SECONDARY SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT

PROGRAMME (2024)

TERM ONE

JOHANNESBURG CENTRAL DISTRICT

TOURISM GRADE 12

LEARNER GUIDE

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 UNIT ONE
Fact sheet

INTRODUCTION TO TIME ZONES

 Time zones are divisions of the world by lines of longitude.
 There are 24 time zones on the globe.
 Each time zone is 15° (degrees).
 Each time zone represents one hour.
 One time zone = 15° = one hour
 The time zones follow the borders of a country.
 The countries decide which time zone is the best to follow.
 Countries that are very broad (east to west) have more than one time zone, e.g.
USA and Russia
 A time zone map is shaded to distinguish between the different time zones.
 Latitude lines are horizontal lines and run from east to west on the globe.
 Longitude lines are vertical lines and run from north to south on the globe.
 There are 3 important imaginary lines on a time zone map – Equator, UTC and
IDL
 Equator - 0° latitude line – divides the earth in a Northern and Southern
Hemisphere.
 UTC – Universal Time Coordinate - 0° longitude line – all time zones are named
from here.
 IDL – International Date Line - 180° longitude line – flying across this line can
result in a change in the date.
 The 24-hr clock format is the correct format to use in recording times. 08h00,
8am and 8 pm may not be used. The correct format is 08:00 for 8 in the
morning and 20:00 for 8 in the evening.
 00:00 is the correct format to use for midnight.

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THE TIME ZONE MAP – TO IDENTIFY ALL THE IMPORTANT LINES AND ELEMENTS

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 ACTIVITY 1 – TIME ZONE IDENTIFICATION (Adapted from MGSL SSIP B – 2017)

Identify the following time zones from the time zone map
PLACE HEMISPHERE TIME PLACE HEMISPHERE TIME
ZONE ZONE
1. Lima 13. Mexico
2. Nairobi 14. Los Angeles
3. Johannesburg 15. Paris
4. Delhi 16. Hong Kong
5. Tokyo 17. Rome
6. Anchorage 18. Washington
7. Iceland 19. Moscow
8. Berlin 20. San Francisco
9. Perth 21. London
10. New York 22. Melbourne
11. Sydney 23. New Zealand
12. Lagos 24. Spain

NOTE: When we locate a time zone, we usually write it out in full, including the symbol.

 Some time zones are not clear to locate.

 Where the name is pointed towards another country, we usually look at where the dot (•)
is, that will tell us about the time zone.
 If a country uses a time zone with a 5 after the comma (e.g., +5.5) it means that the time
zone is 5 hours and 30 minutes.
 If a country uses a time zone with a 75 after the comma (e.g., +5.75) it means the time
zone is 5 hours and 45 minutes.

THE SHADING ON THE TIME ZONE MAP (Adapted from MGSL SSIP B - 2024)

 The white and grey shaded areas group countries together that use the same time zone.
 Example: South Africa is a shaded area. No time zone is indicated in SA. A +2 is indicated
in Botswana – also a shaded area. Therefore, SA will make use of time zone +2 with
Botswana and the rest of the shaded countries in Africa until you reach Egypt in the northern
part of Africa.
 Remember the dot at the city indicates which time zone should be used. E.g. New York: the
name of the city is printed in the ocean area, but the dot is on the land area, therefore -5 will
be used.

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 THE 24-HOUR CLOCK (Adapted from MGSL SSIP B - 2024)

• The 24-hour clock should always appear on time zone maps when it is used
for test and exam purposes. (00 is midnight on the map).
• The 24-hour clock means that we do not use AM and PM anymore e.g. 8am
• We also do not add the” h” to any times on a time e.g. 08h00.
• Correct format: 08:00
23:15
10:30
 The clock should be used in ALL your calculations, it will appear on the NSC
exams and tests for your convenience.

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 ACTIVITY 2 – PRACTICING THE CORRECT 24 HOUR CLOCK FORMAT OF TIME
(Adapted from MGSL SSIP B – 2024)

Rewrite the following times according to the 24-hour clock format.

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 UNIT 2
Fact Sheet

BASIC CALCULATIONS
 It is important to know how to determine the time difference by using the time
zone ribbon on top of the time zone map.
 Do not use calculators when doing time zone calculations.
 The difference between 2 cities can be expressed as the difference in time zones
or the difference in hours. It depends on what the question asks. e.g. The
number of time zones from Johannesburg (+2) to New York (-5) is 7 = 7 hours or
7 time zones.
 Always look careful to where the dot for a city is on the map to know which time
zone to use.
 Read the question.
 Determine the two cities – write it down.
 Read the time zones for the 2 cities from the map and write it down.
 Use the time zone ribbon map to determine the difference between the 2 cities.
 The visual method is a very easy method to use for the calculation of time zones.
 Draw 2 lines to represent the 2 cities that are mentioned in the question.
 It is important to note the following: mark the 2 cities on the time zone map.
 In the two lines, the first line takes the west direction, and the 2nd line takes the
east.
 The city more to the left side of the map is the city that should be plotted to the
WEST and the city more to the right of the map is the city that should be plotted
EAST.
 Label the lines with the names of the cities.
 Add the rest of the information e.g. the time zones for the cities, the time given
for the one city and the time difference between the 2 cities.
 Make a question mark at the line of the city that the time should be calculated.
 Make a big arrow that shows in the direction of the question mark.
 Should this arrow show to the left (west) – the time difference should be
subtracted from the given time, and you must move in an anticlockwise direction.
 Should this arrow show to the right (east) – the time difference should be added
to the given time, and move in the clockwise direction on the 24-hour clock.
 The 24-hr clock must be used to do this addition of subtraction from the time.
 The answer is the local time in the second city mentioned in the question.
 This method should also be used in the calculation of times for live broadcasts
and telephone calls to determine when the call will reach the person in the
second city.
ALL TIME ZONE CALCULATIONS SHOULD FOLLOW THIS METHOD TO THE
POINT WHERE THE LOCAL TIME IN THE SECOND CITY WAS DETERMINED.
Where arrival time, departure time and flying time need to be calculated – the steps
will follow the local time in the second city was determined.

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CALCULATING THE TIME DIFFERENCE

WHAT IS A TIME DIFFERENCE?

Time zone difference refers to the amount of time that each country has, in
comparison or contrast to another country. It is determining how many hours a
country is behind/ahead of time.
HOW TO CALCULATE TIME ZONE DIFFERENCE
1. Locate the two mentioned cities on the time zone ribbon. Look for their time
zones then circle each of the mentioned cities.

TIME ZONE RIBBON (FOUND AT THE TOP OF THE TIME ZONE MAP)

2. Mark or circle the two zones, then count how many hours are in between the
two time zones.
EXAMPLE:
Calculate the time zone difference between New York and Cape Town

7 hours
City 1 City 2
ACTIVITY 3 – CALCULATING TIME ZONE DIFFERENCES
CITY 1 CITY 2 TIME DIFFERENCE
New York Cape Town
Los Angeles New York

London Johannesburg

Anchorage, Alaska London

Sydney Tokyo, Japan

Moscow Delhi, India

Hong Kong Riyadh

Paris Cairo

Rio de Janeiro Windhoek

Cairo Johannesburg

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ACTIVITY 4 – CALCULATING BASIC TIME (Adapted from NSC/EC/GP PAPERS)

(DBE NOV 2014 – Q 2.1.1)

The final of the 2014 FIFA World Cup was played at the Maracana Stadium in
Rio de Janeiro on 13 July 2014.

The kick-off time was at 16:00, Brazilian local time.

2.1.1. The kick-off time in Rio de Janeiro was at 16:00. Germany practises DST.

Calculate the time and the date Germans in Berlin would have viewed the kick-off. (4)

(EC SEPT 2015 – Q 2.3.1)

2.1.2. While in London, Dr Adams wants to make a phone call to his sister in Sydney,
Australia on Sunday, 8 June, to wish her for her birthday. He will make the call at
12:00 from London.

(a) Calculate the time and day that Dr Adams’s sister will receive the call in
Sydney. (5)
(b) Indicate if this will be a suitable time for Dr Adams to make the call.
Motivate your answer. (1)

(DBE NOV 2015 – Q 2.1.2)

2.1.3. Mr Andersen would like to call his friend in South Africa. He makes the call at 09:00
on 23 September, New York time.

Calculate what the time will be in South Africa when he makes the call. Show ALL
calculations. (5)

(DBE NOV 2016 – Q 2.2.1)

Two students have enrolled for an e-learning course in Tourism Management. An online lecture (webinar) will start
at 13:00 on 30 November 2016 in Madrid, Spain.

Calculate the time and date when EACH student will have to log in, in his/her country, to participate in the lecture.

(a)

Jo Li from Tokyo (4)

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 (b)

Brydon from San Francisco (4)

ACTIVITY 5 – CALCULATING ARRIVAL TIME (Adapted from NSC/EC/GP

PAPERS)

(DBE NOV 2014 – Q 2.1.3)

2.1.1. South African soccer fans flew to Rio de Janeiro via São Paulo to watch some of
the World Cup matches. They departed from OR Tambo International Airport on
flight SA222 at 10:30 on Monday 16 June 2014. Their total flying time, including the
stopover at São Paulo, was 14 hours.

Calculate their time of arrival in Rio de Janeiro. Show ALL calculations. (5)

(DBE NOV 2015 – Q 2.1.1)

2.1.2. Mr Andersen flies from London to New York on 21 September. His flight departs
from London at 16:00 and his flying time to New York is 8 hours.

Calculate the time and date that Mr Anderson will arrive in New York. Show ALL
calculations. (5)

(DBE NOV 2019– Q 2.2.)

Study the cartoon below and answer the questions that follow.

2.1.3. Calculate the time and date Bongwa will arrive in Beijing. (6)
2.1.4. Calculate the time and date Mandisa will arrive in London. (8)

(EC SEPT 2016 – Q 2.1.1)

2.1.5. Themba Biyana is a journalist from The Johannesburg Star newspaper. He will be
travelling to Washington, USA to report on the USA 2016 presidential elections. His

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flight will depart from Johannesburg on Friday, 4 November at 18:00 and his flying
time is 17 hours.

Calculate the time and date that Themba will arrive in Washington. Show all
calculations. (7)

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(GP SEPT 2016 – Q 2.1.1)

Read the following scenario below and answer the questions.

A Brazilian tourism student, Natalia Correia entered a research competition and won an
all-expenses paid trip to London. Her flight will leave Rio de Janeiro at 14:00, Tuesday, 20
August 2016. The flying time will be 11 hours and 30 minutes.

2.1.6 Calculate the time, day and date of arrival in London. Show all calculations in your
answer. (6)

(GP SEPT 2016 – Q 2.1.1)

A South African flight attendant, Linda Botha, would like to redeem her travel benefits by going on
a holiday to Bangkok, Thailand. Her flight from O.R. Tambo International airport to Bangkok leaves
at 17:00, Friday, 20 September 2017. The flying time will be 18 hours.

2.1.7. Calculate the time, day and date of arrival in Bangkok, Thailand. Show all
calculations in your answer. (6)

(GP SEPT 2016 – Q 2.1.1)

Ms P. Khumalo is an international diplomat working for the Department of International Relations

and Co-operation. She attended a Global Leadership Conference in South Korea (UTC+9). Her
flight left O R Tambo International Airport, Johannesburg at 12:30 on 17 September 2018. The
flying time was 17 hours.

2.1.8. Calculate the time and date of Ms Khumalo’s arrival in South Korea. Show all
calculations in the answer. (6)

(GP SEPT 2020 – Q 2.1.3)

Jack and Lydia, a couple in their fifties and sport fanatics, were very excited about two major sport
events taking place in 2020. They attended both events and called this trip “Sports Galore”.
They departed from OR Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg on an 11-hour flight to Riyadh
Airport in Saudi Arabia. They were just in time to see the final two stages of the 2020 Dakar Rally.

2.1.9. The couple departed from OR Tambo International Airport at 18:00 on 13 January
2020 on an 11-hour flight to Riyadh. Calculate the arrival time and date in Riyadh. (5)

(DBE FEB/MARCH 2017 – Q 2.2.1.)

Read the information below and answer the questions that follow.
The South African cyclist, Jacques Janse van Rensburg,
participated in the 2016 Tour De France cycle race.

Although most of the Tour De France cycle race takes place in

France, some sections of the race take place in neighbouring
countries.

2.1.10 After the race Jacques flew from Paris to Dubai (+4) to recover from the race.

• His flight departed from Paris at 08:00 on 25 July 2016.

• His flying time from Paris to Dubai was 7 hours.

Calculate at what time Jacques arrived in Dubai. (7)

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TIME ZONE: DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME ACTIVITIES (THEORY ACTIVITIES)

MULTIPLE CHOICE (ADAPTED FROM NSC DBE / EC AND GP EXAMS)

Four options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the
answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question number (1.1.1–1.1.3) in the
book.
1.1.1. A travel agent explains to a tourist how to adjust his watch when DST is practised in
a particular country:

A. Put his watch 1 hour forward

B. Put his watch 1 hour back
C. Leave his watch as is
D. Change his watch to UTC time

1.1.2. The picture below illustrates …

A. seasonal time.
B. daylight saving time.
C. spring saving time.
D. going home time.

1.1.3. Which of the following is NOT a reason for practising daylight-saving time?

A. To reduce energy consumption.

B. To increase daytime hours for increased productivity.
C. To increase leisure hours.
D. To ensure that travellers check in on time for their flight.

THEORY BASED QUESTIONS

(ADAPTED FROM NSC DBE / EC AND GP EXAMS)

2.1.1. London practises DST.

(a) Explain the term daylight saving time (DST). (2)
(b) Discuss TWO positive impacts of daylight-saving time for London (4)
(DBE SC JUNE 2018 – Q2.2.)
Refer to the scenario below
DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME
Daylight saving time 2019 in France starts at 02:00 on Sunday 31 March and will end at 03:00 on
Sunday 27 October.

2.1.2. Explain ONE reason why South African soccer fans who will attend the World Cup
have to be aware of DST in their travel planning. (2)
2.1.3. Explain TWO time-related benefits for South African fans while they are at the 2019
FIFA Women's World Cup in Paris. (4)
2.1.4. List TWO possible advantages for the tourism industry in a country practising
daylight savings time. (4)

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TIME ZONE: DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME ACTIVITIES (CALCULATIONS)
(DBE SC JUNE 2019 – Q 2.2.2)
3.1.1. After Gareth had completed his surfing practice session at 17:00, he made a call to
his coach in London to report on the sea conditions in Durban.

NOTE: London is practising DST.

Calculate the time at which his coach received the call in London. Show ALL
calculations. (4)
(DBE SC JUNE 2021 – Q 2.2.5)
3.1.2. Estelle, a friend from London, stayed in the Dubes' home while they were on
holiday in Mauritius.

Estelle also had to return to London on a special flight. She departed at 19:00 on 24
April 2020 from the OR Tambo International Airport to London. The flying time was
11 hours.

The United Kingdom practises DST during this period.

Calculate the date and time when Estelle arrived in London.

Show ALL calculations. (7)
(EC SEPT 2018 – Q 2.1.1)
Refer to the scenario below

The 2018 FIFA World Cup Soccer Tournament was hosted by Russia. The
tournament started on 14 June 2018 and ended with the final at Luzhniki
Stadium, Moscow on 15 July 2018 at 18:00. Fans from all over the world
were glued to their television sets to watch the final.

3.1.3. Calculate the time and date that soccer fans in London, England
switched on their television sets to watch the final of the 2018 FIFA
World Cup Soccer Tournament.

Remember that England practices Daylight Savings Time but

Russia does not.

Show ALL calculations. (5)

(EC SEPT 2021 – Q 2.1.2)
Refer to the scenario below

The WHO offers regular online press conferences on the state of global
infections of Covid- 19 in order to keep the international community up to
date with the latest information. Press conferences are broadcast from
the WHO headquarters.
Next online press conference on the state of global infections of Covid-
19:

 Date: 3 March 2020

 Meeting commences at 15:00
3.1.4. Calculate the time and date that the Australian Minister of Health, The
Honourable Greg Hunt, logged into the online press conference from his offices
in Canberra, the capital of Australia.

Remember that Australia was practicing Daylight Savings Time at the time of the
online press conference.
NOTE: Show ALL calculations. (5)

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 UNIT 3
Fact sheet

JET LAG AND JET FATIGUE

Jet lag and jet fatigue refer to the extreme tiredness that travellers experience after a
long flight.
 A long flight over many time zones leads to jet lag e.g. Flights across the globe
where the direction of flying is east to west or west to east. (New York to
Moscow)
 A long flight over a few time zones leads to jet fatigue e.g. flights where the
direction of flying is more north to south or south to north. (Johannesburg to
London)
 It is important to be able to differentiate between the two conditions.
 Examples of flights between cities will be given and the question will be to sort it
as jet lag or jet fatigue.

The symptoms of jet lag:

 Nausea
 Fatigue/tiredness
 Insomnia/interrupted sleep
 Disorientation/Confusion
 Constipation/Diarrhoea/Indigestion/Loss of appetite
 Headaches
 Irritability
 Sense of laziness
 Dehydration
 Legs and feet discomfort
 Sweating
 Anxiety
Jet lag cannot be prevented, but the effects can be minimized – before, during
and/or after the flight.
Before the flight:
 Exercise as much as possible
 Eat healthy
 Rest as much as possible
 Go to sleep earlier and get up earlier every morning

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During the flight:
 Drink lots of water
 Stay away from alcohol and coffee
 Eat healthy foods
 Try to rest/sleep
 Walk down the aisle at least once an hour.

After the flight:

 Adapt to the local time and schedules as soon as possible
 Establish a sleeping pattern in line with time at the destination
 Take a few days of rest

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