Hydraulics and
Geotechnical Engineering
Module 18
Prepared by:
Engr. Carlo B. Dela Rosa
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
Slope stability is the potential of soil covered
slopes to withstand and undergo movement.
Stability is determined by the balance of shear
stress and shear strength. A previously stable slope
may be initially affected by preparatory factors,
making the slope conditionally unstable.
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
ANALYSIS OF INFINITE SLOPES
Factor of Safety Against Sliding (FOR CLAY)
No pore water pressure:
𝐜𝐜 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 Ø
𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅 = 𝟐𝟐
+
𝜸𝜸𝐇𝐇 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝜷𝜷 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝜷𝜷 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝜷𝜷
Seepage is present on the soil:
𝐜𝐜 𝜸𝜸𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 − 𝜸𝜸𝒘𝒘 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 Ø
𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅 = 𝟐𝟐
+
𝜸𝜸𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝐇𝐇 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝜷𝜷 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝜷𝜷 𝜸𝜸𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝜷𝜷
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
ANALYSIS OF INFINITE SLOPES
Factor of Safety Against Sliding (FOR SAND)
Without seepage:
𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 Ø
𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅 =
𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝜷𝜷
Partial seepage:
𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 Ø 𝐡𝐡𝜸𝜸𝒘𝒘
𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅 = 𝟏𝟏 −
𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝜷𝜷 𝑯𝑯𝜸𝜸𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
Full seepage:
𝜸𝜸𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 − 𝜸𝜸𝒘𝒘 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 Ø
𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅 =
𝜸𝜸𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝜷𝜷
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
ANALYSIS OF INFINITE SLOPES
Where:
β = angle of backfill from horizontal
Ø = angle of soil friction
c = cohesion of soil
FS = Factor of safety against sliding on the rock surface
γsat = saturated unit weight of soil above the rock
γ = unit weight of soil above the rock
H = height of soil above the interface of rock and soil
h = height of water table above the interface of rock and soil
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
ANALYSIS OF INFINITE SLOPES
Maximum Critical Height of Slope, Hcr
𝐜𝐜
𝐇𝐇𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 =
𝛄𝛄 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝟐𝟐 𝛃𝛃 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝛃𝛃 − 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 Ø
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
ANALYSIS OF FINITE SLOPES
Factor of Safety Against Sliding
𝐅𝐅𝐟𝐟 + 𝐅𝐅𝐜𝐜
𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅 = ; 𝐅𝐅𝐟𝐟 = 𝛍𝛍𝛍𝛍 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝛉𝛉 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐅𝐅𝐜𝐜 = 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜
𝐖𝐖 sin 𝛉𝛉
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
ANALYSIS OF FINITE SLOPES
Where:
β = angle that the slope makes with the horizontal
θ = angle of failure plane makes with the horizontal
c = cohesion of soil
W = weight of soil above the failure plane
L = length of the failure plane
μ = coefficient of friction
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
ANALYSIS OF FINITE SLOPES
Maximum Height for Critical Equilibrium, Hcr
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝛃𝛃 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 Ø
𝐇𝐇𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 =
𝛄𝛄 𝟏𝟏 − 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝛃𝛃 − Ø
Stability number, 𝐦𝐦 = 𝐜𝐜/𝛄𝛄𝛄𝛄
Stability factor, 𝐒𝐒𝐧𝐧 = 𝟏𝟏/𝐦𝐦
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
Situation 1
A dry infinite slope is to be analyzed by a geotechnical engineer. The engineer found
out that the ground has the following properties: 𝑐𝑐 = 25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, Ø = 25°, in −
situ unit weight is 18.75 kN/m3 . If the height of the slope is 9𝑚𝑚 and its inclination
from the horizontal is 32.5°.
a. Determine the factor of safety against sliding on the rock surface
b. How high is the backfill that can be placed at the top of the existing slope
considering the soil is identical to the existing ground and the new slope remains
stable?
c. If the critical height of the slope is 8.7𝑚𝑚, find the maximum angle of slope to
classify it as stable
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
Situation 2
A 9𝑚𝑚 cut slope is composed of a soil with a unit weight of soil of 17 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3 . Friction
angle and cohesion along the rock surface are 20° and 24 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 respectively. The slope
makes an angle of 30° from the horizontal and the failure plane is at 15°
a. Determine the force tending to cause sliding in 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
b. Determine the frictional strength along the failure plane in 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
c. Determine the cohesive strength in 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
d. Determine the factor of safety against sliding
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
When foundation soils are problematic, such as
having low bearing capacity, being highly
compressive, having high swelling/shrinking
potential, etc., shallow foundations cannot be
effectively used. In such situations, going for deep
foundations may be one of the solutions. There are
different types of deep foundations: pile, pier,
drilled shaft, caisson, etc.
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
PILES CAPACITY (STATIC PILE ANALYSIS)
Ultimate Bearing Load of Pile
𝐐𝐐𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮 = 𝐐𝐐𝐛𝐛 + 𝐐𝐐𝐟𝐟
Allowable Bearing Capacity of Pile
𝐐𝐐𝐮𝐮𝐮𝐮
𝐐𝐐𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀 =
𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅
Where:
Q up = ultimate bearing load of the pile
Q b = ultimate end − bearing resistance of the pile
Q f = ultimate skin − friction resistance of the pile
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
PILES ON SAND
End-Bearing resistance of pile on sand
𝐐𝐐𝐛𝐛 = 𝐏𝐏𝐯𝐯 � 𝐀𝐀𝐩𝐩 � 𝐍𝐍𝐪𝐪
Where:
Pv = effective vertical stress at critical depth
Ap = area of pile tip
Nq = bearing capacity factor
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
PILES ON SAND
Skin friction resistance of pile on sand
𝐐𝐐𝐟𝐟 = 𝛍𝛍 � 𝐩𝐩 � 𝐀𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩−𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝 � 𝐤𝐤
Where:
μ = coefficient of friction between pile and sand
p = perimeter of the pile section
Apv−diag = area of pressure diagram of the sand
k = coefficient of lateral pressure between pile and sand
Note: Critical depth measured from the top sand of sand layer
Dc = 20Øpile → Dense Sand
Dc = 10Øpile → Loose Sand
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
PILES ON CLAY
End-Bearing resistance of pile on clay
𝐐𝐐𝐛𝐛 = 𝐜𝐜 � 𝐀𝐀𝐩𝐩 � 𝐍𝐍𝐜𝐜
Where:
c = cohesion on the pile tip
Ap = area of pile tip
Nc = bearing capacity factor (use 9 if no value is given)
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
PILES ON CLAY
Skin friction resistance of pile on clay (α method)
𝐐𝐐𝐟𝐟 = 𝐜𝐜 � 𝐋𝐋 � 𝛂𝛂 � 𝐩𝐩
Where:
c = cohesion
L = lenght of pile
α = adhesion factor or frictional constant
p = perimeter of the pile section
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
PILES ON CLAY
Skin friction resistance of pile on clay (β method)
𝐐𝐐𝐟𝐟 = 𝛃𝛃 � 𝐋𝐋 � 𝛔𝛔′𝐦𝐦 � 𝐩𝐩
Where:
β = skin factor
For normally consolidated clay (1 − sin ØR ) tan ØR
For over consolidated clay 1 − sin ØR tan ØR OCR
L = length of pile
σ′m = vertical effective stress at mid − height of pile in a layer
p = perimeter of the pile section
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
PILES ON CLAY
Skin friction resistance of pile on clay (λ method)
𝐐𝐐𝐟𝐟 = 𝛌𝛌 � 𝐋𝐋 � (𝛔𝛔′𝐦𝐦 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐) � 𝐩𝐩
Where:
λ = effective frictional factor
L = length of pile
σ′m = vertical effective stress at mid − height of pile in a layer
p = perimeter of the pile section
c = cohesion
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
PILE CAPACITY (Group Action)
Converse-Labarre Equation
𝛉𝛉 𝐦𝐦−𝟏𝟏 𝐧𝐧+ 𝐧𝐧−𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦
𝛈𝛈 = 𝟏𝟏 −
𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
Bowles Equation
𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦+𝐧𝐧−𝟐𝟐 𝐒𝐒+𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝛈𝛈 =
𝛑𝛑𝛑𝛑𝛑𝛑𝛑𝛑
Based on allowable Block and Allowable Individual Capacity
𝐐𝐐𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛
𝛈𝛈 =
𝐐𝐐𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
PILE CAPACITY (Group Action)
Where:
η = efficiency
m = number of columns
n = number of rows
D = diameter of the pile
S = center-to-center spacing of piles
D
tan θ = ;θ = in degrees
S
Q all block = combined capacity of group piles
Q all individual = sum of all capacities of all individual piles
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
ULTIMATE CAPACITY (Assuming piles in group act as a block)
Skin Resistance:
𝐐𝐐𝐟𝐟 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐋𝐋𝐠𝐠 + 𝐁𝐁𝐠𝐠
Point Bearing Capacity:
𝐐𝐐𝐛𝐛 = 𝐂𝐂𝐍𝐍𝐜𝐜 𝐋𝐋𝐠𝐠 𝐁𝐁𝐠𝐠
Where:
Lg L = length of pile dimension
Bg W = width of pile dimension
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
Situation 3
A 20𝑚𝑚-long steel pile with 0.5𝑚𝑚 diameter is driven into layered clay soils as shown in
the figure.
a. Determine the end bearing capacity if 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 = 8
b. Determine the frictional resistance using the α method
c. Determine the frictional resistance using the β method
d. Determine the frictional resistance using the λ method
e. Determine the allowable load if the FS = 3
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
Situation 4
A circular pile 0.45𝑚𝑚 in diameter and 15𝑚𝑚 long is embedded in a layer of dense sand.
The soil has the following properties:
𝛾𝛾𝑑𝑑 = 18 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3
𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 21 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3
The water table is 4m below the ground surface. Nq = 85, k = 1.25, μ = 0.45, and
FS = 2.5
a. Determine the point bearing capacity
b. Determine the frictional resistance
c. Determine the allowable load capacity
d. If the design capacity of the pile is 1350 kN, determine the additional length of the
pile
e. Determine the total length of the pile
HGE MODULE 18: SLOPE STABILITY AND PILES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. CARLO B. DELA ROSA
Situation 5
Three columns × four rows of group piles are installed into a uniform clay layer.
Clay soil:
γsat = 21.0 kN/m3
c = 40 kPa
Nc = 7.5
Piles:
D = 0.3m
S = 0.75
L = 50m
a. Determine the ultimate capacity of the pile using single pile capacity if α = 0.74
b. Determine the ultimate capacity of the pile using group pile capacity if α = 0.74
c. Determine the group efficiency η