1
Chapter 5: Network Programming
[Link] PACKAGE
Overview: Networking 2
Networking is the concept of connecting multiple
remote or local devices together.
Computers running on the Internet communicate to
each other using
1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
2. User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Most Internet applications use TCP as their transport
mechanism
Overview: Types of Communication 3
Connection-oriented
Setup the link before communication.
Similar to the phone call. We need the phone number and
receiver.
A reliable transport_
After it sends the data, it waits for an acknowledgment from
the receiver to make sure that the data reached the
destination. _______
Connectionless
No link needed to be set up before communication.
Similar to send a letter. We need the address and receiver.
It is unreliable, but much faster.
The sender will not wait to make sure the recipient received
the packet rather continue sending the next packets.
Overview: Protocol 6
Protocol: set of rules and guidelines which provides the
instructions to send request and receive response over the
network.
E.g., HTTP, FTP, TCP, UDP, SMTP, …
Whatever the service provided by a server, there must be some
established protocol governing the communication that takes place
between server and client.
Internet Protocol(IP) Address: is an identification number
that uniquely identifies the computer on the Internet.
An IP address consists of four dotted decimal numbers between 0
and 255 e.g., [Link]
Each computer on the Internet has a unique IP address
Overview: Port 7
A computer has a single physical connection to the network.
All data destined for a particular computer arrives through that
connection.
However, the data may be intended for different applications running on
the computer.
So how does the computer know to which application to
forward the data?
Through the use of ports.
Overview: Socket 10
An interface between application and network.
Socket: a listener through which computer can receive requests
and responses.
A server runs on a specific computer and has a socket that is
bound to a specific port number.
The server just waits, listening to the socket for a client to make a connection
request.
On the client-side: The client knows the hostname of the machine on
which the server is running and the port number on which the server is
listening.
A program can read from a socket or write to a socket as simply as
reading from a file or writing to a file.
Overview: Socket 11
14
Network Programming in Java
Network programming: writing programs that execute across multiple computers,
in which the devices are all connected to each other using a network.
Networking in Java 15
Network programming usually involves a server and one or more
clients.
1. The client sends requests to the server, and the server responds.
2. The client begins by attempting to establish a connection to the server.
3. The server can accept or deny the connection.
4. Once a connection is established, the client and the server communicate
through sockets.
5. The server must be running when a client attempts to connect to the server.
6. The server waits for a connection request from a client.
7. The statements needed to create sockets on a server and a client
Networking is tightly integrated in Java.
Networking in Java 17
Through the classes in [Link], Java programs can use TCP or
UDP to communicate over the Internet.
Stream-based communications: use TCP for data transmission
Socket, ServerSocket, URL, URLConnection classes are for use with
TCP to communicate over the network.
Packet-based communications : use UDP to communicate
over the network.
The DatagramPacket, DatagramSocket, and MulticastSocket
classes are for use with UDP.
18
TCP based client server communication
Socket, ServerSocket, URL, URLConnection
TCP Communication 20
The Java API provides TCP streams by means of two
classes:
ServerSocket - This class implements server sockets. A server
socket waits for requests to come in over the network.
Socket - This class implements client sockets.
ServerSocket:
accept - Listens for a connection to be made to this socket and
accepts it. The result of executing accept is an instance of
Socket.
Creating TCP Server Socket 21
Five steps to create a simple stream server in Java:
1. ServerSocket object. Registers an available port and a
maximum number of clients.
2. Each client connection handled with a Socket object. Server
blocks until client connects.
3. Sending and receiving data
• OutputStream to send and InputStream to receive data.
• Methods getInputStream and getOutputStream on Socket
object.
4. Process phase. Server and client communicate via streams.
5. Close streams and connections.
Creating TCP Server Socket 22
Accepting Connection 23
Usually, the accept() method is executed within an infinite loop
i.e., while(true){...}
The accept method returns a new socket (with a new port) for
the new channel. It blocks until connection is made
Whenever accept() returns, a new thread is launched to handle
that interaction (not in our example)
Hence, the server can handle several requests concurrently
Serving Multiple Client 24
Multiple clients are quite often connected to a single
server at the same time.
Typically, a server runs continuously on a server computer,
and clients from all over the Internet can connect to it.
You can use threads to handle the server’s multiple clients
simultaneously.
Simply create a thread for each connection.
Here is how the server handles the establishment of a
connection:
Creating TCP Client Socket 25
Four steps to create a simple stream client in Java:
1. Create a Socket object for the client.
2. Obtains Socket’s InputStream and OutputStream.
3. Process information communicated.
4. Close streams and Socket.
Creating TCP Client Socket 26
27
Reading Assignment
URL BASED CONNECTIONS
UDP BASED COMMUNICATION
IP addressing Class 28
For IP addressing, three classes are provided :
Inetaddress – for both IPv4 and IPv6
Inet4address – for IPv4
Inet6address – for Ipv6
Inetaddress class doesn’t have a constructor.
The normal way to create it is to call one of its static
methods, such as getByName, isReachable,
getAllByName which throws exeption
Any program using this class must import either
[Link] or [Link].*
Example 29
The following program prompts the user for a host name
and then it looks up the IP addresses. Once done, it asks
the user if he wants to look up another host.
URL Class 30
In Java, you handle URLs with the URL class.
URL uniquely identifies or addresses information on the
Internet.
Java’s URL class has several constructors (each can throw a
MalformedURLException) and methods.
The most commonly used constructors are:
URL(String spec)
URL(String protocol, String host, int port, String file)
URL(String protocol, String host, String file)
Purpose:
Get an input stream from a URL so you can read data from a server
Get content from the server as a Java object
Parsing URL 31
The following methods of URL can be used for parsing
URLs:
getProtocol(), getHost(), getPort(),
getPath(), getFile(), getQuery(), getRef()
Reading from a URLConnection 32
The openConnection( ) method opens a socket to the
specified URL and returns a URLConnection object.
A URLConnection represents an open connection to a
network resource.
If the call fails, openConnection( ) throws an
IOException.
After you've successfully created a URL, you can call
the URL's openConnection() method to get a stream
from which you can read the contents of the URL.
Reading Directly from a URL 33
34
UDP based Communication
DatagramPacket, DatagramSocket, and MulticastSocket
UDP Communication 35
A datagram is an independent, self-contained message
sent over the network whose arrival, arrival time, and
content are not guaranteed.
Java implements Datagram on top of the UDP protocol
by using two classes, namely the DatagramPacket and
DatagramSocket
The DatagramPacket object is the data container
The DatagramSocket is the mechanism used to send or
receive the DatagramPacket.
UDP Communication 36
Datagram packets are used to implement a connectionless
packet delivery service supported by the UDP protocol.
Each message is transferred from source machine to
destination based on information contained within that
packet.
That means, each packet needs to have destination address and
each packet might be routed differently, and might arrive in any
order.
Packet delivery is not guaranteed packet
UDP Communication 37
The [Link]: used to send datagram
packets
The [Link] :used to receive datagram
packets
Sender does not wait for acknowledgements
Arrival order is not guaranteed
Arrival is not guaranteed.
So why use UDP if it unreliable?
Two reasons: speed and overhead.
USED when speed is essential, even in cost of reliability
– e.g. Streaming Media, Games, Internet Telephony, etc.
Send Datagram Packet 38
STEPS TO SEND DATAGRAM PACKET
1. Createan array of bytes large enough to hold the data of the
packet to be sent, and fill the array with the data.
2. Create a new DatagramPacket object that contains the array of
bytes, as well as the server name and port number of the
recipient.
3. ADatagramSocket is instantiated, and it is specified which port
(and specific localhost address, if necessary)
4. The send() method of the DatagramSocket class is invoked,
passing in the DatagramPacket object.
Receive Datagram Packet 39
STEPS TO RECEIVE DATAGRAM PACKET
1. Createan array of bytes large enough to hold the data of the
incoming packet.
2. ADatagramPacket object is instantiated using the array of bytes
and its length.
3. ADatagramSocket is instantiated, and it is specified which port
(and specific localhost address, if necessary) on the localhost
the socket will bind to.
4. Thereceive() method of the DatagramSocket class is invoked,
passing in the DatagramPacket object. This causes the thread to
block until a datagram packet is received or a time out occurs.
UDP Server 40
UDP Client 41
42
End of Chapter 7
--- End ---