INTRODUCTION TO

Structural Mechanics Module

Introduction to the Structural Mechanics Module
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Part number. CM021105

Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Structural Mechanics Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
The Structural Mechanics Module Physics Interfaces. . . . . . . . . . 9
Physics Interface Guide by Space Dimension and Study Type . . . 13
The Fundamentals: A Static Linear Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Parametric Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Modeling Techniques for Structural Mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Including Initial Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Modeling Thermal Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Examples in the Application Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

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4|
Introduction

The Structural Mechanics Module is tailor-made for modeling and simulating

applications and designs in the fields of structural and solid mechanics. Engineers
and scientists use it to design new structures and devices and to study the
performance of existing structures.
This module can model static and dynamic analyses in 2D, 2D axisymmetric, and
3D coordinate systems for solids, shells (3D), plates (2D), trusses (2D, 3D),
membranes (2D axisymmetry, 3D), and beams (2D, 3D). The material models
include linear descriptions, such as linear elastic and viscoelastic material models.
Other capabilities are for thermal stress, geometric nonlinearities (large
deformations), and structural contact.

Figure 1: Von Mises stresses caused by thermal expansion in a turbine stator model. From the Heat
Transfer Module application library: Thermal Stress Analysis of a Turbine Stator Blade (turbine_stator).
This model uses both the Structural Mechanics and Heat Transfer Modules.

The Structural Mechanics physics interfaces are the backbone of the module.
These have predefined formulations for the capabilities described above. This
guide gives an overview of these physics interfaces as well as examples of the
modeling procedures used in them.

Structural Mechanics Simulations

Simulations in structural mechanics are used in a wide range of applications —
from the microscale of MEMS components to the geomechanics scale of civil

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engineering. These types of simulations are also frequently used to study the
behavior of existing structures, from microscopic biostructures to glaciers.
Structural mechanics was the first engineering field to use the concept of finite
elements as a standard tool. Over time, these verifiable and validated formulations
have been developed and are applicable to a wide range of materials. Simulations
can often replace experimental measurements. For example, finite element
simulations are used extensively in safety-critical applications within the aerospace
and nuclear industries.
A traditional use of structural analysis tools is depicted below. The device being
studied is a pipe with a bolted flange, and the purpose of the study is two-fold: to
estimate the stress in the pipe and to evaluate the performance of the bolted joint.
Figure 2 shows the deformation (exaggerated) and the von Mises stresses in the
pipe.

Figure 2: The deformation (exaggerated) and the von Mises stresses in the pipe. From the Structural
Mechanics Module application library: Prestressed Bolts in a Tube Connection (tube_connection). This
model also requires the CAD Import Module.

A less traditional application of mechanical design for a MEMS device is shown in

Figure 3. The microactuator is subjected to controlled thermal expansion by the
application of a current through parts of the structure, which induces Joule
heating. The thermal expansion then causes the actuator to deflect and the
simulation predicts the deflection as a function of the operating conditions. The

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simulation also reveals the limitations of the design, because the device will not
work properly if the legs of the actuator make contact along the free faces.

Figure 3: The total displacement in a MEMS device. From the MEMS Module application library: Thermal
Actuator (thermal_actuator_tem).

Structural analysis is also important outside of traditional structural engineering,

for example in the field of bioscience. Figure 4 shows the results of a simulation
of part of the vascular system in a young child. The purpose of the simulation is to
study what happens when surgery is performed on a child with a malformed aorta.
The aorta and its ramified blood vessels are embedded in biological tissue.
Pressure from the moving fluid is applied as a face load in the structural analysis.
The Structural Mechanics Module includes the Fluid-Structure Interaction
interface, which is a predefined multiphysics interface dedicated to these types of
studies.

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Figure 4: Displacements in the blood vessel. From the Structural Mechanics Module application library:
Fluid-Structure Interaction in a Network of Blood Vessels (blood_vessel).

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The Structural Mechanics Module Physics Interfaces

The figure below shows the physics interfaces that are in the COMSOL Model
Wizard and included with the Structural Mechanics Module. In addition to the
structural mechanics capabilities, the module also has substantial multiphysics
capabilities, including AC/DC, acoustics, CFD, heat transfer, fluid-structural
interactions, Joule heating, piezoelectricity, and magnetostriction.

Figure 5: The 3D and 2D component physics interfaces available with the Structural Mechanics Module.
The Multibody Dynamics, Poroelasticity, Thermoelasticity, Magnetostriction, Piezoresistivity,
Electromechanics, and Fatigue interfaces require additional licenses.

A short description of the Structural Mechanics interfaces follow.

S OLID MECHANICS
The Solid Mechanics interface ( ) defines the quantities and features for stress
analysis and general linear and nonlinear solid mechanics. In 2D, plane stress and
plane strain formulations are available. The Linear Elastic Material node is the
default material model. The elastic material model can be expanded with features
for thermal expansion, hygroscopic swelling, viscoelasticity, damping, and initial
stress and strain. The description of elastic materials in the module includes
isotropic, orthotropic, and fully anisotropic materials. A number of preset study

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types are available for solid mechanics (shown below). Also see Physics Interface
Guide by Space Dimension and Study Type.

Geomechanics, Nonlinear Structural Materials, Multibody Dynamics and

Fatigue
There are four additional modules available to enhance the Solid Mechanics
interface: the Geomechanics Module, the Nonlinear Structural Materials Module,
the Multibody Dynamics Module, and the Fatigue Module.
• With the addition of the Geomechanics Module, you can add Soil Plasticity,
Nonlinear Elasticity, Concrete, Rocks, and Cam Clay material models to the
physics interface.
• With the Nonlinear Structural Materials Module, hyperelasticity, nonlinear
elasticity, plasticity, creep, and viscoplasticity can be modeled.
• The Multibody Dynamics Module makes it possible to study rigid and
flexible bodies connected by different types of mechanical joints, gears,
springs, and dampers.
• Using the Fatigue Module, you can augment your stress analysis with low or
high cycle fatigue evaluation.
The exact contents of the menus and windows shown in this document may vary
depending on the license or licenses you have. All illustrations assume the presence
of these additional modules, even though the examples given only require the
Structural Mechanics Module.

S HELL AND P LATE

The Shell interface ( ) is intended for the structural analysis of thin-walled
structures. The formulation used in the Shell interface is a Mindlin-Reissner type,
which means that transverse shear deformations are accounted for, and it can
therefore be used for rather thick shells as well as thin ones. It is possible to
prescribe an offset in a direction normal to a selected surface, which for example
can be used when meshing imported geometries. The Shell interface also includes

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other features such as damping, thermal expansion, and initial stresses and strains.
The preset studies available are the same as for the Solid Mechanics interface.
The Plate interface ( ) is a 2D analogy to the 3D Shell interface. Plates are
similar to shells, but act in a single plane and usually act only with out-of-plane
loads. The formulation and features for this physics interface are similar to those
for the Shell interface.

M EMBRANE
The Membrane interface ( ) is used for thin membranes, which can be
considered as curved plane stress elements in 3D having in-plane as well as
out-of-plane deformation. The difference between a shell and a membrane is that
a membrane does not have any bending stiffness. Thin films and fabric are
structures suited for modeling with the Membrane interface. With the Nonlinear
Structural Materials Module, hyperelasticity, nonlinear elasticity, plasticity,
creep, and viscoplasticity can be modeled in addition to the default linear
elastic material. The preset studies for this physics interface are almost the same
as for the Solid Mechanics interface, with one exception—they do not include the
Linear Buckling study type.

B EAM
The Beam interface ( ) is intended for the modeling of slender structures
(beams) that can be fully described by their cross-section properties, such as area
and moment of inertia. The Beam interface defines stresses and strains using
Hermitian elements and Euler-Bernoulli or Timoshenko theory. Beam elements
are used to model both planar and three-dimensional frame structures. This
physics interface is also suitable for modeling reinforcements of solid and shell
structures. It includes a library for rectangular, box, circular, pipe, H-profile,
U-profile, and T-profile beam sections. Additional features include damping,
thermal expansion, and initial stresses and strains. The preset studies for this
physics interface are almost identical to those for the Solid Mechanics interface,
with two exceptions — the Linear Buckling and Prestressed study types are not
included.

B EAM C ROSS S ECTION

A separate 2D physics interface called the Beam Cross Section interface ( ) can
be used to evaluate properties for general cross sections, to use as inputs in beam
analysis.

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TRUSS
The Truss interface ( ) may be used to model slender structures that can only
sustain axial forces. Trusses are modeled using Lagrange shape functions, which
allow the specification of small strains as well as Green-Lagrange strains for large
deformations. In addition to classical truss structures, the interface can be used for
modeling cables exposed to gravity forces (sagging cables). Additional features
include damping, thermal expansion, and initial stresses and strains. The default
material model is linear elastic, and together with the Nonlinear Structural
Materials Module, it is possible to also model plasticity. The preset studies for this
physics interface are the same as for the Solid Mechanics interface.

O THER S TRUCTURAL M ECHANICS I NTERFACES

The Thermal Stress interface ( ) combines the Solid Mechanics interface with
the Heat Transfer in Solids interface. The temperature field is automatically
coupled to a structure’s (material) expansion.
The Joule Heating and Thermal Expansion interface ( ) combines three physics
interfaces: Joule Heating, Heat Transfer in Solids, and Solid Mechanics. It
describes the conduction of electric current in a structure, the subsequent electric
heating caused by the ohmic losses, and the thermal stresses induced by the
temperature field.
The Piezoelectric Devices interface ( ) combines the Solid Mechanics and
Electrostatics interfaces to model piezoelectric materials. The piezoelectric
coupling can be in stress-charge or strain-charge form. All solid mechanics and
electrostatics functionalities are also accessible through this physics interface, for
example, for modeling the surrounding linear elastic solids or air domains.
The Magnetostriction interface ( ) combines the Solid Mechanics and Magnetic
Fields interfaces to model magnetostrictive materials. Linear as well as nonlinear
materials models are available. This interface requires the AC/DC module.

F LUID F LOW
The Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) interface ( ), found under the Fluid Flow
branch in the Model Wizard, combines fluid flow with solid mechanics to capture
the interactions between fluids and solid structures. A Solid Mechanics interface
and a Single Phase Flow interface model the solid and the fluid, respectively. The
flow can be either laminar or turbulent (turbulent flow requires the CFD
Module). The FSI couplings appear on the boundaries between the fluid and the
solid. The Fluid-Structure Interaction interface uses an arbitrary
Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method; it combines the fluid flow formulated by an
Eulerian description and a spatial frame with solid mechanics formulated by a
Lagrangian description and a material (reference) frame.

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The Fluid-Structure Interaction, Fixed Geometry ( ) interface can be used to
model phenomena where a fluid and a deformable solid structure affect each
other. Both the fluid loading on the structure and the structural velocity
transmission to the fluid can be taken into account. The interface models
situations where the displacements of the solid are assumed to be small enough for
the geometry of the fluid domain to be considered as fixed during the interaction.

Physics Interface Guide by Space Dimension and Study Type

The table below lists the physics interfaces available specifically with this module
in addition to those included in the basic COMSOL Multiphysics license.

PHYSICS INTERFACE ICON TAG SPACE AVAILABLE PRESET STUDY

DIMENSION TYPE

Fluid Flow

Fluid-Structure Interaction fsi 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; stationary,

axisymmetric one-way coupled; time
dependent; time
dependent, one-way
coupled
Fluid-Structure — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time-dependent
Interaction, Fixed axisymmetric
Geometry2
Structural Mechanics

Solid Mechanics1 solid 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; eigenfrequency;

axisymmetric prestressed analysis,
eigenfrequency; time
dependent; time-dependent
modal; frequency domain;
frequency-domain modal;
prestressed analysis,
frequency domain; modal
reduced order model;
linear buckling
Thermal Stress2 — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
axisymmetric
Joule Heating and Thermal — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
Expansion2 axisymmetric

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PHYSICS INTERFACE ICON TAG SPACE AVAILABLE PRESET STUDY
DIMENSION TYPE

Shell shell 3D stationary; eigenfrequency;

prestressed analysis,
eigenfrequency; time
dependent; time-dependent
modal; frequency domain;
frequency-domain modal;
prestressed analysis,
frequency domain; modal
reduced order model;
linear buckling
Plate plate 2D stationary; eigenfrequency;
prestressed analysis,
eigenfrequency; time
dependent; time-dependent
modal; frequency domain;
frequency-domain modal;
prestressed analysis,
frequency domain; modal
reduced order model;
linear buckling
Beam beam 3D, 2D stationary; eigenfrequency;
frequency domain;
frequency-domain modal;
time dependent;
time-dependent modal;
modal reduced order
model
Beam Cross Section bcs 2D stationary

Truss truss 3D, 2D stationary; eigenfrequency;

prestressed analysis,
eigenfrequency; time
dependent; time-dependent
modal; frequency domain;
frequency-domain modal;
prestressed analysis,
frequency domain; modal
reduced order model;
linear buckling

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PHYSICS INTERFACE ICON TAG SPACE AVAILABLE PRESET STUDY
DIMENSION TYPE

Membrane mbrn 3D, 2D stationary; eigenfrequency;

axisymmetric prestressed analysis,
eigenfrequency; time
dependent; time-dependent
modal; frequency domain;
frequency-domain modal;
prestressed analysis,
frequency domain
Piezoelectric Devices2 — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; eigenfrequency;
axisymmetric time dependent; frequency
domain; small-signal
analysis, frequency domain;
prestressed analysis,
eigenfrequency;
prestressed analysis,
frequency domain
Magnetostriction2 — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; eigenfrequency;
axisymmetric time dependent; frequency
domain; small-signal
analysis, frequency domain;
prestressed analysis,
eigenfrequency;
prestressed analysis,
frequency domain
1 This physics interface is included with the core COMSOL package but has added
functionality for this module.
2
This physics interface is a predefined multiphysics coupling that automatically adds all the
physics interfaces and coupling features required.

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The Fundamentals: A Static Linear Analysis

This section summarizes the fundamentals for modeling structural mechanics

problems and applying them in COMSOL Multiphysics and the Structural
Mechanics Module. It includes instructions for creating a geometry, as well as
defining material properties and boundary constraints and conditions. After the
solution is computed, you will learn how to display and analyze the results.
The model used in this guide is an assembly of a bracket and its mounting bolts,
which are all made of steel. This type of bracket can be used to install an actuator
that is mounted on a pin placed between the two holes in the bracket arms. The
geometry is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6: The geometry of the bracket together with the load distribution.

In this analysis, the mounting bolts are assumed to be fixed and securely bonded
to the bracket, so they will be replaced by boundary conditions at the bolt holes.
To model the external load from the pin, specify a surface pressure p with a
trigonometric distribution on the inner surfaces of the two holes
π π
p = P 0 cos ( α ) - --- < α < ---
2 2

where P0 is the peak load intensity and α is the angle from the direction of the load
resultant. One of the arms is loaded upwards, and the other downwards. The load
distribution is shown in Figure 6.

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M o d e l W i z a rd

The first step to build a model is to open COMSOL and then specify the type of
analysis you want to do — in this case, a stationary, solid mechanics analysis.
Note: These instructions are for Windows users but apply with minor differences
to Linux and Mac.
1 To start the software, double-click the COMSOL icon on the desktop. When
the software opens, you can choose to use the Model Wizard to create a new
COMSOL model or Blank Model to create one manually.
For this tutorial, click the Model Wizard button.
If COMSOL is already open, you can start the Model Wizard by selecting
New from the File menu and then click Model Wizard .
The Model Wizard guides you through the first steps of setting up a model. The
next window lets you select the dimension of the modeling space.
2 On the Select Space Dimension page click 3D .
3 In the Select Physics tree under Structural Mechanics, click Solid Mechanics
(solid) .
4 Click Add then click Study .
5 In the Select Study tree under Preset Studies, click Stationary .
6 Click Done .

G lo ba l D e f init io ns - Pa r a m et er s

It is good modeling practice to gather the constants and parameters in one place
so that you can change them easily. Using parameters will also improve the
readability of your input data.
The following parameters will be defined: the peak load intensity P0 and the y-
coordinate of the center of the pin holes, YC.
1 On the Home toolbar click Parameters .
Note: On Linux and Mac, the Home toolbar refers to the specific set of controls
near the top of the Desktop.
2 In the Settings window for Parameters, locate the Parameters section.

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3 In the table, enter the following settings:

NAME EXPRESSION VALUE DESCRIPTION

P0 2.5[MPa] 2.5E6 Pa Peak load intensity

YC -300[mm] -0.3 m Y coordinate of hole center

I m p o r t i n g th e G e o me t r y

The next step is to create your geometry, which also can be imported from an
external program. COMSOL Multiphysics supports a multitude of CAD
programs and file formats. In this example, import a file in the COMSOL
Multiphysics geometry file format (.mphbin). The file contains the assembly of
both the bracket and mounting bolts.
Note: The location of the files used in this exercise varies based on your
installation. For example, if the installation is on your hard drive, the file path
might be similar to C:\Program Files\COMSOL52a\Multiphysics\
applications\.
1 On the Home toolbar click Import .
2 In the Settings window for Import locate the Import section.
3 From the Geometry import list, choose COMSOL Multiphysics file.
4 Click Browse.
5 Browse to the folder Structural_Mechanics_Module\Tutorials under the
COMSOL installation directory and double-click the file [Link].

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6 Click Import.

Form Union (fin)

1 In the Model Builder under Component 1 (comp1)>Geometry 1 right-click
Form Union (fin) and choose Build Selected (or click the button on the
Settings window).
2 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
The Finalize feature node determines how the parts of an assembly will be
considered in the analysis. By using the default setting, Form a union, any adjacent
domains will be bonded, and the internal boundaries assume continuity. If Form
an assembly were selected instead, different parts would not be connected to each
other, and then structural contact could be modeled. The geometry used in this
first example consists of one domain only, and then this distinction disappears.

Definitions - Functions and Selections

Here you want to define expressions for the load applied to the load-carrying
holes. Assume the load distribution to be defined with a trigonometric function.

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Analytic 1 (an1)
1 On the Home toolbar, click Functions and under Local choose Analytic .

2 In the Settings window for Analytic, type

load in the Function Name text field.
3 Locate the Definition section. In the
Expression text field, type
F*cos(atan2(py,abs(px))) (or copy and
paste this text). Replace the default value.
4 In the Arguments text field, type F, py, px.
5 Locate the Units section. In the Arguments
text field, type Pa, m, m.
6 In the Function text field, type Pa.

Regardless of whether the model is treated as a

single entity or as an assembly, you still may
need to access different parts of it for definitions,
such as multiple specifications of similar
boundary conditions. There are different ways in which you can create selections,
for example by explicit selection of objects or by geometrical location. A box
selection is independent of the geometry, and allows you to change the geometry
topology while still keeping the desired selection.
In this example, one selection contains the bolt domains, while a second selection
contains the area around the load-bearing boundaries of the holes.

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Explicit 1
1 On the Definitions toolbar, click Explicit . An Explicit node is added under
Definitions.

2 In the Settings window for Explicit, in the Label text field, type Bolt 1. You
can also click any node and press F2 to rename, or right-click and select
Rename.
3 Locate the Input Entities section. From the Geometric entity level list, choose
Boundary.
4 Select Boundary 18 only.
Note: There are many ways to select geometric entities. When you know the
geometric entity to add, such as in these exercises, you can click the Paste
Selection button and enter the information in the Selection text field. For
more information about selecting geometric entities in the Graphics window, see
the COMSOL Multiphysics Reference Manual.

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5 Select the Group by continuous tangent check box. This adds boundary 19 to
the selection list.

Explicit 2, Explicit 3, and Explicit 4

Repeat the steps completed for Explicit 1 to add a total of four Explicit nodes .
1 On the Definitions toolbar, click Explicit three times.
2 In the Model Builder click the next Explicit node to open the Settings
window. Edit the Settings window as indicated in the table below.
3 Use the table as a guide, and in the Graphics window, select the boundaries as
indicated. Click to select the Group by continuous tangent check box for each
node.

DEFAULT NODE NEW NODE LABEL GEOMETRIC ENTITY LEVEL SELECT THIS BOUNDARY
LABEL

Explicit 2 Bolt 2 Boundary 20

Explicit 3 Bolt 3 Boundary 31
Explicit 4 Bolt 4 Boundary 33

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The node sequence under Definitions should look like this at this point:

Union 1
1 On the Definitions toolbar, click
Union .
2 In the Settings window for Union, in the
Label text field enter Bolt holes.
3 Locate the Geometric Entity Level
section. From the Level list, choose
Boundary.
4 Locate the Input Entities section. Under
Selections to add, click the Add
button .
5 In the Add dialog box, in the Selections
to add list, choose Bolt 1, Bolt 2, Bolt 3,
and Bolt 4.
6 Click OK.

Mate rials

COMSOL Multiphysics is equipped with built-in material properties for a number

of common materials. Here, choose structural steel. The material is automatically
assigned to all domains.
1 On the Home toolbar click Add Material to open the Add Material window.
2 In the Add Material window under Built-In, click Structural steel.
3 Click the Add to Component button .
4 On the Home toolbar click Add Material again to close the window.

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Solid Mechanics

Now it is time to define the physics settings, such as material models, loads and
constraints. Initially, the analysis was specified to be stationary using the classical
equations associated with solid mechanics.
By default, the Solid Mechanics interface assumes that the materials are linear
elastic, which is appropriate for this example. All that is left to do is to set the
constraints and loads.

Fixed Constraint 1
Assume that the boundaries of the bolt holes are perfectly constrained.
1 On the Physics toolbar click Boundaries and choose Fixed Constraint.

2 In the Settings window for Fixed Constraint locate the Boundary Selection
section.

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3 From the Selection list, choose Bolt holes.

Boundary Load 1
Apply a boundary load to the bracket holes in the normal direction.
1 On the Physics toolbar click Boundaries and choose Boundary Load .
Apply a boundary load to the bracket holes in the normal direction.
2 In the Settings window for Boundary Load, select Boundaries 4 and 43 only.

3 Locate the Coordinate System Selection section.

4 From the Coordinate system list, choose Boundary System 1 (sys1).

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5 Locate the Force section. Specify the FA vector as:

0 t1
0 t2
load(-P0,Y-YC,Z) n

Me sh 1

Set the mesh size to be slightly finer than the

default size.
1 In the Model Builder window, under
Component 1 click Mesh 1 .
2 In the Settings window for Mesh, locate the
Mesh Settings section.
3 From the element size list, choose Fine.

DISPLAYING PHYSICS SYMBOLS ON THE GRAPHICS WINDOW

When working with the physics features, the selection is shown in the Graphics
window. You can add symbols to describe the type of condition applied to the
selection.
The symbols indicate only the type of settings applied to the model and not the
actual magnitude or direction. If you are interested in visualizing an actual applied
load, a solution must be computed first.
You turn the physics symbols on from the Preferences menu. For Windows users,
select File>Preferences. For Mac and Linux users, select Options>Preferences.
In the Preferences dialog box, click Graphics and Plot Windows, and click to select
the Show physics symbols check box. Click OK. The symbols are now displayed

26 |
in the geometry. You can click the Wireframe Rendering button to see the
symbols everywhere.

Study

To check the load distribution, you can compute the initial value. For a large
model, this is much faster than computing the actual solution. The steps below
show how to visualize the load distribution in the current geometry.
On the Study toolbar click Get Initial
Value .
The Study node automatically defines a
solver sequence for the simulation based
on the selected physics interface (Solid
Mechanics) and study type (Stationary).
Since a mesh is required, and it has not
been created yet, the Study node
automatically generates this at the same
time as the solver sequence.
Note: In practice, do not rely only on the standard mesh settings. For most real
problems, suitable meshing parameters should be set up from the Mesh toolbar.

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Results

For the initial state, all stresses are zero. Add an Arrow Surface plot to display the
applied load.

Stress (solid)
1 On the Stress (solid) toolbar, click Arrow Surface (or in the Model Builder
under Results, right-click Stress (solid) and select Arrow Surface).

2 In the Settings window for Arrow Surface locate the Expression section. Click
Replace Expression , and select Load from the list of results.

28 |
 If you know the names of the variables to use, you can alternatively type them
in manually. In this case, you would do the following:
- In the X component text field, type (or copy and paste) [Link].
Replace the defaults.
- In the Y component text field, type [Link].
- In the Z component text field, type [Link].

3 Under Coloring and Style, from the Placement list, choose Mesh nodes.
4 Click the Plot button .
From the Graphics window you can now check that the applied load is as
intended.

Study

Solve the model. On the Home or Study toolbar, click Compute .

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Results

Stress (solid)
1 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
The default plot displays the von Mises stress distribution together with an
exaggerated (automatically scaled) picture of the deformation. The high stress
values are located in the vicinity of the mounting bolts and at the transition
between the plates. The maximum von Mises stress remains below the yield
stress value for steel, which validates the use of a linear elastic material model.
Note that the arrows by default are plotted on the undeformed structure.

3D Plot Group 2
Add a plot group to display the displacement of the bracket.
1 On the Home toolbar, click Add Plot Group and choose 3D Plot
Group .
2 In the Settings window for 3D Plot Group 2, type Total displacement in the
Label text field. Click anywhere on the Desktop for the setting to take effect.

30 |
Total Displacement
1 On the Total displacement toolbar, click Surface . Or right-click Total
displacement and choose Surface.
2 In the Settings window for Surface, locate the Expression section. Note that the
total displacement, [Link], was selected as the default result.
3 From the Unit list, choose mm (or enter mm in the text field).
4 On the Total displacement toolbar, click Plot . You can also click Plot on the
Settings window for Surface.

3D Plot Group 3
Create another plot to display the principal stresses.
1 On the Home toolbar, click Add Plot Group and choose 3D Plot
Group .
2 In the Settings window for 3D Plot Group 3, type Principal stress in the
Label text field.

Principal Stress
1 On the Principal stress toolbar, click More Plots and choose Principal Stress
Volume .

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2 In the Settings window for
Principal Stress Volume, locate the
Positioning section. Enter values
as follows and replace the defaults:
- Find the X grid points
subsection. In the Points text
field, type 30.
- Find the Y grid points
subsection. In the Points text
field, type 60.
- Find the Z grid points
subsection. In the Points text
field, type 15.
3 Locate the Coloring and Style
section. From the Arrow length
list, choose Logarithmic.
4 On the Principal stress toolbar, click Plot .

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D e r i ved Val u e s

A final check is to compute the total reaction force along the x, y, and z directions.
Use a surface integration over the constrained boundaries.

Surface Integration - Bolt 1

1 On the Results toolbar, click More Derived Values and choose
Integration>Surface Integration . Alternatively, in the Model Builder,
right-click Derived Values and choose Integration>Surface Integration.
2 In the Settings window for Surface Integration, locate the Selection section.
3 From the Selection list, choose Bolt 1.

4 Locate the Expression section. Click Replace Expression in the upper-right

corner of the Expression section. From the menu, choose Component 1>Solid
Mechanics>Reactions>Reaction force (Spatial)>[Link] - Reaction force, x
component.
5 In a similar way, Click Add Expression to add the reaction forces in the y
and z directions to the second and third line of the table.

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6 Click the Evaluate button .
A Table node is added under Tables and in the Table window (under the
Graphics window), and the result of the calculation is recorded. .

7 In the Model Builder, expand the Results>Tables node and click Table 1. Type
Reaction force, bolt 1 in the Label text field.

Surface Integration - Bolt 2, Bolt 3, and Bolt 4

Repeat the steps completed for Surface Integration 1 to add a total of four Surface
Integration nodes under Derived Values. Click Evaluate to create a Table
associated to each Surface Integration node.

NODE LABEL CHOOSE SELECTION NEW TABLE NODE NAME

Surface Integration 2 Bolt 2 Reaction force, bolt 2

Surface Integration 3 Bolt 3 Reaction force, bolt 3
Surface Integration 4 Bolt 4 Reaction force, bolt 4

After evaluating each Bolt and renaming the Tables,

the following is what the Model Builder node
sequence should look like.

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Parametric Study

In the previous section, a bracket loaded by an actuator was analyzed. This section
extends this analysis to study the effect of the actuator’s position. This is equivalent
to changing the direction of the applied load. You will use a load-angle parameter
to set up a parametric study.
COMSOL Multiphysics has two ways to perform parametric studies — a
Parametric Sweep node or an Auxiliary sweep from the Stationary Solver node. In
this example, either method can be used. An Auxiliary sweep is used here, but the
continuation solver is not used. The continuation solver uses the solution from the
previous parameter as an initial guess to calculate the current parameter value, and
is the preferred option for nonlinear problems. Using the Parametric Sweep node
is preferable for applications requiring, for example, geometric parametrization.

Load the Model

Either continue working on the existing model or open a saved version of the
model from the Application Libraries. Browse to the
Structural_Mechanics_Module\Tutorials folder. Double-click to open
bracket_static.mph.

D e f init io ns — Pa r a m et er s a n d S el e c t i o n s

1 In the Model Builder expand the Global Definitions node, then click
Parameters .
2 In the Settings window for Parameters, locate the Parameters section.
3 In the table, add the following settings:

NAME EXPRESSION VALUE DESCRIPTION

theta0 0[deg] 0 rad Load direction angle

Explicit 5
Create a selection for the right hole carrying the load.
1 On the Definitions toolbar, click Explicit .
2 In the Settings window for Explicit, type Right hole in the Label text field.

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3 Locate the Input Entities section. From the Geometric entity level list, choose
Boundary.
4 Select Boundary 4 only.
5 Select the Group by continuous tangent check box.
Create a selection for the left hole carrying the load.

Explicit 6
1 On the Definitions toolbar, click Explicit .
2 In the Settings window for Explicit, type Left hole in the Label text field.
3 Locate the Input Entities section. From the Geometric entity level list, choose
Boundary.
4 Select Boundary 42 only.
5 Select the Group by continuous tangent check box.
The node sequence under Definitions should look match the figure:

D e f i n i t i o n s — L o c a l C o o rd i n a t e S y s t e m

You will now create a local coordinate system that will rotate with the load
orientation.

Cylindrical System 2 (sys2)

1 On the Definitions toolbar, click Coordinate Systems and choose
Cylindrical System .
2 In the Settings window for Cylindrical System, locate the Settings section.
3 Find the Origin subsection. In the table, enter the following settings:

X (M) Y (M) Z (M)

0 YC 0

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4 Find the Longitudinal axis subsection. In the table, enter the following settings:

X Y Z

1 0 0

5 Find the Direction of axis ϕ=0 subsection. In the table, enter the following
settings:

X Y Z

0 sin(theta0) cos(theta0)

Definitions - Functions

Change the expression of the load distribution.

Analytic 1 (load)
1 In the Model Builder under Component 1 (comp1)>Definitions click
Analytic 1 (load).

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2 In the Settings window for Analytic, locate the Definition section. In the
Expression text field, replace the previous expression by F*cos(p).
3 In the Arguments text field, type F, p.
4 Locate the Units section. In the Arguments text field, replace the previous
contents with Pa, rad.

Solid Mechanics

Change the boundary load to consider the parameterized direction.

Boundary Load 1
1 In the Model Builder expand the Component 1 (comp1)>Solid Mechanics
(solid) node, then click Boundary Load 1 .
2 In the Settings window for Boundary Load, locate the Boundary Selection
section. From the Selection list, choose Right hole.

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3 Locate the Coordinate System Selection section. From the Coordinate system
list, choose Cylindrical System 2 (sys2).
4 Locate the Force section. Specify the FA vector as

load(-P0,[Link])*(abs([Link])>pi/2) r
0 phi
0 a

Note how the boolean expression abs([Link])>pi/2 is used to filter the

load so that it is applied only to half of the bolt hole. The loaded area does
however rotate with the coordinate system, which is controlled by the
parameter theta0.

Boundary Load 2
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Boundary Load.
2 In the Settings window for Boundary Load, locate the Boundary Selection
section.
3 From the Selection list, choose Left hole.
4 Locate the Coordinate System Selection section. From the Coordinate system
list, choose Cylindrical System 2 (sys2).
5 Locate the Force section. Specify the FA vector as

load(P0,[Link])*(abs([Link])<pi/2) r
0 phi
0 a

Now add an auxiliary sweep parameter.

St udy - A ux ilia r y Swe ep

Parametric studies can be set up from scratch or, as in this example, added to an
existing study. This model computes the stress in the bracket for different load
orientation. Start by selecting the sweep parameter, in this case the load direction
angle. Then run the analysis.

Step 1: Stationary
1 In the Model Builder expand the Study 1 node and click Step 1: Stationary .

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2 In the Settings window for Stationary, click to expand the Study extensions
section. Select the Auxiliary sweep check box.
3 Under the table, click Add .
4 Choose theta0 (Load direction angle) from the list. In the table, enter
the additional settings:

PARAMETER NAME PARAMETER VALUE LIST PARAMETER UNIT

theta0 range(0,10,160) deg

5 From the Run continuation for list, choose No parameter.

6 On the Settings window for Stationary click Compute .

Results

The default plot shows the solution for the last parameter value (160[deg]) You
can easily change the parameter value to display the plot and then compare
solutions for different load cases.
Note: Click the Zoom Extents button to view the new default plots.

Stress (solid)
1 In the Settings window for 3D Plot Group, locate the Data section.

40 |
2 From the Parameter value (theta0 (deg)) list, choose 0. Click Plot .

3 Repeat this and choose 90 and then 130, each time click Plot .
The stress distribution when at the angle 130 is shown below.

You will now create a plot showing how the reaction forces vary with the load
angle.

Derived Values
1 In the Model Builder, under Results right-click Tables and choose Clear All .

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2 On the Results toolbar, click Evaluate All .
3 On the Results toolbar, click 1D Plot Group .

1D Plot Group 4
1 In the Settings window for 1D Plot Group, type Reaction force, x
component in the Label text field.
2 On the Reaction force, x component toolbar, click Table Graph .

42 |
Table Graph 1
1 In the Settings window for Table
Graph, locate the Data section.
2 From the Plot columns list, choose
Manual.
3 In the Columns list, select Reaction
force, x component (N).
4 Locate the Coloring and Style
section. In the Width text field,
type 3.
5 Find the Line markers subsection.
From the Marker list, choose
Asterisk.
6 Click to expand the Legends section.
Select the Show legends check box.
7 From the Legends list, choose
Manual.
8 In the Legends table, enter Bolt 1.
9 Right-click Table Graph 1 and
choose Duplicate .
Table Graph 2
1 In the Settings window for the new
Table Graph, locate the Data section.
2 From the Table list, choose Reaction
force, bolt 2.
3 Locate the Coloring and Style
section. Find the Line markers
subsection. From the Marker list,
choose Circle.
4 In the Number text field, type 7.
5 Locate the Legends section. In the
table, replace Bolt 1 with Bolt 2.

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6 Repeat steps 1 to 5 above to add two more graphs, with the following
properties:

TABLE MARKER STYLE NUMBER OF MARKERS LEGEND

Reaction force, bolt 3 Diamond 9 Bolt 3

Reaction force, bolt 4 Triangle 10 Bolt 4

7 On the Reaction force, x component toolbar, click Plot .The node sequence
in the Model Builder and the plot in the Graphics window should match these
figures:

8 In the Model Builder window, right-click Reaction force, x component and

choose Duplicate .

Reaction force, x component 1

In the Settings window for 1D Plot Group, type Reaction force, y component in
the Label text field.

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Reaction force, y component
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Results>Reaction force, y component
node, then click Table Graph 1.
2 In the Settings window for Table Graph, locate the Data section.
3 In the Columns list, select Reaction force, y component (N).
4 Make the same change in the next three table graphs.
5 On the Reaction force, y component toolbar, click Plot .

6 In the Model Builder window, right-click Reaction force, y component and

choose Duplicate.

Reaction force, y component 1

In the Settings window for 1D Plot Group, type Reaction force, z component in
the Label text field.

Reaction force, z component

1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Results>Reaction force, z
component node, then click Table Graph 1.
2 In the Settings window for Table Graph, locate the Data section.
3 In the Columns list, select Reaction force, z component (N).
4 Make the same change in the next three table graphs.

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5 On the Reaction force, z component toolbar, click Plot .

Modeling Techniques for Structural Mechanics

The next set of tutorials build on the previous examples to demonstrate the
following structural mechanics modeling techniques: How can I model thermal
stress? How can I add an initial strain to the simulation? To get started, go to
Including Initial Strain or Modeling Thermal Expansion.

46 |
Including Initial Strain

Initial stresses and strains can be specified in a subnode to a material model. You
can define a stress/strain distribution with constant values or an expression which
can, for example, be space- or time-dependent. The initial stresses and strains can
also come from another physics interface in the same study, or even results from
another study.
In this example, you add a pin geometry to the bracket assembly. Then you specify
an initial strain to simulate that the pin is slightly too short in the axial direction,
and then you investigate its effect on the assembly.

Definitions - Pa rame te rs

Parameters defining the original length of the pin, L0, and the current length, L,
are used to calculate the initial strain. The prestrain is the only load acting on the
structure, which is fixed at the bolt holes.

Parameters
1 Browse to the Structural_Mechanics_Module\Tutorials folder and
double-click to open bracket_basic.mph.
2 On the Home toolbar, click Parameters .
In the Parameters table, define a strain value that corresponds to a reduction of
the pin length from 215 mm to 214 mm.
3 In the Settings window for Parameters, locate the Parameters section.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:

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Geometr y

Next, the pin geometry is added to the bracket assembly. This is done by
importing it into the existing geometry.
Note: The location of the files used in this exercise varies based on your
installation. For example, if the installation is on your hard drive, the file path
might be similar to C:\Program Files\COMSOL52a\Multiphysics\
applications\.

Import
1 On the Home toolbar click Import . An Import 2 node is added to the
Model Builder.
2 In the Settings window for Import, locate the Import section. From the Source
list, choose COMSOL Multiphysics file.
3 Click Browse and go to the model folder Structural_Mechanics_Module\
Tutorials and double-click the file bracket_pin.mphbin.
4 Click Import.

Form Union (fin)

1 In the Model Builder under Geometry 1 click Form Union (fin) .

48 |
2 In the Settings window for Form Union/Assembly, locate the Form Union/
Assembly section.
3 From the Repair tolerance list, choose Relative.
4 In the Relative repair tolerance text field, type 1E-4 (replace the default).
5 Click the Build Selected button .

S o l i d M e c h a n i c s ( s o l id )

Linear Elastic Material 1: Adding Initial Stress and Strain

The initial strain is specified under the Linear Elastic Material node.
1 In the Model Builder expand Solid Mechanics and click Linear Elastic
Material 1 . On the Physics toolbar click Attributes and select Initial Stress
and Strain . The ‘D’ in the upper-left corner of the Linear Elastic Material
node means that it is a default node.

2 In the Settings window for Initial Stress and Strain, locate the Domain Selection
section. From the Selection list, choose Manual.

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3 To the right of the Selection list, click the Clear Selection button . Then
select only Domain 3 (the pin).

The prestrain direction is the axial direction of the bolt, which coincides with the
global x direction.
4 Under the Initial Stress and Strain
section, enter InitStrain in the first
component of the ε0 table.

Add a Study and Compute

1 On the Home toolbar click Add Study to open the Add Study window. Go
to the Add Study window.
2 Find the Studies subsection. In the Select study tree under Preset Studies click
Stationary .
3 In the Add study window, click Add Study .
4 On the Home toolbar, click Add Study again to close the Add Study window.
5 On the Home toolbar, click Compute .

50 |
The default plot shows the von Mises stress in the bracket.

The results show how the pin compresses the bracket arms, and that the largest
stresses are found in the region where the bracket arms are joined to the bolt
supports.

Results

You can also plot a principal strain to visualize the resulting strain in the structure.
As the pin is stiff in comparison to the bracket, the total strain in the pin is almost
the same as the initial strain given as input.

3D Plot Group 2
1 On the Home toolbar, click Add Plot Group and choose 3D Plot
Group .
2 In the Settings window for 3D Plot Group, type Third principal strain in
the Label text field (replace the default).

Third principal strain

1 On the Third principal strain toolbar click Surface (or right-click the Third
principal strain node and choose Surface).
2 In the Settings window for Surface, click Replace Expression in the upper-right
corner of the Expression section. From the menu, choose Component 1>Solid
Mechanics>Strain>Principal strains>solid.ep3 - Third principal strain.

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3 On the toolbar or Settings window, click Plot .

52 |
Modeling Thermal Expansion

In this example, a temperature field is applied to the bracket and pin assembly and
the thermal stresses are calculated.
COMSOL Multiphysics contains physics interfaces for structural analysis as well as
thermal analysis. You can define the analyses separately and then simulate the
thermal-structure interaction by coupling them using the appropriate variables
and terms in the structural analysis equations, or you can add a predefined
Thermal Stress interface at the beginning of the setup.
If you were using a Solid Mechanics interface, adding thermal expansion to a
material model is as easy as it was to add the initial strain — you would add a
Thermal Expansion node to the Linear Elastic Material Model.
However, an even easier option is to use a predefined physics interface, the
Thermal Stress interface. This physics interface contains both the structural and
thermal equations along with the coupling, which is included by default.

S e l e c t P hy s i c s , C h o o s e t h e S t u d y, a n d L o a d t h e
Geo metr y

1 Click the Model Wizard button.

If COMSOL is already open, you can start the Model Wizard by selecting
New from the File menu and then click Model Wizard .
2 On the Select Space Dimension page click 3D .
3 In the Select Physics tree under Structural Mechanics, click Thermal Stress
4 Click Add, then click Study .
5 In the Select Study tree under Preset Studies, click Stationary .
6 Click Done .
7 On the Home toolbar click Import .
8 In the Settings window for Import locate the Import section.
9 From the Source list, choose COMSOL Multiphysics file.
10Click Browse.
11Browse to the folder Structural_Mechanics_Module\Tutorials under the
COMSOL installation directory and double-click the file [Link].
12Click Import.

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Form Union (fin)
1 In the Model Builder under Component 1 (comp1)>Geometry 1 click Form
Union (fin) . On the Settings window, click Build Selected (or right-click
and select the same option).

T h e r m a l S t re s s

When you add a Thermal Stress multiphysics interface, one Solid Mechanics
interface, one Heat Transfer in Solids interface, and a Multiphysics node are added
to the Model Builder.
Under the Multiphysics node there are two subnodes: Temperature Coupling and
Thermal Expansion. When you click these nodes, you see that the coupling is set
up automatically after adding the multiphysics interface.

54 |
Note: The thermal expansion requires both a coefficient of thermal expansion
(CTE) and a strain reference temperature, which is the temperature at which
there are no thermal strains.
Add the material. It contains structural and thermal properties.
1 On the Home toolbar click Add Material .
2 In the Add Material window under Built-In, click Structural steel. Click Add to
Component .
3 On the Home toolbar click Add Material again to close the window.
Now set the boundary conditions.
1 Make sure that Solid Mechanics is the currently
active interface. To do this, either select the
physics interface from the list on the Physics
toolbar or click a node under Solid Mechanics in
the Model Builder.
2 On the Physics toolbar click Boundaries and
choose Roller.
3 In the Settings window for Roller select Boundaries 17 and 27.
In this analysis, the fixed constraints at the bolt holes are replaced by springs in
order to avoid large local stresses caused by the thermal expansion.
1 On the Physics toolbar click Boundaries and choose Spring Foundation.
2 In the Settings window for Spring Foundation select Boundaries 18–21 and 31–
34.
3 Locate the Spring section. Choose
Diagonal from the list below the text
field. The text field changes to a matrix
input.
4 Enter 1e7 in the first two diagonal
elements of the kA matrix as shown in
the figure.
As the Heat Transfer in Solids interface
includes a heat balance, the thermal boundary conditions must also be set. A
heat flux is prescribed at the two boundaries below the bolt holes. All other
boundaries are assumed to be surrounded by air with room temperature, which
is modeled by a convection condition.
1 On the Physics toolbar make sure that Heat Transfer in Solids is the currently
active physics interface (or click the node in the Model Builder).
2 On the Physics toolbar click Boundaries and choose Heat Flux .

| 55
3 In the Settings window for Heat Flux, select All boundaries in the Selection list.
Then remove boundaries 17 and 27 from the selection.
4 In the Heat Flux section, click the Convective heat flux button. Enter 10 in the
text field for h.
5 On the Physics toolbar click Boundaries and choose Heat Flux .
6 In the Settings window for Heat Flux, select boundaries 17 and 27.
7 In the Heat Flux section, enter 1e4 in the q0 text field (replace the default).

Compute and Display Results

On the Study toolbar click Compute .

Under the Results node, three plot groups are automatically added to show the
default results for a structural analysis and a thermal analysis. The first plot group,
Stress (solid), shows the von Mises stresses on a scaled deformed geometry. Due
to the boundary conditions and the non-uniform temperature distribution,
thermal stresses develop in the structure.

The second default plot group, Temperature (ht), displays the temperature
distribution. The temperature is highest where the inward heat flux is prescribed,
and decreases as heat is removed by convection from all other boundaries.

56 |
As a final step, pick one of the plots to use as a model thumbnail.
1 In the Model Builder under Results click any of the plot groups.
2 Click the Root node (the first node in the model tree). On the Settings window
for Root under Thumbnail, click Set from Graphics Window.
Make adjustments to the image in the Graphics window using the toolbar buttons
until the image is one that is suitable to your purposes.

Examples in the Application Library

This concludes this introduction.
In the Structural Mechanics Module application library there are several more
detailed examples that use the bracket geometry to extend this tutorial. These
show how to:
• Model with special features such as rigid connectors and spring conditions
(bracket_rigid_connector, bracket_spring)
• Model thin structures using the Shell interface in combination with the
Solid Mechanics interface (bracket_shell)
• Perform structural dynamics analysis using eigenfrequency extraction,
transient analysis, and frequency response analysis (bracket_eigenfrequency,
bracket_transient, bracket_frequency)
• Perform a linearized buckling analysis (bracket_linear_buckling)
• Perform a contact analysis (bracket_contact)

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