FROGS
• Kingdom –Animalia
• Phylum –Chordata
• Class-Amphibia
• Species –Rana
• Genus –tigrine
• Indian Bull frog (Haplobatrachus tigrinus)
FROGS
• Frogs can live both on land and in freshwater.
• They do not have constant body temperature i.e., their body temperature varies
with the temperature of the environment. Such animals are called cold blooded or
poikilotherms.
• You might have also noticed changes in the colour of the frogs while they are in
grasses and on dry land. They have the ability to change the colour to hide them
from their enemies (camouflage).
• This protective coloration is called mimicry.
• Summer sleep (aestivation) and winter sleep (hibernation) respectively.
Morphology
• The skin produces mucus.
• Dorsal side olive green with dark irregular [Link] side is pale
yellow.
• The frog never drinks water but absorb it through the skin.
• Body of a frog is divisible into head and trunk (neck and tail are absent)
• A pair of nostrils is present.
• Eyes are covered by a nictitating membrane that protects them while in
water.
Morphology
• Membranous tympanum (ear) receives sound signals and is used for
body balance
• The hind limbs end in five digits and fore limbs have four digits. Feet have
webbed digits
• Frogs exhibit sexual dimorphism.
• Male frogs -sound producing vocal sacs and copulatory pad on the first
digit of the fore limbs which are absent in female frogs
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM –FROGS ARE CARNIVORES
• Food is captured by the Bilobed tongue----- buccal cavity(no salivary gland) ----
Pharynx----oesophagus--stomach…intestine…rectum….cloacal
chamber…cloacal aperture
DIGESTIVE GLANDS
• Liver –Secretes bile and the gall bladder stores the bile
• Pancreas-Pancreatic juice with digestive enzymes
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM –FROGS ARE CARNIVORES
DIGESTION OF FOOD digest carbohydrates and proteins.
• HCl and gastric juices secreted from the • Final digestion takes place in the intestine.
walls of the stomach initiated digestion
• Digested food is absorbed by the
• This chyme is passed from stomach to the numerous finger-like folds in the inner wall
duodenum. of intestine called villi and microvilli.
• The duodenum receives bile from gall • The undigested solid waste moves into the
bladder and pancreatic juices from the rectum and passes out through cloaca.
pancreas through a common bile duct.
• Bile emulsifies fat and pancreatic juices
RESPIRATION
• In water and during aestivation and hibernation cutaneous respiration by
diffusion
• On land, the buccal cavity (buccopharyngeal respiration ), skin and lungs
act as the respiratory organs.
• The respiration by lungs is called pulmonary respiration.
• The lungs are a pair of elongated, pink coloured sac-like structures present
in the thorax.
• Air enters through the nostrils into the buccal cavity and then to lungs.
VASCULAR SYSTEM –BLOOD VASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• Heart is closed type, three-chambered, Incomplete double circulation,Arterial
and venous systems.
• Heart has three chambers, two atria and one ventricle and is covered by a
membrane the called pericardium.
• A triangular structure called sinus venosus joins the right atrium. It receives
blood through the major veins called vena cava.
• The ventricle opens into a saclike conus arteriosus on the ventral side of the
heart.
VASCULAR SYSTEM –BLOOD VASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• Hepatic portal system venous connection between liver and intestine
• renal portal system between kidney and lower parts of the body
• The blood is composed of plasma and RBC(nucleated,Hb),WBC,Platelets
• The blood carries nutrients, gases and water to the respective sites during
the circulation.
• The lymphatic system consists of lymph, lymph channels and lymph nodes.
The lymph is different from blood. It lacks few proteins and RBCs.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
• Pair of kidneys, ureters, cloaca, and urinary bladder.
• These are compact, dark red and bean like structures situated a little posteriorly in the
body cavity on both sides of vertebral column.
• Structural and functional units are uriniferous tubules or nephrons.
• Two ureters emerge from the kidneys in the male frogs.
• The ureters act as urinogenital duct which opens into the cloaca.
• In females the ureters and oviduct open separately in the cloaca.
• The thin-walled urinary bladder is present ventral to the rectum which also opens in the
cloaca.
• The frog excretes urea and thus is a ureotelic animal.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
• Pituitary
• thyroid
• parathyroid
• thymus
• pineal body
• pancreatic islets
• adrenals
• gonads.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Central Nervous system –Brain(within cranium)and Spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system (cranial (10pairs)and spinal nerves) and an autonomic
nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic).
THE BRAIN IS DIVIDED
• Forebrain-olfactory lobes, paired cerebral hemispheres and unpaired
diencephalon.
• Midbrain - pair of optic lobes.
• Hindbrain -cerebellum and medulla oblongata. The medulla oblongata passes out
through the foramen magnum and continues into spinal cord, which is enclosed in
the vertebral column.
SENSE ORGANS
• Organs of touch (sensory papillae)
• Taste (taste buds)
• Smell (nasal epithelium)
• Vision (eyes) -spherical structures situated in the orbit in skull. These are
simple eyes.
• External ear is absent in frogs and only tympanum can be seen externally
which leads into the internal ears) The ear is an organ of hearing as well as
balancing (equilibrium).
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM -MALE
• Male reproductive organs consist of a pair of yellowish ovoid testes (, which
are found adhered to the upper part of kidneys by a double fold of
peritoneum called mesorchium.
• Vasa efferentia are 10-12 in number that arise from testes.
• They enter the kidneys on their side and open into Bidder’s canal.
• Finally it communicates with the urinogenital duct that comes out of the
kidneys and opens into the cloaca.
• The cloaca is a small, median chamber that is used to pass faecal matter, urine
and sperms to the exterior.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM -FEMALE
• The female reproductive organs include a pair of ovaries attached by
mesovarium to the body cavity
• The ovaries are situated near kidneys and there is no functional
connection with kidneys.
• A pair of oviduct arising from the ovaries opens into the cloaca separately.
• A mature female can lay 2500 to 3000 ova at a time.
FERTILISATION AND DEVELOPMENT
• Fertilisation is external and takes place in water.
• Development involves a larval stage called tadpole.
• Tadpole undergoes metamorphosis to form the adult.
Economic Benefit
• Frogs are beneficial for mankind because they eat insects and protect
the crop.
• Frogs maintain ecological balance because these serve as an
important link of food chain and food web in the ecosystem.
• In some countries the muscular legs of frog are used as food by man.
Frog
FROGS
• Kingdom –Animalia
• Phylum –Chordata
• Class-Amphibia
• Species –Rana
• Genus –tigrine
• Indian Bull frog (Haplobatrachus tigrinus)
FROGS
• Frogs can live both on land and in freshwater.
• They do not have constant body temperature i.e., their body temperature varies
with the temperature of the environment. Such animals are called cold blooded or
poikilotherms.
• You might have also noticed changes in the colour of the frogs while they are in
grasses and on dry land. They have the ability to change the colour to hide them
from their enemies (camouflage).
• This protective coloration is called mimicry.
• Summer sleep (aestivation) and winter sleep (hibernation) respectively.
Morphology
• The skin produces mucus.
• Dorsal side olive green with dark irregular [Link] side is pale
yellow.
• The frog never drinks water but absorb it through the skin.
• Body of a frog is divisible into head and trunk (neck and tail are absent)
• A pair of nostrils is present.
• Eyes are covered by a nictitating membrane that protects them while in
water.
Morphology
• Membranous tympanum (ear) receives sound signals and is used for
body balance
• The hind limbs end in five digits and fore limbs have four digits. Feet have
webbed digits
• Frogs exhibit sexual dimorphism.
• Male frogs -sound producing vocal sacs and copulatory pad on the first
digit of the fore limbs which are absent in female frogs
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM –FROGS ARE CARNIVORES
• Food is captured by the Bilobed tongue----- buccal cavity(no salivary gland) ----
Pharynx----oesophagus--stomach…intestine…rectum….cloacal
chamber…cloacal aperture
DIGESTIVE GLANDS
• Liver –Secretes bile and the gall bladder stores the bile
• Pancreas-Pancreatic juice with digestive enzymes
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM –FROGS ARE CARNIVORES
DIGESTION OF FOOD digest carbohydrates and proteins.
• HCl and gastric juices secreted from the • Final digestion takes place in the intestine.
walls of the stomach initiated digestion
• Digested food is absorbed by the
• This chyme is passed from stomach to the numerous finger-like folds in the inner wall
duodenum. of intestine called villi and microvilli.
• The duodenum receives bile from gall • The undigested solid waste moves into the
bladder and pancreatic juices from the rectum and passes out through cloaca.
pancreas through a common bile duct.
• Bile emulsifies fat and pancreatic juices
RESPIRATION
• In water and during aestivation and hibernation cutaneous respiration by
diffusion
• On land, the buccal cavity (buccopharyngeal respiration ), skin and lungs
act as the respiratory organs.
• The respiration by lungs is called pulmonary respiration.
• The lungs are a pair of elongated, pink coloured sac-like structures present
in the thorax.
• Air enters through the nostrils into the buccal cavity and then to lungs.
VASCULAR SYSTEM –BLOOD VASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• Heart is closed type, three-chambered, Incomplete double circulation,Arterial
and venous systems.
• Heart has three chambers, two atria and one ventricle and is covered by a
membrane the called pericardium.
• A triangular structure called sinus venosus joins the right atrium. It receives
blood through the major veins called vena cava.
• The ventricle opens into a saclike conus arteriosus on the ventral side of the
heart.
VASCULAR SYSTEM –BLOOD VASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• Hepatic portal system venous connection between liver and intestine
• renal portal system between kidney and lower parts of the body
• The blood is composed of plasma and RBC(nucleated,Hb),WBC,Platelets
• The blood carries nutrients, gases and water to the respective sites during
the circulation.
• The lymphatic system consists of lymph, lymph channels and lymph nodes.
The lymph is different from blood. It lacks few proteins and RBCs.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
• Pair of kidneys, ureters, cloaca, and urinary bladder.
• These are compact, dark red and bean like structures situated a little posteriorly in the
body cavity on both sides of vertebral column.
• Structural and functional units are uriniferous tubules or nephrons.
• Two ureters emerge from the kidneys in the male frogs.
• The ureters act as urinogenital duct which opens into the cloaca.
• In females the ureters and oviduct open separately in the cloaca.
• The thin-walled urinary bladder is present ventral to the rectum which also opens in the
cloaca.
• The frog excretes urea and thus is a ureotelic animal.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
• Pituitary
• thyroid
• parathyroid
• thymus
• pineal body
• pancreatic islets
• adrenals
• gonads.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Central Nervous system –Brain(within cranium)and Spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system (cranial (10pairs)and spinal nerves) and an autonomic
nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic).
THE BRAIN IS DIVIDED
• Forebrain-olfactory lobes, paired cerebral hemispheres and unpaired
diencephalon.
• Midbrain - pair of optic lobes.
• Hindbrain -cerebellum and medulla oblongata. The medulla oblongata passes out
through the foramen magnum and continues into spinal cord, which is enclosed in
the vertebral column.
SENSE ORGANS
• Organs of touch (sensory papillae)
• Taste (taste buds)
• Smell (nasal epithelium)
• Vision (eyes) -spherical structures situated in the orbit in skull. These are
simple eyes.
• External ear is absent in frogs and only tympanum can be seen externally
which leads into the internal ears) The ear is an organ of hearing as well as
balancing (equilibrium).
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM -MALE
• Male reproductive organs consist of a pair of yellowish ovoid testes (, which
are found adhered to the upper part of kidneys by a double fold of
peritoneum called mesorchium.
• Vasa efferentia are 10-12 in number that arise from testes.
• They enter the kidneys on their side and open into Bidder’s canal.
• Finally it communicates with the urinogenital duct that comes out of the
kidneys and opens into the cloaca.
• The cloaca is a small, median chamber that is used to pass faecal matter, urine
and sperms to the exterior.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM -FEMALE
• The female reproductive organs include a pair of ovaries attached by
mesovarium to the body cavity
• The ovaries are situated near kidneys and there is no functional
connection with kidneys.
• A pair of oviduct arising from the ovaries opens into the cloaca separately.
• A mature female can lay 2500 to 3000 ova at a time.
FERTILISATION AND DEVELOPMENT
• Fertilisation is external and takes place in water.
• Development involves a larval stage called tadpole.
• Tadpole undergoes metamorphosis to form the adult.
Economic Benefit
• Frogs are beneficial for mankind because they eat insects and protect
the crop.
• Frogs maintain ecological balance because these serve as an
important link of food chain and food web in the ecosystem.
• In some countries the muscular legs of frog are used as food by man.