MATHEMATICS 9TH
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Unit #01 (Real Numbers)
1) Define Mathematies:
The process of counting and measuring is called mathematics.
2) What are real numbers? —
All the numbers (N, W, Z all rational and irrational numbers) are real numbers. The set of eal number is
represented by R.
R=QUQ
3) Define Rational numbers:
‘The numbers which can be written in the form of g where p,q € Z and q #0 arc called rational
some aes By
4) Define Irrational number:
A number that cannot be expressed as a fraction and if written as decimal neither terminates nor repeats
Example: i. w= 3.14159... ii, V2 = 141421,
5) Is zero is a rational number?
Yes, zero is a rational number, Because we can write in fractional form as 2,
Explanation: The numbers which can be written in the form of, where pq € Z and q #0 are called
rational numbers. Example, 0
6) State trichotomy property of real numbers:
vabeR
) a>b a=b it)a
B such that range f= B i.c., every elements of B is the image of'some element of A,
then fis called an onto fumetion ora surjective function,
35) Define (one — one) and onto function or Bijective function:
‘A funetion f from A to B is said to be a Bijective function if itis both oné = one and onto,
36) State De Morgan’s Laws:
i. (AUB)® = ACN BE ii, (ANB) = ACUBE
37) Define Patterns:
‘A pattern is some phenomenon that repeats regularly based on set rule or condition
Example: 0,2, 4,6, 8, 10,
Unit #04 FACTORIZATION AND ALGEBRAIC MANUPULATION
1) Define common factor:
‘A common factor is an expression that divides two or more expressions exaclly
(ax+ay)=a(x+y)
2) What is binomial?
Binomial is an expression with two terms. x44
3) Define trinomial with an example:
‘A trinomial is an expression with three terms,
Example: x2}4x+4
4) Define Quadratic expression:
‘An expression having degree 2 is called a “quadeatic expression”
Example: x?44x+4
5) Define H.C.F (Highest common factor):
The HCF of two or more algebraic expressions refers to the greatest algebraic expression which divides
them without leaving a remainder.
6) Define L.C.M (least common multiple):
The [Link] of two or more algebraic expressions is the smallest expression that is divisible by each of the
given expressions.
Unit#05 LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES,
1) Define linear equation:
TWORABANADTOUSEEF UR RAN Ss: | ‘An equation of the form ax + b = 0 where ‘a’ and *b” are constants, a #0 and ‘x’ is variable, is called
Tinear equation in one variable.
General form: ax + b=O and a #0
2) What is a solution of linear inequality?
‘A solution of linear inequality in x and y is an ordered pair of numbers which satisfies the inequality.
2x+3y>4
3) What is test point?
‘A test point is a point selected to determine which side of the boundary line represents the solution
region for an inequality.
4) Define problem constraints:
The system of linear inequalities involved in the problem concerned is ealled problem constraints.
5) Define feasible regio
‘A region which is restricted to the first quadrant is referred to as a feasible region for the set of given
constraints
6) Define feasible solution:
Each point of the feasible re
7) Define vertex:
A point of a solution region where two of its boundary lines intersect, is called a corner point or vertex
of the solution region,
8) Define objective function:
‘A funetion which is to be maximized or minimized is called an objective function.
9) Define optimal solution:
The feasible solution which maximizes or minimizes the objective function is called the optimal
solution.
is called a feasible solution of the system of linear inequalities.
10) Define transposition:
Moving terms from one side of the equation to the other to solve for a variable is called transposition,
11) What are non negative constraints?
The variable used in the system of lincar inequalities relating the problems of everyday life are non
negative and are called non negative consttains,
Unit # 06 TRIGONOMETRY
1) Define trigonometry:
Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics which deals with the relationship between the angles and
sides of triangle especially right angled triangle.
2) Define plane geometry:
The plane geometry isthe study of two dimensional figures
3) Define an angle:
[A plane figure which is formed by two rays sharing a common end point is called an angle
4) Define positive angles:
The angle will be positive i the terminal side is rotated counterclockwise from the inital side. The given
angle isin 1* quadrant,
5) Define negative angles:
The angle will he negative ifthe terminal side is rotated clockwise from the initial side. The given angle
isin 4" quadrant.
6) Define co-terminal angles:
TWORABANADTOUSEEF UR RAN Ss | ‘Co-terminal angles are angles that share the same initial side and terminal side in standard position, but
they may have different measures.
7) Define degree:
A degree (°) is a unit of measurement of angles. It represents = of a full rotation around a point.
8) Define Radian:
The angle subtended at the center of a circle by an are whose length is equal to the radius of the circle.
9) Define trigonometric ratios:
The functions that relate angle to side in a right-angled triangle are known as trigonometric functions
(sine, cosine, tangent ete.
10) States Pythagoras theorem:
‘The square of the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of squares of the
lengths of the other two sides.
(Hypotenuse)? = (Base)* + (Perpendicular)?
Unit #07 Coordinate Geometry
1) Define ori
Let the point of intersection be O, of two mutually perpendicular lines is ealled origin.
2) Define co-ordinate axis:
The two mutually perpendicular lines are called coordinate axis.
3) What are x-axis and y-axis?
‘The horizontal line is called the x-axis and the vertical line is ealled y-axis
4) Define Absci
The first component of the ordered pair is called abscissa. (x,y) x is abscissa.
5) Define ordinate:
The second component of the ordered pair is called ordinate. (x,y) y is called ordinate.
6) Define graph:
The point pin the plane that corresponds to an ordered pait (x, y) is ealled the graph of (x, y)
7) Define inclination of a line:
The angle e (0° < o < 180") measure counterclockwise from positive x-axis to @ non-horizontal
straight line Lis called the inclination of
8) Define x-intercept:
Ifa Line intersects x-axis at (a, 0), then a is called x-intercept ofthe line.
9) Define y-intercept:
Ifa line intersects y-axis at (0, 6) then b is called
10) Define coordinate system:
A pair of numbers that show a specific location on a two dimensional plane.
intercept of the line.
Unit #08 LOGIC
1) What is logis
Logic is a systematic method of reasoning that enables you to intercept the meanings of statement,
examine the truth statement, and deduce new information from existing facts.
2) Define statement:
A sentence or Mathematical expression which may be true or false but not both is called statement.
3) Define theorem:
A theorem is a mathematical statement that has been proved true based on previously known facts.
4) Define conjecture:
UNANMADTOUSEEF UR REMAN na oseeioasoouise@eraicon | EE ‘A conjecture is a mathematical statement or hypothesis that believed to be true based on observations
but has not yet been proved.
5) Define conjunc
The conjunction of two statements p and q symbolically written as p Aq (p and q), A conjunction is
considered to be true only if both statements are true.
6) Define Axiom:
An axiom is a mathematical statement that we believe to be true without any evidence or requiring any
proof.
7) Define tautologies:
‘A statement which is true for all possible values of the variables involved in itis called tautology.
Example: (p > q) + (~q + ~p)
8) What is peano axiom:
Every natural number has a successor which is also natural number, itis peano axioin,
9) What is meant by Euclid axioms?
AA straight line can be draw between two points, itis Euclid axiom.
Unit # 09 Similar Figures
1) Define similarity of polygon:
Two polygons are similar if their corresponding angles aré equal and the corresponding sides are
proportional
2) Define regular polygon:
‘A regular polygon has all sides and angles equal.
3) Define triangle:
A triangle is a polygon with three sides and three angles.
4) Define parallelogram:
A parallelogram is quadrilaterals whose opposite sides is parallel and equal in length and opposite
angles are equal,
5) Define tessellation:
‘A tessellation is a pattern of shapes that fit together perfectly, without any gaps or overlaps, covering a
plane. These shapes ean be repeated infinitely to ereate a repeating patter.
6) Define rhombus:
In rhombus all sides are equal and diagonals biscet each other at aright angles.
Unit # 10 Graph and Functions
1) Define linear function:
‘A polynomial function of degree 1 is ealled linear function. The graph of a linear function is straight
line
2) Define quadratic function:
‘A quadratic function isa type of polynomial function of degree 2.
3) Define cubic function:
‘[Link] function isa type of polynomial function of degree 3.
4) Define asymptote:
Any asymptote isa line that a graph approaches but never touches.
5) What is reciprocal function?
A reciprocal function is a function of the form y=, a real number, x #0
TWORABANADTOUSEEF UR RAN Ss: | 6) Define exponential function:
An exponential function is a mathematical function of the form y= ka* Here a, k are constant, x is
variable and a > 1
Unit # 11 Loci and Construction
1) Define triangle:
A triangle is a closed figure having three sides and three angles.
2) Define sealene triangle:
A triangle having all sides of different length
3) Define equilateral triangle:
A triangle having all sides of equal in length
4) Define Isosceles triangle:
A triangle having two sides of equal le
5) Define acute angled triangl
Alllangles of measure less than 90°
6) Define obtuse angled triangle:
One angle is of measure greater than 90°
7) Define right angled triangle:
One angle is of measure equal to 90°
8) What is an ambiguous case?
The ambiguous case (SSA) occurs when we are given two sides and the angle opposite one of these is
Tess than 90°
9) Define perpendicular bisector:
A perpendicular bisector is a line that intersects a line segment at right angle and divides it into two
equal parts.
10) Define median:
A median of a triangle 18 @ ine segment that joins @ vertex to the midpoint of the side that
that vertex.
11) Define point of concurrence
A point of concurrency is the single point where three or more lines, rays or line segment intersect or
meet in a geometric figure.
12) Define circumeentre:
The point of concurrency of perpendicular bisector of the sides of a triangle is called circumcentr,
13) Define centroid:
The point of concurrency of the medians of a triangle is called centroid.
14) Define bisector of a triangle:
‘Am angle bisector is @ line or ray that divides an ang
that are congruent.
15) Define incentre:
The point of concurrency of the angle bisectors of a triangle is called incentre of triangle,
16) Define altitude:
Altitude is a ray drawn perpendicular from a vertex to the opposite side of the triangle,
17) Define orthocenter:
The point of concurrency of the altitudes of the triangles is called othoventer of the triangle.
18) Define locus:
A locus (plural loci) isa set of points that follow a given rule.
opposite to
into two equal parts, creating two smaller angles
MUHAMMAD TOUSEEF UR REMAN Eni oseeinoasooui@eraicon | EET 19) Define circle:
The locus ofa point whose distance is constant from a fixed point is called a citele,
Unit#12 Information Handling
1) Define inform:
To know about something is known as “information”
2) Define information handli
To represent that information ina manageable way so that useful conclusions can be drawn is called
information handling.
3) What
The collection of meaningful information in the form of facts and numerical figures is known as data
Example: Number of people in your school
4) Define discrete dat:
This data is only obtained by counting.
Example: Number of players in football team,
5) Define continuous data:
This data is only obtained by measuring is called continuous data,
Example: Mass of mobile is 100g.
6) Define grouped data
Data which is an arranged in any systematic order (groups or classes) is called grouped data.
7) Define ungrouped data:
Data which is not an arranged in any systematic order (groups or elasses) is called grouped data
8) Define frequency distribution:
A distribution or table that represents classes or groups along with their respective class frequencies is
called frequency distribution.
Example: A frequency distribution table could show the number of students who scored each grade
ona test
9) Define Histogram:
A histogram is a type of chart that shows the frequency distribution of data points across @ continuous
range of numerical values.
10) Define frequency polygon:
AA frequency polygon isa closed geometrical figure used to display a frequency distribution graphically.
11) Define arithmetic mean:
A value of variable which is obtained by dividing the sum of all values (observation) by their number of
observation
12) Define median:
Median is the middle most value is an arranged (ascending or descending order) data set.
Example: 1,2, 3,4,5 Median =3
13) Define mode:
The values that appears most frequently in the given set of data is called mode.
Example: I, 2,2,3,4,5 Mode =2
14) Define range
Range is the difference between the greatest value and smallest set.
Example: Range =Xmar — Xmin
15) What is meant by midpoint?
‘MUHAMMAD TOUSEEF UR REHMAN. Email: touseefmagsood196@[Link] | a Midpoint is the average value of lower and upper class limits. It is also known as class work.
Lower elas mit +0)pper class limit
Midpoint ~ S26" tass tilt topper class iit
16) Define frequency:
The number of times a value occurs in data is called frequency of that value. It is denoted by f.
Unit #13 Probability
1) Define probability:
Probability isthe chance of occurrence of a particular event
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2) Define experiment:
The process which generate results
Frample: Tossing a coin, Rolling a dice
3) Define outcomes:
The results of an experiment are called outcome.
Example: The possible outcomes of tossing a coin are head or al
4) Define favorable outcomes:
‘An otcome which represents how many times we expect things to be happened
Example: While tossing a coin, there is 1 favorable outcome of getting head or tail.
5) Define sample space:
‘The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called sample space. It is denoted by S.
Example; Tossing a coin, the sample space will be S~ {H, T}
6) What is expected frequency?
Expected frequency is a measure that estimates how often am event should be occurred depended on
probability
7), What do you know about event?
The set of results of an experiment i called an event.
Example: While a dice getting even number is an event,
ie A~{2,4,6},mA)~3
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Learning Math With Mr Khawar es 2
9th Class Math Notes.