LESSON 1
Communication - process of sharing info., ideas, emotions, or messages between indivs or
grps through symbols, signs, or behavior; can be verbal, non-verbal, visual, or digital.
Most basic communication process includes: Sender, Receiver, & Message
ELEMENTS OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
1. Sender/Communicator - conveys message w/ intention of passing info. to others
2. Receiver - receives message; tries to understand it; may or may not give feedback
3. Message/Content - info that the sender relays to the receiver; additional subtext can be
conveyed through body language & tone of voice.
4. Channel/Medium - pathway through which message is transmitted
EX: 5 senses, Graphics, Phone Calls, Email, SMS Text
5. Decoding - interpreting encoded message of sender
6. Feedback - response of receiver; direct (written or verbal) or indirect (act or deed)
7. Context - where communication takes place
EX: Student asking in class (Academic context) & Student joking w/ friends
(Casual social context)
8. Barrier - any interference w/ clear exchange of ideas/messages
EX: Language Barrier, Noise, Stress, Different perspectives
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is a/can be… (CLIPITUS)
1. Process - continuous & dynamic; messages constantly sent, received, & interpreted;
includes listening, reacting, & adjusting
2. Transactional - sender & receiver = active participants; two-way street
3. Symbolic - we use symbols to represent ideas & feelings – should be understood by
both parties to be effective
4. Intentional & Unintentional - you can communicate even when you don’t mean to; a
sigh, glance, or silence can already send a message
5. Irreversible - message cannot be taken back; even with an apology, its impact remains
6. Contextual - meaning of message depends on situation, relationship, culture, &
environment; same words can mean different things
7. Learned - we develop skills through experience, observation, & practice
LESSON 2
Verbal Communication - use of words (spoken or written), to express ideas, emotions, etc.
How we talk, write, read, & listen using language.
Nonverbal Communication - no words –- includes facial expressions, gestures, posture, eye
contact, tone of voice, & silence. May reveal more about a person’s feelings.
TYPES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION (Pa Kiss Po sa CHeeK)
1. Proxemics - space & distance; powerful nonverbal cue – reveals relationships,
emotions, & social norms
EX: Park bench seating, Public transport & Waiting room privacy
2. Kinesics - body language
EX: Gestures, eye contact, facial expression
3. Chronemics - time
EX: Pausing before responding, Punctuality in meetings
4. Paralanguage - tone, speed, & volume of speaker’s voice
EX: Sighs, Gasps, Hum, Mumble, Breathiness, Raspiness, etc.
5. Haptics - touch; dependent on culture
EX: Handshake, Hug, High five, Head pat
LESSON 3
Communication Models - metaphorical, simplified, & systematic representations of the
communication process. A visual representation of the aspects of a communication encounter.
Linear Model - one-way communication process where sender transmits message to receiver
(Ellis & McClintock, 1990). Focuses on sender & message, viewing receiver as a target or
endpoint rather than part of an ongoing process.
EXAMPLES (Model): (BALS sOW BaD)
Aristotle’s Model Focuses on speaker, speech, & audience; for persuasive
communication
Lasswell’s Model Analyzes communication; Who says what, in which channel, to
whom, with what effect
Shannon-weaver Model Noise
Berlo’s SMCR Model Source, Message, Channel, Receiver; emphasizes clarity &
encoding
EXAMPLES (Real-life): Speeches, Advertisements, TV Broadcasting
Interactive Model - two-way process where people take turns as sender & receiver,
responding, giving feedback, & creating meaning together. ONLINE
EXAMPLES (Model):
Osgood-Schramm Model Encoding & Decoding; both acts as sender & receiver
Westley & Maclean Model Environmental & Cultural influences
EXAMPLES (Real-life): Email exchange, Forum/Discussion Board, Social Media comments
Transactional Model - two-way process where people send and receive messages at the same
time, w/ feedback, context, & nonverbal cues shaping meaning. FACE-TO-FACE
EXAMPLES (Model):
Barnlund’s Model Private & Public cues; Meaning is co-created
Dance’s Helix Model Spiral-growing & evolving over time
EXAMPLES (Real-life): Classroom discussion, Job Interview (f2f), Family dinner talk
LESSON 4
Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (Milton Bennett)
6 stages of how people experience & respond to cultural differences, moving from ethnocentric
(seeing one’s own culture as central) to ethnorelative (understanding cultures in relation to one
another)
ETHNOCENTRIC STAGES (DADAMayan kIta)
1. Denial - doesn’t recognize cultural difference; “My culture is the only real one”; lack of
exposure
2. Defense - recognizes cultural differences but feels intimidated, leading to either
superiority toward one's own culture or high regard for the new one.
Common Reactions of Defense
● Superiority Defense - sees own culture as better; use negative stereotypes
● Reversal Defense - idealizes another culture & criticizes their own
3. Minimization - acknowledge differences but minimized – emphasis on universal
similarities (“We’re all human”), overlooking deeper cultural values.
ETHNORELATIVE STAGES
1. Acceptance - major shift in intercultural sensitivity – indivs appreciate that diff cultures
have valid ways of thinking, communicating, & living, even if they don’t fully agree.
2. Adaptation - shift perspectives & adjust behavior to communicate effectively
3. Integration - final & most advanced phase in DMIS; intercultural awareness becomes
part person’s identity
LESSON 5
Cross-Cultural Communication - process of sending & receiving messages between people of
diff cultural backgrounds, where verbal & nonverbal signs may be interpreted differently.
Involves navigating & appreciating differences in language, gestures, tone, timing, norms, &
even silence.
6 Elements of the “Living Fabric” of Culture (Shapes how people think, feel, & relate to
others) (SAN VHeRlyn)
1. Artifacts
2. Norms
3. Values
4. Rituals
5. Heroes
6. Stories
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
- Not inherent, but learned
- Rooted in deep seated beliefs
- Basis for self-identity & community
- Dynamic
BLOCKS TO CULTURAL COMMUNICATION (EDSa TruCC)
1. Ethnocentrism - inability to accept another culture's worldview; "my way is the best.”
2. Discrimination - differential treatment of an indiv due to minority status; actual &
perceived; "we just aren't equipped to serve people like that."
3. Stereotyping - generalizing about a person while ignoring presence of indiv difference;
"She's like that because she's Asian – they’re all non verbal.”
4. Cultural Blindness - ignored differences as if they don’t exist; "there's no need to worry
about a person's culture
5. Cultural Imposition - belief that everyone should conform to majority; "We know what's
best for you, if you don't like it you can go elsewhere."
6. Tone Difference - formal tone change becomes embarrassing & off-putting in some
cultures.
2 CONTEXT OF CULTURE
1. High-Context Cultures - implicit messages, shared background, & nonverbal cues;
“Read between the lines”
EX: North America, Western Europe, Philippines, Japan, South Korea
2. Low-Context Cultures - clear language; meaning explicitly stated
EX: Middle East, Germany, Canada, Switzerland
Gesture - motion of hands, head, or body to emphasize an idea or emotion
Eye Contact
USA: cheapest, most effective way to connect w/ others
Arab Culture: great deal of eye contact & may regard too little as disrespectful
South Asian: aggressive & rude
Key Factors of Cross-Cultural Communication (GrAVE CoComelon)
1. Age
2. Ethnicity
3. Customs
4. Value
5. Gender
6. Country
LESSON 6
TYPES OF SPEECH
A. According to Purpose:
1. Informative/Expository Speech (sharing knowledge in a clear way)
2. Persuasive Speech (convinces & challenges to think, feel, & do something)
3. Entertainment Speech (entertain + share meaningful message w/ humor & storytelling)
B. According to Delivery:
1. Impromptu speaking (no prep & script; think on their feet)
2. Extemporaneous (does not memorize exact words; prep notes/outline)
3. Manuscript speaking (reads entire written speech)
4. Memorized speaking (prep & memorize whole; no notes)
C. According to Occasion:
1. Ceremonial Speeches (ceremony/ritual; formality/etiquette)
2. Inspirational Speech (arouse emotional state within audience)
Speech Style - way of communicating; manner of how someone communicates (CCIFFy)
1. Intimate - family/friends; no need for complete language to understand
EX: Can you get the medicine for mama? & Pass the remote.
2. Casual - relaxed & informal way we talk w/ people we’re comfy w; slang, jokes, etc.
EX: LOL, you’re so good & Dude, let’s get coffee
3. Consultative - expertise, guidance, etc seen in semi-formal or instructional setting
EX: Teacher–student, doctor–patient, or mentor–trainee conversation
4. Formal - official & serious communication where precision & professionalism are key
EX: Speeches, business meetings, job interviews
5. Frozen - rigid, unchanging; fixed formulaic often memorized & repeated always
EX: National anthem, The Lord’s Prayer, oaths, legal vows
LESSON 7
Functions of Communication (CIS ME)
1. Control/Regulation - control behavior
EX: Family has house rules; school has rules for students & other members
2. Social Interaction - interaction & communication w/ others
EX: Ari has to talk w/ her parents regarding her allowance & reqs; Carl has to talk
to the driver of the jeepney
3. Motivation - encourages people to live better
● Internal Motivation - personal
EX: I study hard because I genuinely love learning
● External Motivation - from people surrounding
EX: I study hard to get a reward from dad
4. Emotional Expression - involves emotions & feelings
EX: As he informs his relatives, he looked terrified because their house isn't safe
5. Information Dissemination - convey info
EX: The new policy has to be made known to everyone;
School must inform specific courses have a specific grade to retain
Features of Communication (ComCon^3Cor^2Clear)
1. Completeness - no missing important info.
2. Conciseness - short but meaningful; no unnecessary words/repeats
3. Consideration - thinks about receiver’s mood, background, & needs
4. Concreteness - specific facts & real examples; no vague sentences
5. Courtesy - respectful & kind
6. Clearness - simple, direct, & easy to understand
7. Correctness - proper grammar, spelling, & factual accuracy
LESSON 8
Speech Acts - use of language/words to transmit ideas & opinions. Speech extends beyond
words spoken; each time you speak, you also act or perform.
3 TYPES (LIP):
1. Locutionary Act - meaningful utterance; certain sentence w/ certain meaning &
reference; asking/answering a question, describing, providing info or reassurance
EX: I am upset (emotional state) & Do you need help? (question)
2. Illocutionary Act - power of speech (promises, reminder, compliments, warning,
surprise, apologies, suggestion, offer) - PAR may SiSiW na CyOt
EX: I’m sorry (apology) & I promise that won’t happen (promise)
3. Perlocutionary Act - effect of utterance on listener whether it was meant to or not.
EX: When mom heard her child say: “I’m upset” she reassured them even if they didn't
ask to.
SUMMARY
Locutionary = Actual Words Said
Illocutionary = Function/Type of Words Said
Perlocutionary = Effect of Words Said on The Listener
EXAMPLE
Locutionary (Utterance) Illocutionary (Intent) Perlocutionary (Effect)
It’s getting late Suggestion/Reminder Listener will be rushed
Watch your step Reminder/Warning Listener will be cautious
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT
Intrapersonal - oneself, internal dialogue
Interpersonal - exchange of info between 2 or more people; nonverbal or verbal
● Dyad Communication - 2 people, direct & intimate
● Small Group Communication - 3-15 people who share common goal, influence
● Public Communication - 1 speaker w/ large audience, limited direct interaction
● Mass Communication - sending to unknown audience through mass media platforms