MCA-Integrated (SEM VII) THEORY EXAMINATION 2023-24 ‘COMPUTER NETWORKS Sub Code: RCAI-804 Time: 3 Hours Total Marks: 70 Note: 1, Attempt all Sections, If require any missing data; then choose suitably. 1. Attempt al questions in brief. SECTION A 4 Describe the data communication. Ans: Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable. A data communications system has five components - Message , S ender Receiver, Medium and Protocol | Why protocol necessary in data communications? Ans: + A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications. It represents an agreement between the communicating devices. Without a protocol, two devices may be connected but not communicating. + Indata communication and networking, a protocol defines the rules that both the sender and receiver and all intermediate devices need to follow to be able to communicate effectively ©] Discuss the differences between Guided and Unguided. Ans: + Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit from one device to another, include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. + Unguided medium transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor. Signals are normally broadcast through free space and thus are available to anyone who has a device capable of receiving them. | Describe the Shannon capacity. Ans: Shannon introduced a formula, called the Shannon capacity, to determine the theoretical highest data rate for a noisy channel + Capacity pandwidth x log,(1 + SNR) ‘The Shannon capacity gives us the upper limit; the Nyquist formula tells us how many signal levels we need. ‘What is the purpose of the Multiplexing? Ans: 1|Page+ Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allow the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link, + Purpose of multiplexing is utilizing available bandwidth j..e In a multiplexed system, n lines share the bandwidth of one link £] Discuss the role of routers in da Ans: ‘communication networks. Routers play a crucial role in data communication networks by facilitating the transfer of data between different [Link] works at Network Layer in TCP/IP protocol suite Routers use packet switching techniques to forward data packets from one network to another. When a router receives a packet, it examines the packet's destination address and determines the best path for forwarding the packet towards its destination. | Explain the concept of ISDN. Ans: ISDN, or Integrated Services Digital Network, is a set of standards for digital telephone and data services that enable digital transmission of voice, video, and data over traditional telephone lines, It was developed in the 1980s and aimed to replace the analog telephone system with a digital network capable of supporting higher data rates and more diverse services. Services: + Voice: ISDN supports clear, digital voice calls with excellent quality, benefiting from the digital nature of the network + Data: It allows for digital data transmission at speeds up to 128 Kbps per B channel, making it suitable for intemet access, video conferencing, and other data-intensive applications. + Video: ISDN supports video conferencing and multimedia applications by providing reliable and consistent data rates. SECTION B Attempt any three of the following: @ | Briefly explain network topology. Ans- + The network topology defines the way in which computers, printers, and other devices are connected + Anetwork topology describes the layout of the wire and devices as well as the paths used by data transmissions. 2|PageTopology |S Mesh topology: The mesh topology connects all devices (nodes) to each other for redundancy and fault tolerance. All the network nodes are connected to each ather. Mesh has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices ‘star topology : All nodes connected to a central repeater. Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub. 'R bus topology : All nodes connected toa single wire. Commonly referred to as a linear bus, al the devices on a bus topology are connected by one single cable | Ring topology: All the devices on the network share a single cable. A frame travels around the ring, stopping at each node. Ifa node wants to transmit data, it adds the data os well asthe destination address tothe frame. The frame then continues around the ring untiit finds the destination node, which takes the data out ofthe frame. The transmission is unidirectionalbut it can be made bidirectional by having 2 connections between each Network Node, tis called Dual Ring Topology th OK ue Topolosy Ring Topology Star Topolony # ¢ Extended Star sesh “Tepatoay Topology Discuss about Signals impairment. Ans- Signals impairment means that the signal at the beginning of the medium is not the same as the signal at the end of the medium. Attenuated 3] PageCauses of impairment Distortion Attenuation | Attenuation means a loss of energy. ‘When a signal, simple or composite, travels through a medium, it loses some of its energy in overcoming the resistance of the medium. That is why a wire carrying electric signals gets warm. Some of the electrical energy in the signal is converted to heat. To compensate for this loss, amplifiers are used to amplify the signal + The decibel (dB) measures the relative strengths of two signals or one signal at two different points. 10logioP2/Ps “di + Means that the signal changes its form or shape + Distortion occurs in composite signals + Each frequency component has its own propagation speed traveling through a medium, + The different components therefore arrive with different delays at the + That means that the signals have different phases at the receiver than they did at the source, Noise + There are different types of noise may corrupt the signal + Thermal -Thermal noise is the random motion of electrons in a wire, which creates an extra signal not originally sent by the transmitter. + Induced - Induced noise comes from sources such as motors and appliancses. These devices act as a sending antenna, and the transmission medium acts as the receiving antenna. + Crosstalk - Crosstalk is the effect of one wire on the other. One wire acts as a sending antenna and the other as the receiving antenna + Impulse - impulse noise is a spike (a signal with high energy in a very short time) that comes from power lines, lightning, and so on. 4[PageDefine Switching. What are the different types of Switching Techniques? Ans- + Switches are devices capable of creating temporary connections between two or more devices linked to the switch + Aswitched network consists of a series of interlinked nodes, called switches. Methods of Switching Girouit switching Packet switching | Message switching narra + Switching at Physical Layer + Atthe physical layer, we can have only circuit switching. There are no packets exchanged at the physical layer. The switches at the physical layer allow signals to travel in one path or another. + Switching at Data-Link Layer + Atthe data-link layer, we can have packet switching. Packet switching at the data-link layer is normally done using a virtual-circuit approach. + Switching at Network Layer + At the network layer, we can have packet switching. In this case, either a virtual-circuit approach or a datagram approach can be used. Currently the Internet uses a datagram approach, + Switching at Application Layer + Atthe application layer, we can have only message switching. The communication at the application layer occurs by exchanging messages. ‘What role does DNS (Domain Name System) play in computer networks, and how does it resolve domain names to IP addresses? Ans- The Domain Name System (DNS) plays a crucial role in computer networks by providing 2 hierarchical naming system that translates domain names (e.g., [Link]) into IP addresses (e.g., [Link]) and vice versa Here are the key roles and functions of DNS in computer networks: + Hostname Resolution: DNS resolves human-readable domain names (like [Link]) into IP addresses (such as [Link]) that are used by computers to identify each other on the network: 5|Page