdeto
methool ç
to tue all the
not we
3 srtoe
e pracHealy
Ckts
y sis allo knDOn as
Gii) Foster - see ley
Wi Dis c iminator
phase cift Discximiralor
Sensitie natue g
Jii Mettod makes use
bhese shiteag
frou
ond brotde'
desonant cht and de a Preg ade þevalaut
mocdulated sig nal. Thon the bhase shifke sn gnad
Signel, the resultant
added to the porHon gf original awit
magituaa vajg
L
LVin
’Vin
Vin
o Vin
q0/e
CResiste) CLnclue Hve) (cyaciie)
Aod
Vin Sift Depentant
þhuc
shife
V
V,
V
Vin
Cresis Hue)
Cndueti ve )
Vo
Cafplip
to btoct dc aal bes 4C
R
RFC
D
CRunihe)
fin te
-3
CInduche)
fin sfe
Copacite]
Com ponent coorking
() The ouping Gfaci tor G ç wsed to cleot the yp
vottage to tht Seconday fap fronsfaame.
Centeiad tas
) The Copacitor Cu such chooje hat vot toge
exacty q0° out Phai wrt vot tapes V, Vohen finfe
a) the tetb f Centufapheol transforme aangement
lways (80° out of phase.
CKt oo ’ ohen fin e the Vector adol Hon ,.
s exa cty Same al vecto QdoHon Vh
both the. o des Conet well anol the net stpu
Zero.
2a hen fin > fe. Ve cto y adoiion ya v, becomes gseky
h an Vectoy adddi hon af 2 V, So dioole A onouct
heavig
moYe
Com pae to D, 4
cirectHon.
(u) ohen fin <fe Vec to y adoHo becomcs greate
than Vector addii hOn
ion of VyV Ve so Dio de , ondues moi
heauily as em aþae to D, & net outsut i in -ue olire cHon.
RFC T
G R,R,R
D
VpG 2sV
fin 2feo VpGVaG
= S-2 3V
tin sfe V s 5 -8 -3V
ampitudle
coorkin gf G ’ the Gopa cior GG Rrides
pro
imitirng
me makimua vale thew thoe Short dussticu
Cukat to chape or clichalge C
noise
herm to fhe daected siçnal as Gpactor C
mot Cawre
wil fate lanfe ime. to Choge upto Hhs Vt tage,
RC Hme ontet is (cebt at a Value
Valua g o-2 Sec,
Jhe Ratio deteteor diicriminat
iJi) Direc hom o D, fas been reuesseol
'ta king e the out pat Vot tafe
Alange ae a ifor Ca tos beon' acdeleo.
(0 shenfin fe
Ve
both oliocles D, P
cliooe D, Gndues Mo re Reast ly
empat fo D, to Ve, e, and not oufput ' ea 4ue
Shen fin , oio ole. D Gancuett more haa
he votbo f ofacbr
detecteol by the
Vof tegs
CEt on chhnges Jhu name.
he hce the satio vtit
chawpe dote cpor.
V) Phase. Joc kol docb CPLLD
vttye Contvelaf
Vect) Phase
detechoy LPE
ts
VCO
APLL u essentally a feeol baclc antyt sysfem ti clu
three basic om bonentc- Phase detector, lo pa
Gonsists
f'F Vottaye onhotlcd Orc
þhase deteetr Bm
om bores the hose r
fo a pYc, the
4 icomming signal o that f the autput
bhasee
Fhascn error vot tye Ve ç geresteal. Jhe ces fhe
detec toY ii basicaly a mulhie
anol frocu
anel oliffel enta ponent
m t b Gutpt. he
Sum loo Pas fi lre&
higl free omjoraut Contsof
te olifteace freco. omfonent
Vottepe Ve fo i a oliseetis
Jhe 6i9nal Ve cfts the Vco
to eouce fhe frep ou ffexeu ce betoeu fs &fo
Oree this Action star ts, e oay
Gntnu fo
to
at h
charge prep
Cosatue wenge. Jhehe vco the as
Jhe exachy
Ckt then ad to
Gignol pguany
pe ç acleol heu He
docked. eet fregV bap hone ditteaee
sisnal! touing Sone locking
begh
Henm )
S. Ct AB os t. os Ctoo t +0)
dcaro
2 osCa-o0)t -o|
2.
The LPE ontols the Cotte Aarge: vCo f r
tigl foo
oliune freg. aii be
fas aoay the Hltek cndl he PL e no spond. to
as thtougt the bord.
soy hat the Signal i outf Gpfuse mange. Yestricts
Howeues once (0ctced the i lohge the
the PLL and
the signol wcel
vco on trac(c the
optse bnol
Jhus " The louing
(ocie
tho or qual to
fo
k-Captue Rang kracing Ranye.
DetecHionn of PM signal -’
Phase ,c) LPP
0n
cletct
Vco CE) m (t)
ycevcoo(t) Fm sial
t
XEm Ct) Aos (we t + Kf mct)d)
AEM Ct ) 2 A Cos t
Vo Ct) -D Sin a t
XEm Ct) > A os C wet +0ct))
t
9;ctT K mct ) dt
O;Cs) KMc)
V Ct : -BSin Cwt + oct))
- ABsín Cuo t +0,ct)).G C t toi ct))
8ce)=- AD Sinfo, t3 -oct)7 - Sin CA+D)+in CA-)
9. Cs) z k
St k
Ycs= k
K+
Ycs)k
S+K K£Ki MC)
K
tetat
Em Sin loTt
5000 >mCt)
()
|cct)
Gs wet
(aetA) XAm ts lAe tmets
= A+As t
-CAetA}
fi 2te t ky:A
4ct)
40
Ct)
AAAA